Three Dilemmas for Academics: Gender Disparities in Scholarship, Teaching, and Service

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly T. Schneider ◽  
Phanikiran Radhakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Academic Work ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
Main Components

Research on gender differences in the allocation and evaluation of three main components of academic work (i.e., research, teaching, and service) is very informative, and we argue that it may point to potential sources of the disparity in academic industrial and organizational (I-O) psychologists’ experiences. We also propose the addition of a few issues to the research agenda set forth by Gardner, Ryan, and Snoeyink (2018) with the belief that attention to these issues will help address the gender disparity.

scholarly journals Global Gender Disparities in Premature Death from Cardiovascular Disease, and Their Associations with Country Capacity for Noncommunicable Disease Prevention and Control

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10389
Author(s):  
Ji Zhang ◽  
Yinzi Jin ◽  
Peng Jia ◽  
Na Li ◽  
Zhi-Jie Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Death Rates

This study aimed to describe the prevalence of gender disparity in cardiovascular disease and explore its association with a country’s capacity for controlling noncommunicable diseases. Study data were extracted from the Global Health Estimates, and the Noncommunicable Disease Country Capacity Survey. Age-standardized premature death rates from cardiovascular disease, defined as any death occurring from ages 30 to 70 years, were calculated. Univariate and multivariate general linear regression models were fitted to estimate the correlations between gender disparity and country capacity for noncommunicable disease control. Globally, the premature death rate from cardiovascular diseases was 35.6% higher among men than women in 2000, and the figure hardly changed from 2000 to 2016. The highest gender differences were observed in Europe and high-income countries. The existence of dedicated and multisectoral noncommunicable disease governance bodies and the availability of cardiovascular disease stratification in primary healthcare facilities were positively correlated with gender differences. Conclusively, gender disparities in premature death rates from cardiovascular diseases differed with economic conditions and across geographic regions, with higher relative differences observed in more developed countries. The effects of existing control measures may have plateaued in men but are ongoing among women, especially in more developed countries, widening the gender disparity.

Beyond biology: The importance of cultural factors in explaining gender disparities in STEM preferences

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Mona El-Hout ◽  
Alexandra Garr-Schultz ◽  
Sapna Cheryan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Cultural Factor ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Stem Fields ◽  
Male Gender Role

Gender disparities in participation in many STEM fields, particularly computer science, engineering, and physics, remain prevalent in Western societies. Stewart-Williams and Halsey contend that an important contributor to these disparities is gender differences in career-related preferences that are driven partly by biology. We argue that Stewart-Williams and Halsey understate the influence of cultural factors in shaping these preferences. We provide evidence for an important and overlooked cultural factor that contributes to gender disparities in computer science, engineering, and physics: masculine defaults. Masculine defaults exist when cultures value and reward traits and characteristics associated with the male gender role and see them as standard ( Cheryan & Markus, 2020 ). We provide examples of how changing computer science, engineering, and physics cultures can decrease gender disparities in participation. Finally, we discuss policy implications, specifically the importance of (1) recognizing that preferences for STEM are malleable and (2) addressing exclusionary cultures of STEM fields. Recognizing and changing exclusionary STEM cultures are important for creating a society that is more just and equitable.

scholarly journals Women neurosurgeons around the world: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. E12
Author(s):  
Tina Lulla ◽  
Rosemary T. Behmer Hansen ◽  
Cynthia A. Smith ◽  
Nicole A. Silva ◽  
Nitesh V. Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Glass Ceiling ◽  
English Language ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Physical Burden ◽  
The World ◽  
Country Specific

OBJECTIVEGender disparities in neurosurgery have persisted even as the number of female medical students in many countries has risen. An understanding of the current gender distribution of neurosurgeons around the world and the possible factors contributing to country-specific gender disparities is an important step in improving gender equity in the field.METHODSThe authors performed a systematic review of studies pertaining to women in neurosurgery. Papers listed in PubMed in the English language were collected. A modified grounded theory approach was utilized to systematically identify and code factors noted to contribute to gender disparities in neurosurgery. Statistical analysis was performed with IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows.RESULTSThe authors identified 39 studies describing the density of women neurosurgeons in particular regions, 18 of which documented the proportion of practicing female neurosurgeons in a single or in multiple countries. The majority of these studies were published within the last 5 years. Eight factors contributing to gender disparity were identified, including conference representation, the proverbial glass ceiling, lifestyle, mentoring, discrimination, interest, salary, and physical burden.CONCLUSIONSThe topic of women in neurosurgery has received considerable global scholarly attention. The worldwide proportion of female neurosurgeons varies by region and country. Mentorship was the most frequently cited factor contributing to noted gender differences, with lifestyle, the glass ceiling, and discrimination also frequently mentioned. Future studies are necessary to assess the influence of country-specific sociopolitical factors that push and pull individuals of all backgrounds to enter this field.

