scholarly journals The Agricultural Use of Melt Water in Hopar Settlement, Pakistan

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Butz
Keyword(s):  
Water Allocation ◽  
Sediment Load ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Crop Cultivation ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Important Concern ◽  
Melt Water ◽  
Agricultural Use

Agricultural irrigation is an important use of melt water in the Karakoram Range of Pakistan; indeed all crop cultivation relies on melt water from small glaciers and/or snow and ice patches in the zone above 3500 m. Inhabitants of Hopar settlement utilize run-off from a cirque-shaped basin covering about 11.5km2 between 3600 and 4900 m a.s.l. to irrigate 280 ha of cultivated terraces in the altitudes 2500–3000 m. The characteristics of discharge from this basin require specific adaptions to be made by irrigators. In particular, access, turbulent flow, water temperature and sediment load are problematic, although water allocation is not an important concern because supply exceeds demand for most of the local growing season. Supply characteristics are outlined in the paper and are related to features of the indigenous irrigation system.

scholarly journals The Agricultural Use of Melt Water in Hopar Settlement, Pakistan

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Butz
Keyword(s):  
Water Allocation ◽  
Sediment Load ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Crop Cultivation ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Important Concern ◽  
Melt Water ◽  
Agricultural Use

Agricultural irrigation is an important use of melt water in the Karakoram Range of Pakistan; indeed all crop cultivation relies on melt water from small glaciers and/or snow and ice patches in the zone above 3500 m. Inhabitants of Hopar settlement utilize run-off from a cirque-shaped basin covering about 11.5km2 between 3600 and 4900 m a.s.l. to irrigate 280 ha of cultivated terraces in the altitudes 2500–3000 m. The characteristics of discharge from this basin require specific adaptions to be made by irrigators. In particular, access, turbulent flow, water temperature and sediment load are problematic, although water allocation is not an important concern because supply exceeds demand for most of the local growing season. Supply characteristics are outlined in the paper and are related to features of the indigenous irrigation system.

Irrigation of Geraniums with an Automatic Controlled Water Table System

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 522d-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.W. Buxton ◽  
D.L. Ingram ◽  
Wenwei Jia
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Optimum Water

Geraniums in 15-cm pots were irrigated automatically for 8 weeks with a Controlled Water Table (CWT) irrigation system. Plants were irrigated with a nutrient solution supplied by a capillary mat with one end of the mat suspended in a trough below the bottom of the pot. The nutrient solution remained at a constant level in the trough. Nutrient solution removed from the trough was immediately replaced from a larger reservoir. The vertical distance from the surface of the nutrient solution and the bottom of the pot determined the water/air ratio and water potential in the growing media. Treatments consisted of placing pots at 0, 2, 4, and 6 cm above the nutrient solution. Control plants were irrigated as needed with a trickle irrigation system. Geraniums grown at 0,2 and 4 CWT were ≈25% larger than the control plants and those grown at 6 CWT as measured by dry weight and leaf area. Roots of plants grown at 0 CWT were concentrated in the central area of the root ball; whereas roots of plants in other treatments were located more near the bottom of the pot. Advantages of the CWT system include: Plant controlled automatic irrigation; no run off; optimum water/air ratio.

ANALYSIS OF TRENDS OF TOTAL EVAPORATION FLUXES (FOR 2003-2017) ACCORDING TO THE DATA OF PRODUCT MOD16A2 FOR THE TERRITORY OF THE MARKSOVSKY DISTRICT OF THE SARATOV REGION

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-25
Author(s):  
O. S. ERMOLAEVA ◽  
◽  
A. M. ZEYLIGER
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Half Period ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Total Evaporation ◽  
Saratov Region ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Dominant Part

This paper presents the results of calculations of areal trends of total evaporation ETa fl uxes for the growing periods of 2003-2017 in the territory of the Marksovsky district of the Saratov region. Raster layers formed for the territory with a 500 m resolution of the Eta8 (Eta 8-day averaging) for each year of the investigated time interval were obtained from tiles sets h20v03 of the product MOD16A2 for the period from May 25 to September 2 of the corresponding year. As a result, the 19830 time series of total evaporation fl uxes for the ETaw growing seasons of the 15-year study period were drawn up for the Marksovsky district. The obtained time series of geodata of the actual evapotranspiration for the growing season ETaw for each of the 15 studied years were used for the spatial analysis of ETaw trends. For the analysis, the method of nonparametric Mann-Kendal statistics was used. It revealed the presence of 2 half-periods with diametrically opposite trends in the dominant part of time series. The fi rst half-period found out negative values (downward) trends and falls on 2003-2010, the second half-period showed positive (upward) trends for 2010-2017. The presented results of the spatial distribution of both trends indicate the presence of an infl uence on ETaw both distance from the bank of R. Volga and anthropogenic factors. Hypotheses for additional analysis are proposed. For the visual deciphering of the places of abnormal values of trends velocities of the both half-periods there were used space photos of high resolution. As a result it was marked that the location of these anomalies corresponded to the location of pivot sprinklers in the territory of the Privolzhskoj irrigation system.

