Simulated mechanical control of flowering rush (Butomus umbellatus) under mesocosm conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
pp. 120-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gray Turnage ◽  
John D. Madsen ◽  
Ryan M. Wersal ◽  
John D. Byrd
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Native Vegetation ◽  
Wetland Plant ◽  
Slow Speed ◽  
Mechanical Removal ◽  
Control Option ◽  
Reference Plants ◽  
Agricultural Use ◽  
Human Practices

AbstractFlowering rush (Butomus umbellatus L.) is an invasive aquatic and wetland plant capable of developing monotypic stands in emergent and submersed sites. This plant can rapidly outcompete native vegetation and impede human practices by reducing recreation (boating, fishing, and skiing) and disrupting agricultural use of water resources (irrigation canals). Mechanical removal practices occurring biweekly, monthly, bimonthly, and once per growing season were compared with chemical control with diquat applied sequentially at 0.19 ppmv ai for two consecutive months over 2 yr (2016 and 2017). Biweekly removal gave the most consistent control of B. umbellatus biomass and propagules. Diquat application along with monthly and bimonthly clippings gave varying degrees of B. umbellatus control. Clipping once per growing season did not control B. umbellatus when compared with reference plants, while clipping B. umbellatus every 2 wk (biweekly) controlled rush propagules most effectively. However, it is unlikely this method will be sufficient as a stand-alone control option due to the slow speed of harvester boats, the potential these boats have to spread B. umbellatus propagules to more sites, and the expense of mechanical operations. However, clipping could be used as part of an integrated strategy for B. umbellatus control.

Chemical Control of Reed Canarygrass on Irrigation Canals

Weed Science ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Ammonium Thiocyanate ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Early Winter ◽  
Irrigation Canals ◽  
Reed Canarygrass ◽  
Irrigation Project

From 1962 to 1967, we evaluated herbicides for control of natural infestations of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) on canal banks of the Huntley, Montana irrigation project. Two,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon) and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole ammonium thiocyanate (hereinafter referred to as amitrole-T) controlled reed canarygrass. These herbicides were compared with a number of others. Spring foliage treatments with a combination of amitrole-T at 2 1b/A and dalapon or trichloroacetic acid (TCA) at 5 or 10 1b/A were more effective than amitrole-T at 4 1b/A. Amitrole-T was more tolerant to fine grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) or redtop (Agrostis alba L.) than dalapon and in some situations it was more desirable than dalapon. Dalapon and TCA were more effective as late fall or early winter treatments to control reed canarygrass during the following growing season. Rates of 20 or 40 1b/A controlled the grass for one season even at the water's edge where it is usually more persistent. At 5 to 10 1b/A, 2,3,5-trichloro-4-pyridinol (pyriclor) controlled reed canarygrass, and it also was effective at 2 1b/A with 2 1b/A of amitrole-T.

Effects of Weed Control and Irrigation on the Growth of Young Pecans

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 892-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Patterson ◽  
Glenn Wehtje ◽  
William D. Goff
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Control Effect ◽  
Carya Illinoensis ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
The Third ◽  
Selective Chemical

The effect of irrigation and weed control by various mechanical and chemical means was evaluated over a 4-yr period on newly planted pecans [Carya illinoensis(Wang.) K. Koch]. Weed control effect on tree growth became evident in the second growing season, and became more pronounced after the third and fourth season. After the fourth season, the maximum increase in tree diameter (384%) was achieved with comprehensive, herbicide-based weed control. Mowing provided a 224% increase, which was equivalent to the untreated (229%). Disking and selective chemical control of grass weeds resulted in 339 and 292% increase, respectively. Cumulative increase in tree diameter was 316 and 271% with and without irrigation, respectively.

scholarly journals The effect of biological and chemical control agents on the health status of the very early potato cultivar Rosara

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-395
Author(s):  
Bożena Cwalina-Ambroziak ◽  
Marta Maria Damszel ◽  
Małgorzata Głosek-Sobieraj
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Potato Cultivar ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Ne Poland ◽  
Vitro Test

