Smoking impedes executive function and related prospective memory

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Heffernan ◽  
A. Carling ◽  
T. S. O’Neill ◽  
C. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Group A ◽  
Event Based ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
The Brain

ObjectiveThis study assessed both executive function (EF) and prospective memory (PM) in a group of current smokers (CS) to observe whether deficits in both sets of memory processes co-existed in smokers, comparing this group with a group who had never smoked (NS).MethodAn existing-groups design was used to compare smokers with the NS group on a Reserve Digit Span Task (RDST) that measured EF and the Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (CAMPROMPT) measuring PM. Age, mood, other drug use and IQ were also measured and controlled for in the study.ResultsAfter omitting anyone using an illegal substance and observing no between-group differences in age, gender, anxiety, depression, alcohol use and IQ, the CS group performed significantly worse on the RDST and recalled significantly fewer time-based and event-based tasks on CAMPROMPT, compared with the NS group.ConclusionsBoth EF and PM deficits were evident in the same cohort of CS when compared with a NS group, a finding which is novel in the current literature. Since both EF and PM are interrelated in that they share common resources in the brain, the finding that both sets of deficits co-existed in smokers suggests that persistent cigarette smoking impedes these underlying resources.

scholarly journals Everyday Prospective Memory and Executive Function Deficits Associated with Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Heffernan ◽  
Terence S. O'Neill
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Retrospective Memory ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Detrimental Impact ◽  
Memory Questionnaire

This study explored whether exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) has a detrimental impact upon everyday memory in two groups of non-smokers; one which reported regular exposure to SHS and one that reported never having been exposed to SHS. Thirty-four non-smokers who reported having been regularly exposed to SHS (SHS group) and 34 non-smokers who reported never having been exposed to SHS (non-SHS group) were compared on self-reports of prospective memory (PM: remembering future intentions and/or activities) and executive function (EF: those processes involved in attention, multitasking and decision-making). The Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) assessed everyday PM lapses; the Executive Function Questionnaire (EFQ) assessed self-reported problems in EF; a drug-use questionnaire and a mood questionnaire were also administered. Two univariate ANCOVAs were applied to the PM and EF data, controlling for between-group differences in age, weekly alcohol use, anxiety and depression scores, and self-reported retrospective memory scores. The SHS group reported significantly more lapses on the PRMQ and more deficits on the EFQ than the non-SHS group. These findings provide new insights into PM and EF deficits associated with prolonged exposure to SHS in a group of non-smokers. Possible explanations and suggestions for future research are also considered.

scholarly journals Effect of Executive Function on Event-Based Prospective Memory for Different Forms of Learning Disabilities

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lili Ji ◽  
Qi Zhao ◽  
Huang Gu ◽  
Yanan Chen ◽  
Junfeng Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Reading Disability ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Students With Learning Disabilities ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Event Based

Students with learning disabilities (LDs) suffer from executive function deficits and impaired prospective memory (PM). Yet the specificity of deficits associated with different types of LDs is still unclear. The object of the present research was to compare subgroups of students with different forms of LDs (<25th percentile) on executive function and PM. Students with a mathematics disability (MD, n = 30), reading disability (RD, n = 27), both (RDMD, n = 27), or neither (typically developing, TD, n = 30) were evaluated on a set of executive functioning tasks (e.g., updating, inhibition, and shifting) and on PM. The results showed that students with MDs and RDMDs suffered from PM deficits. Among the subtypes of LDs, the deficit is different. The students with RDMDs showed a wide range of defects in PM, shifting, inhibition, and updating. In comparison, students with MDs experienced deficits in PM and shifting, while students with RDs experienced a deficit only in updating. For the RD group, the RDMD group and the TD group, updating, and shifting significantly predicted PM. For the MD group, only shifting significantly predicted PM performance, but PM deficits were not completely confined to shifting deficits.