Understanding land use and cover change impacts on run-off and sediment load at flood events on the Loess Plateau, China

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 576-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoping Zhang ◽  
Pengfei Lin ◽  
Hao Chen ◽  
Rui Yan ◽  
Jianjun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Sediment Load ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Land Use And Cover

scholarly journals Economic study of groundwater irrigation system in Lampung Province

2019 ◽  
Vol 270 ◽  
pp. 04001
Author(s):  
Entin A. Karjadi ◽  
Andojo Wurjanto ◽  
Devi Ulumit Tias
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Government Subsidy ◽  
Economic Study ◽  
Inventory Data ◽  
Groundwater Irrigation ◽  
Operation Cost

The utilization of groundwater for irrigation purposes in Indonesia, known as Jaringan Irigasi Air Tanah (JIAT), has been developed since 1970 and nowadays they can be found in nearly all region in Indonesia. For example, in Lampung Province, there are 112 JIAT facilities under the authority of the Mesuji Sekampung River Basin Agency. One of the benefits of JIAT is its reliability as it warrants water availability all year long. On the other hand, JIAT operation is costly. Therefore, agricultural irrigation system such as JIAT is less attractive to most farmers unless there is some kind of government subsidy. This paper presents an economic study of JIAT by comparing the benefit for the farmers with the operation cost to determine the feasibility of a JIAT facility. This study is based on the inventory data of JIAT facilities in Lampung Province. The method used in this study is descriptive quantitative. The final result of this study is a recommendation for feasibility requirements for a JIAT facility as a whole, which can be used by River Basin Agencies (BWS/BBWS) in Indonesia as a guideline to determine the feasibility and sustainability of a JIAT facility.

scholarly journals Optimal Water Resources Regulation for the Pond Irrigation System Based on Simulation—A Case Study in Jiang-Huai Hilly Regions, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (15) ◽  
pp. 2717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shangming Jiang ◽  
Shaowei Ning ◽  
Xiuqing Cao ◽  
Juliang Jin ◽  
Fan Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Allocation ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Technological Support ◽  
Domestic Water Demand ◽  
Irrigation Districts ◽  
Regulation Model

Due to the importance and complexity of water resources regulations in the pond irrigation systems of the Jiang-Huai hilly regions, a water allocation simulation model for pond irrigation districts based on system simulation theory was developed in this study. To maximize agricultural irrigation benefits while guaranteeing rural domestic water demand, an optimal water resources regulation model for pond irrigation districts and a simulation-based optimal water resources regulation technology system for the pond irrigation system were developed. Using this system, it was determined that the suitable pond coverage rate (pond capacity per unit area) was 2.92 × 105 m3/km2. Suitable water supply and operational rules for adjusting crop planting structure were also developed the water-saving irrigation method and irrigation system. To guarantee rural domestic water demand, the multi-year average total irrigation water deficit of the study area decreased by 4.66 × 104 m3/km2; the average multi-year water deficit ratio decreased from 20.40% to 1.18%; the average multi-year irrigation benefit increased by 1.11 × 105 RMB (16,128$)/km2; and the average multi-year revenue increased by 6.69%. Both the economic and social benefits were significant. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis and technological support for comprehensive pone governance in the Jiang-Huai hilly regions and promote the establishment of a water allocation scheme and irrigation system for pond irrigation districts, which have practical significance and important application value.

scholarly journals A Stochastic Optimization Model for Agricultural Irrigation Water Allocation Based on the Field Water Cycle

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zehao Yan ◽  
Mo Li
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Allocation ◽  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Irrigation District ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Irrigation Water Allocation ◽  
Allocation Strategies

Agricultural water scarcity is a global problem and this reinforces the need for optimal allocation of irrigation water resources. However, decision makers are challenged by the complexity of fluctuating stream condition and irrigation quota as well as the dynamic changes of the field water cycle process, which make optimal allocation more complex. A two-stage chance-constrained programming model with random parameters in the left- and right-hand sides of constraints considering field water cycle process has been developed for agricultural irrigation water allocation. The model is capable of generating reasonable irrigation allocation strategies considering water transformation among crop evapotranspiration, precipitation, irrigation, soil water content, and deep percolation. Moreover, it can deal with randomness in both the right-hand side and the left-hand side of constraints to generate schemes under different flow levels and constraint-violation risk levels, which are informative for decision makers. The Yingke irrigation district in the middle reaches of the Heihe River basin, northwest China, was used to test the developed model. Tradeoffs among different crops in different time periods under different flow levels, and dynamic changes of soil moisture and deep percolation were analyzed. Scenarios with different violating probabilities were conducted to gain insight into the sensitivity of irrigation water allocation strategies on water supply and irrigation quota. The performed analysis indicated that the proposed model can efficiently optimize agricultural irrigation water for an irrigation district with water scarcity in a stochastic environment.

scholarly journals The Quantity of Melt Water in the Marble Point–Gneiss Point Area McMurdo Sound, Antarctica

1968 ◽  
Vol 7 (50) ◽  
pp. 313-320
Author(s):  
John R. Davis ◽  
Robert L. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Active Zone ◽  
Mcmurdo Sound ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Melt Water ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Seasonal Discharge ◽  
Snow And Ice

Among the important factors in the formation of melt water are: (1) The air and soil temperatures. (2) The presence or absence of debris on snow and ice. (3) The surface gradients of the glaciers. These gradients determine the areas of snow and ice in the zone where melting can occur as well as the amount of insolation. (4.) The orientation of snow and ice slopes. In general, in the Southern Hemisphere north-facing slopes receive more insolation than south-facing slopes. The main source of the melt water is Wilson Piedmont Glacier, and the snowdrift-ice slabs are next in importance. The seasonal snowfall is not an important source, nor is the ice in the active zone. As no rain has ever been reported, all run-off is melt water. The seasonal discharge of the Surko and Scheuren Rivers was roughly measured in 1957–58. It was found to be approximately 13 m3 s−1 d for the Surko River and approximately 19 m3 s−1 d for the Scheuren River, and it seems likely that the total seasonal discharge of all streams in the area was not far from 50 m3 s−1 d.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document