scholarly journals Gender Differences and Immunotherapy Outcome in Advanced Lung Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11942
Author(s):  
Tiziana Vavalà ◽  
Annamaria Catino ◽  
Pamela Pizzutilo ◽  
Vito Longo ◽  
Domenico Galetta
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Advanced Lung Cancer ◽  
Cancer Evolution ◽  
Lung Cancer Patients ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Biological Aspects

In developed countries, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in both sexes. Although cigarette smoking represents the principal risk factor for lung cancer in females, the higher proportion of this neoplasm among non-smoking women as compared with non-smoking men implies distinctive biological aspects between the two sexes. Gender differences depend not only on genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors but also on the immune system, and all these aspects are closely interconnected. In the last few years, it has been confirmed that the immune system plays a fundamental role in cancer evolution and response to oncological treatments, specifically immunotherapy, with documented distinctions between men and women. Consequently, in order to correctly assess cancer responses and disease control, considering only age and reproductive status, the results of studies conducted in female patients would probably not categorically apply to male patients and vice versa. The aim of this article is to review recent data about gender disparities in both healthy subjects’ immune system and lung cancer patients; furthermore, studies concerning gender differences in response to lung cancer immunotherapy are examined.

Will We Ever Close the Gender Gap Among Top Mathematics Achievers? Analysis of Recent Trends by Race in Advanced Placement (AP) Exams

2021 ◽  
pp. 016235322110445
Author(s):  
A. Kadir Bahar
Keyword(s):  
Advanced Placement ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Women In Science ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Ap Calculus ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Underrepresentation Of Women ◽  
And Mathematics

Analyzing the test scores of more than 10,000,000 students who participated in the Advanced Placement (AP) math exams from 1997 to 2019, this study examined the direction and magnitude of the trend in gender disparity by race in participation in and top achievement on AP Calculus AB, Calculus BC, and Statistics exams. The results of this study indicated that, in general, females’ representation in all three AP exams increased significantly. Although the findings indicated that the female-to-male ratios (FMRs) in participation in the AP math exams increased significantly from 1997 to 2019 and favored females for all races, the gender disparities among top achievers for all math exams are still substantial. The relationships between the FMRs in participation and top achievement for all AP math exams were also analyzed within races, and the possible impacts of these findings within the context of the underrepresentation of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields were also discussed.

An Empirical Evaluation of the Effects of Gender Differences and Self-efficacy in the Adoption of E-banking in Nigeria

2012 ◽  
pp. 179-192
Author(s):  
Charles K. Ayo ◽  
Princely Ifinedo ◽  
Uyinomen O. Ekong ◽  
Aderonke Oni
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Technology Acceptance ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Perceived Usefulness ◽  
Perceived Ease Of Use ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Acceptance Model

The issues of gender disparity in the usage of information technology (IT), as well as self-efficacy, have received considerable interest and attention among researchers in recent times. Prior research has identified that gender differences and self-efficiency affect the attitude towards adoption and use of technology. In general, females are believed to be disadvantaged compared to their male counterparts with respect to IT usage and acceptance. The reasoning is that males are mostly more exposed to technology and tend to have more proficiency with such tools. Very little information exists in the extant literature regarding perceptions in developing parts of the world, including Africa. In this chapter, an empirical evaluation of the issues in the context of e-banking will be made in Lagos (Nigeria) and its environs. An extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) will be used as a conceptual framework to guide the discourse. Data analysis was done on SPSS 15.0. The study’s results showed that gender differences moderated the acceptance of e-banking of users in the research context. Namely, computer self efficacy and perceived ease of use were of concerns to females, but less so for their male counterparts. Also, perceived usefulness of e-banking is discovered to be the most influencing factor for male users. The study’s implications for research and practice are discussed in the chapter.

scholarly journals Gender differences in COPD management in a Sicilian general practice setting: a cohort study evaluating the impact of educational interventions

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 00279-2020
Author(s):  
Valentina Isgrò ◽  
Janet Sultana ◽  
Andrea Fontana ◽  
Valentina Ientile ◽  
Umberto Alecci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Educational Programme ◽  
Copd Patients ◽  
The Impact