Abstract The external appearance and quality of table potatoes are determined, among other factors, by the health status of the plants during the growing season. Chemical control methods are often combined with biocontrol agents to effectively fight potato pathogens. Potatoes of the very early cultivar Rosara were grown in experimental plots. The plots were located in Tomaszkowo (NE Poland, 2007-2009). The experiment involved the following treatments: 1) biological control − mycorrhizal Glomus spp. inoculum was applied to the roots, − tubers were dressed and plants were sprayed with Polyversum three times during the growing season, 2) chemical control - at two-week intervals, plants were sprayed with the following fungicides: Infinito 687.5 SC and Tanos 50 WG, Valbon 72 WG and Tanos 50 WG. In the control treatment, potato plants were not protected against pathogens. During the growing season, the severity of late blight and early blight was evaluated on a nine-point scale. The composition of fungal communities colonising potato stems was analysed. The fungistatic properties of the fungicides used in the field experiment were evaluated in an in vitro test. The symptoms of infections caused by Phytophthora infestans and Alternaria spp. were significantly reduced in the treatment which used the integrated chemical and biological control. The least diverse fungal community was isolated from fungicide-treated plants. In the in vitro test, fungicides at all analysed concentrations inhibited the linear mycelial growth of selected pathogens.

Method for technical, economic and environmental assessment of advanced sludge processing routes

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 2407-2416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Svanström ◽  
Giorgio Bertanza ◽  
David Bolzonella ◽  
Matteo Canato ◽  
Carlo Collivignarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Environmental Assessment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Life Cycle Perspective ◽  
Seventh Framework Programme ◽  
Reference Plants ◽  
Legislative Framework ◽  
Technical Issues ◽  
Agricultural Use

The legislative framework in force in Europe entails restrictive effluent standards for sensitive areas, and quite severe restrictions on the properties of residual sewage sludge, both for landfill disposal and for agricultural use. Several technologies and management strategies have been proposed and applied in wastewater treatment plants to minimise sludge production and contamination. However, their techno-economic and environmental performance has to be carefully evaluated. The ROUTES project, funded within the EU Seventh Framework programme, aims to find new routes for wastewater treatment and sludge management and thereby guide EU members in their future choices. Within this project, the authors have developed and applied a procedure for techno-economic-environmental assessment of new wastewater and sludge processing lines in comparison to reference plants. The reference plants are model conventional plants that experience different types of problems and the new plants are modified plants in which different innovative technologies have been added to solve these problems. The procedure involves a rating of selected technical issues, estimates of operating costs and an assessment of environmental impacts from a life cycle perspective. This paper reports on the procedure and shows examples of results.

Selective chemical control of doublegee (Emex australis) in legume pasture

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (84) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Gilbey
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Emex Australis ◽  
Selective Control ◽  
Selective Chemical ◽  
One Year ◽  
Clover Seed

Seven chemicals were evaluated for selective control of doublegee (Emex australis) in legume pasture in 14 field trials conducted at several sites in Western Australia over three years. The effect of removing doublegee on pasture growth was studied in four field trials over the same period. Three hundred and fifty to 700 g a.i. methabenzthiazuron ha-1 gave good selective control of this weed except at Chapman and Wongan Hills in 1974 where the beginning of the growing season was poorly defined. The selectivity of bromoxynil and WL 6361 1 in one year of trials was similar to methabenzthiazuron but that of asulam and metoxuron was too restricted for practical use when doublegees were sprayed at the 2-4 leaf growth stage, 2,4-DB showed selectivity on doublegees with 12 leaves, and no herbicides were satisfactory on doublegees with more than 12 leaves at the time of spraying. Pasture growth and clover seed production was not substantially increased by controlling doublegee.

Chemical Control of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and Perennial Sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis) in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Grown for Seed

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Waddington
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Taraxacum Officinale ◽  
Alfalfa Seed ◽  
Visible Effect ◽  
Sonchus Arvensis ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Seed Yields