What was I supposed to do? Effects of individual differences in age and anxiety on preschoolers’ prospective memory

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lavinia Cheie ◽  
Mircea Miclea ◽  
Laura Visu-Petra
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
External Memory ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Ongoing Activity ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Main Activity ◽  
Event Based

Prospective memory (PM) refers to remembering to perform a previously planned action at the appropriate time or in the appropriate context. The present study investigated the effects of individual differences in age and trait anxiety on PM performance in 3–5- and 5–7-year-olds. Two types of PM measures were used: an event-based task, requiring ongoing activity interruption across two conditions (with/without memory aid), and an activity-based task, requiring PM action implementation after the main activity was finalized. On the event-based PM task, we found that: all children benefited from the external memory aid; the 5–7-year-old group outperformed the 3–5-year-olds; and higher levels of anxiety negatively affected only the younger age group. On the activity-based PM task, we found no significant age-group differences, while higher anxiety negatively predicted children’s PM performance. Findings support and extend the literature on early PM development, revealing the benefits of external cueing and the potential detrimental effects of anxiety.

scholarly journals Predictors of prospective memory in adults with traumatic brain injury

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 823-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
JENNIFER FLEMING ◽  
LEE RILEY ◽  
HANNAH GILL ◽  
MATTHEW J. GULLO ◽  
JENNY STRONG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Word Association ◽  
Stepwise Multiple Regression ◽  
Note Taking ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Event Based

Previous studies have established that prospective memory is commonly affected following traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study examines whether demographic factors, injury severity and site, executive function, and metacognitive factors predict prospective memory performance in adults with TBI, using a cross-sectional multivariate correlational model. Prospective memory of 44 adults (mean age = 30 years) with severe TBI was measured by the Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (CAMPROMPT) time-based and event-based scores. Using stepwise multiple regression, the time-based score was predicted by the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) Animals subtest score, length of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) and use of note-taking on the CAMPROMPT. The event-based score was predicted by length of PTA and COWAT Animals score. Therefore, patients with longer periods of PTA and executive function impairment may be expected to display poorer prospective memory. Note-taking was associated with improved performance on time-based prospective memory tasks. (JINS, 2008,14, 823–831.)

scholarly journals How do we process event-based and time-based intentions in the brain? an fMRI study of prospective memory in healthy individuals

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 3066-3082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Gonneaud ◽  
Géraldine Rauchs ◽  
Mathilde Groussard ◽  
Brigitte Landeau ◽  
Florence Mézenge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Process Event ◽  
Event Based ◽  
The Brain

Skin Conductance and Subjective Arousal in Anxiety, Depression, and Comorbidity

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 145-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laina E. Rosebrock ◽  
Denada Hoxha ◽  
Catherine Norris ◽  
John T. Cacioppo ◽  
Jackie K. Gollan
Keyword(s):  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Autonomic Arousal ◽  
Emotional Picture ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Picture Viewing ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
Subjective Arousal ◽  
Healthy Participants

Abstract. Skin conductance (SC), an autonomic arousal measure of the sympathetic nervous system, is a sensitive and useful index of physiological arousal. However, SC data does not always align with self-reports of arousal. SC, self-reported arousal, and their association, known as emotion coherence, may be altered with the presence of major psychiatric illness. This study investigated group differences on SC reactivity and self-reported arousal while viewing positive, negative, neutral, and threat images between participants diagnosed with major depression with and without anxiety disorders relative to a healthy comparison group. Additionally, the strength and direction of association between SC reactivity and arousal ratings (emotion coherence) was examined within groups. Unmedicated participants were recruited via online and paper advertisements around Chicago and categorized into one of four groups (Depressed: n = 35, Anxious: n = 44, Comorbid: n = 38, Healthy: n = 29). SC and affect ratings were collected during and after a standardized emotional picture viewing task. SC reactivity was significantly higher during threat images, regardless of group. During threat image presentation, increased SC reactivity occurred during the last few seconds before picture offset; for all other stimulus types, SC reactivity decreased significantly after picture offset. Anxious and comorbid participants rated emotional images as more arousing than healthy participants; there were no observed differences in arousal ratings between depressed and healthy participants. Heightened reactivity in anxiety may manifest in arousal ratings without corresponding increased SC reactivity to emotional images. Results do not suggest underlying altered psychophysiology in this sample of depressed or anxious participants.

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