AimThe aim of this study was to measure gender differences among COPD patients' quality of care (QOC) before and after two educational interventions in Southern Italy.MethodsIn this prospective cohort study, COPD patients were identified from primary care electronic medical records (EMRs). Twelve process indicators concerning diagnosis, preventative measures and therapeutic processes were developed as a measure of QOC. Educational interventions consisted of clinical seminars and audits on COPD QOC at baseline, and at 12 and 24 months. QOC indicators were stratified by gender: odds ratios (ORs) (males as reference group) of having a good QOC indicator were calculated at baseline, 12 and 24 months, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using hierarchical generalised linear models.ResultsOf 46 326 people registered in the EMRs, 1463 COPD patients (3.1%) were identified, of which 37% were women. QOC indicators reflecting best practice 24 months after the educational programme were generally not different to baseline, often favouring men. On the other hand, the composite global QOC indicator suggested that while a good overall QOC at baseline was significantly higher in men than women (OR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.57–0.96), it became nonsignificant at 24 months (OR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.72–1.29).ConclusionsSpecific QOC indicators among COPD patients often favoured men. However, several gender disparities seen at baseline disappeared at 24 months, suggesting that even general educational interventions which do not target gender can improve the gender disparity in QOC.

The Influence of Stereotype Threat and Implicit Theories of Emotion on Gender Differences in Emotional Intelligence

2020 ◽  
pp. 106082652092087
Author(s):  
Randi A. Doyle ◽  
Ashley E. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Implicit Theories ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Mind Set ◽  
And Control

The current study investigated the effects of stereotype threat on emotional intelligence (EI) performance and the utility of implicit theories of emotion (ITE; fixed/growth mind-set) to reduce stereotype threat effects. In Experiment 1, 186 adults received one of four EI stereotype conditions (threat, boost, nullified threat, and control) and then completed measures of ability-based EI and ITE. The results revealed that women outperform men in the “threat to men” and control conditions and that ITE moderated this gender difference. In the nullified threat condition, men with a growth mind-set outperformed men with a fixed mind-set. In Experiment 2, EI stereotypes and ITE were manipulated. The results from 452 adults indicated that the ITE manipulation affected men’s EI performance but not women’s. Overall, men adopting a growth mind-set demonstrated trends in which they outperformed men adopting a fixed mind-set. Implications related to the reduction of gender disparities in EI performance are discussed.

Gender Support Disparities in a Majority-Female Profession

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-135
Author(s):  
Melissa Radey ◽  
Lisa Schelbe
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Organizational Support ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Child Welfare Workers ◽  
Structural Inequality ◽  
Coworker Support ◽  
Welfare Workers

Abstract Theory and empirical evidence establish gender disparities in work pay and promotion trajectories, particularly in majority-male workplaces. Workplace support’s role, particularly in majority-female workplaces, in facilitating gendered occupational trajectories is less clear. Authors used a statewide sample of child welfare workers (N = 1,501) to examine gender differences in support and analyzed qualitative interviews with a subsample of participants (n = 37) to explore the role of gender in support perceptions. Analyses indicated that men perceived more supervisory and organizational support, whereas gender was not related to coworker support. The qualitative analysis indicated that receiving support required initiative. Men took initiative because they felt entitled. Many women expressed reservations, often warranted from experience, about initiating support to avoid bothering others and to honor workplace hierarchy. Men’s initiative allowed them access to support, thus increasing propensity toward job success. This study indicates that gender differences in workplace support may contribute to producing a self-perpetuating system of structural inequality.

scholarly journals The relationship between entrepreneurial intent, gender and personality

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 665-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mackenzie R. Zisser ◽  
Sheri L. Johnson ◽  
Michael A. Freeman ◽  
Paige J. Staudenmaier
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Personality Factor ◽  
Risk Propensity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Prosocial Motivation ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intent ◽  
And Gender

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine gender differences in personality traits of people with and without entrepreneurial intent to assess whether women who intend to become entrepreneurs exhibit particular tendencies that can be fostered. Design/methodology/approach Participants completed an online battery of well-established questionnaires to cover a range of personality traits relevant to entrepreneurship and gender. Participants also answered items concerning intent to become an entrepreneur. A factor analysis of personality traits produced four factors (esteem and power, ambition, risk propensity and communal tendency, the latter reflecting openness and cooperation, without hubris). The authors constructed four parallel regression models to examine how gender, entrepreneurial intent and the interaction of gender with intent related to these four personality factor scores. Findings Participants who endorsed a desire to become an entrepreneur reported higher ambition. Women with entrepreneurial intentions endorsed higher levels of communal tendency than men with entrepreneurial intent. Those without entrepreneurial intent did not show gender differences in communal tendency. Research limitations/implications Current findings suggest that men and women who intend to become entrepreneurs share many traits, but women with entrepreneurial intent show unique elevations in communal tendencies. Thus, a worthwhile locus for intervention into the gender disparity in self-employment would be providing space and acknowledgement of prosocial motivation and goals as one highly successful route to entrepreneurship. Originality/value Given the underused economic potential of women entrepreneurs, there is a fundamental need for a rich array of research on factors that limit and promote women’s entry into entrepreneurship. Current findings indicate that personality may be one piece of this puzzle.

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