Applications of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] at 1.1 kg/ha at the start of each growing season severely damaged established alfalfa (Medicago sativaL. ‘Beaver’) and reduced seed yield 32% over a 4-yr period. Dandelion (Taraxacum officinaleWeber) populations were reduced but perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensisL.) increased in frequency. Dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile) applied at 2.1 kg/ha controlled both dandelion and perennial sowthistle. Alfalfa was damaged initially but rapid recovery resulted in an increase in seed yield in 2 yr out of 4. Terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil) applied at 1.1 kg/ha also controlled dandelion and perennial sowthistle. No alfalfa damage was evident and seed yields were increased 34% over a 3-yr period. Seed yield increased 30% where asulam (methyl sulfanilylcarbamate) was applied at 4.5 kg/ha, but there was no visible effect on the growth of either alfalfa or weeds. Simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis (ethylamino)-s-triazine], propham (isopropyl carbanilate) + PCMC (p-chlorophenyl-N-methyl carbamate), pronamide [3,5-dichloro(N-1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide], and diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea], did not affect alfalfa seed production significantly, although simazine and diuron did reduce dandelion populations.

scholarly journals Infestation by Enneothrips flavens Moulton and yield of peanut cultivars

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 469-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Rocha Almeida de Moraes ◽  
André Luiz Lourenção ◽  
Ignácio José de Godoy ◽  
Gustavo de Carvalho Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Insect Control ◽  
High Population ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Reduction Percentage

Because of damages caused, general occurrence in crops, and high population levels, the most important peanut pest in Brazil is the thrips Enneothrips flavens Moulton (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). A field experiment was carried out during the 2001/2002 growing season, in Campinas and Pindorama, State of São Paulo, Brazil, to evaluate the influence of E. flavens on yield of six peanut cultivars. Treatments comprised three cultivars of the upright type and three of the runner type, with and without chemical control of the insect. Thrips infestation was evaluated by insect countings on young leaflets. Yield and yield reduction percentage due to the lack of thrips control were estimated. The lack of insect control resulted in yield reductions varying from 19.5 to 62.7%, depending on the level of infestation, cultivars, and location. Runner cultivar IAC Caiapo, presented the lowest yield reductions in both locations (19.5 and 28.7%), even when exposed to thrips infestation for a longer period because of its longer cycle. This fact characterizes 'IAC Caiapo' as resistant to E. flavens.

scholarly journals The Agricultural Use of Melt Water in Hopar Settlement, Pakistan

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Butz
Keyword(s):  
Water Allocation ◽  
Sediment Load ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Crop Cultivation ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Important Concern ◽  
Melt Water ◽  
Agricultural Use

Agricultural irrigation is an important use of melt water in the Karakoram Range of Pakistan; indeed all crop cultivation relies on melt water from small glaciers and/or snow and ice patches in the zone above 3500 m. Inhabitants of Hopar settlement utilize run-off from a cirque-shaped basin covering about 11.5km2 between 3600 and 4900 m a.s.l. to irrigate 280 ha of cultivated terraces in the altitudes 2500–3000 m. The characteristics of discharge from this basin require specific adaptions to be made by irrigators. In particular, access, turbulent flow, water temperature and sediment load are problematic, although water allocation is not an important concern because supply exceeds demand for most of the local growing season. Supply characteristics are outlined in the paper and are related to features of the indigenous irrigation system.

Effectiveness of spring spraying targeting diapause egg production for controlling redlegged earth mites and other pests in pasture

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane M. C. Gower ◽  
Ary A. Hoffmann ◽  
Andrew R. Weeks
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Halotydeus Destructor ◽  
Redlegged Earth Mite ◽  
Invertebrate Pests ◽  
General Method

Earth mites are a complex of related species introduced into Australia in the early part of last century that cause economic damage to crops, especially canola, and to pastures. A general method of chemical control aimed at interrupting the life cycle at the most effective stage, by spraying in the spring before the mites enter diapause, has recently been adopted for controlling earth mites, particularly the redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor (Tucker). Here we use paired-paddock treatments and field enclosures to test the effectiveness of this method on pest populations of H. destructor as well as on other pests over two seasons at multiple pasture sites in Victoria. Halotydeus destructor numbers at the start of the winter growing season were suppressed by up to 85%, but this control level was not sustained. The numbers of H. destructor and other pests were similar to or higher than those in the unsprayed areas by spring. Spring spraying is, therefore, a useful means of suppressing H. destructor in early autumn, but its effects disappear relatively quickly over time in Victoria. This strategy also has little impact on the control of the blue oat mite Penthaleus major (Duges) and other phytophagous invertebrate pests.

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