Global Climate Change, Sustainability, and Some Challenges for Grape and Wine Production

AbstractGrapevines are cultivated on six out of seven continents, between latitudes 4° and 51° in the Northern Hemisphere and between latitudes 6° and 45° in the Southern Hemisphere across a large diversity of climates (oceanic, warm oceanic, transition temperate, continental, cold continental, Mediterranean, subtropical, attenuated tropical, and arid climates). Accordingly, the range and magnitude of environmental factors differ considerably from region to region and so do the principal environmental constraints for grape production. The type, number, and magnitude of environmental constraints are currently undergoing changes due to shifts in climate patterns already observed for the past and predicted for the future. These changes are already affecting grape composition with observed changes in sugar and acidity concentrations. As with other components such as polyphenols or aroma compounds, their relationships to environmental changes are more difficult to quantify. In general, one can divide the expected climatic changes during the grape-ripening period into two scenarios: warmer and dryer and warmer and moister, with different responses for red and white grape varieties. The production challenges within this broad separation are vastly different, and the strategies to ensure a sustainable product need to be adapted accordingly. The economic impact of these changes is difficult to assess. An in-depth analysis is necessary to construct relevant scenarios and risk analysis for individual regions and to quantify the costs and/or benefits of regional climate developments. (JEL Classifications: Q1, Q54)

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Climate Change and Cultural Dynamics: Lessons from the Past for the Future

Humans and the Environment ◽

10.1093/oso/9780199590292.003.0025 ◽

2013 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David G. Anderson ◽

Kirk A. Maasch

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Cultural Change ◽

Environmental Changes ◽

Global Climate ◽

Modern World ◽

Important Lesson ◽

The Past ◽

Nation States ◽

Technological Civilization ◽

Nuclear Warfare

As the twenty-first century winds onward, it is becoming increasingly clear that understanding how climate affects human cultural systems is critically important. Indeed, it has been argued by many researchers that how we respond to changing global climate is one of the greatest scientific and political challenges facing our planetary technological civilization, comparable and closely intertwined with concerns about biological or nuclear warfare, famine, disease, overpopulation, or environmental degradation. By any reasonable evaluation of the evidence, this century, and likely the several centuries that follow it, will be characterized by dramatic climate change, perhaps as significant in terms of its impact on our species as any climatic episodes that have occurred in the past. What we don’t know with much certainty is how these environmental changes will play out across the planet, and how individuals as well as nation states will respond to them. Archaeology has a major role to play in helping us move through this period of crisis, however, by showing us how human cultures in the past responded to dramatic changes in climate. As the work of many archaeological scholars has shown, climate change has not invariably proven to be a bad thing: it is how people respond to it that is critical (e.g. Anderson et al. 2007b; Cooper and Sheets 2012; Crumley 2000, 2006, 2007; Hardesty 2007; McAnany and Yoffee 2010; McIntosh et al. 2000; Redman 2004a; Sandweiss and Quilter 2008; Sassaman and Anderson 1996; Tainter 2000). Archaeology working in tandem with a host of palaeoenvironmental and historical disciplines has lessons for our modern world and, as this volume demonstrates, we as a profession are making great strides in getting our message out. Perhaps the most important lesson from the past is that people, through their actions, are the drivers of cultural change, including response to climate change. Societies are not, however, monolithic entities that ‘chose’ to succeed or fail; people as individuals, groups, or factions through their actions generate outcomes, and often some demonstrate remarkable flexibility and resilience (Cooper and Sheets 2012; Diamond 2005; McAnany and Yoffee 2010).

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A 1000-yr record of environmental change in NE China indicated by diatom assemblages from maar lake Erlongwan

Quaternary Research ◽

10.1016/j.yqres.2012.03.006 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 78 (1) ◽

pp. 24-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Luo Wang ◽

Patrick Rioual ◽

Virginia N. Panizzo ◽

Houyuan Lu ◽

Zhaoyan Gu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Column ◽

Environmental Changes ◽

Regional Climate ◽

Diatom Assemblages ◽

Planktonic Diatoms ◽

The Past ◽

Long Duration ◽

Water Stratification ◽

Maar Lake ◽

Relative Abundances

AbstractPast environmental changes based on diatom relative abundances have been inferred from the maar Lake Erlongwan in northeast China. The limnology of Lake Erlongwan is affected by the strongly seasonal regional climate. The composition of diatom assemblages, in turn, responds to changes in the seasonal duration of ice cover in winter, water-column turnover in spring and autumn, and thermal stratification in summer. Statistical analysis of the sedimentary diatom assemblages reveals three significant stratigraphic zones over the past 1000 yr. The highest abundance of the planktonic species Discostella species occurs between AD 1050 and 1400 and suggests an annual ice-free period of long duration and well-developed summer stratification of the water column. This planktonic diatom peak between ca. AD 1150 and 1200 suggests that this period was the warmest over the past 1000 yr. The interval between AD 1400 and 1800 is marked by a decline in planktonic diatoms and suggests shorter duration of the ice-free season, weaker water stratification and possibly generally cold conditions. After AD 1800 relative abundances of planktonic diatoms, including Puncticulata praetermissa and Asterionella formosa, increase again, which indicates lengthening of the duration of the annual ice-free period and a stronger overturn of the water column. All these data imply that the pattern of the seasons is different between the MWP and the 20th century.

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Climate Change: Implications for the Assumptions, Goals and Methods of Urban Environmental Planning

Urban Planning ◽

10.17645/up.v1i4.771 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 103-113 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Kristina Hill

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Paradigm Shift ◽

Environmental Planning ◽

Environmental Changes ◽

Global Climate ◽

Regional Climate ◽

Early Warning Systems ◽

Sea Levels ◽

Novel Concept ◽

Urban Environmental Planning

As a result of increasing awareness of the implications of global climate change, shifts are becoming necessary and apparent in the assumptions, concepts, goals and methods of urban environmental planning. This review will present the argument that these changes represent a genuine paradigm shift in urban environmental planning. Reflection and action to develop this paradigm shift is critical now and in the next decades, because environmental planning for cities will only become more urgent as we enter a new climate period. The concepts, methods and assumptions that urban environmental planners have relied on in previous decades to protect people, ecosystems and physical structures are inadequate if they do not explicitly account for a rapidly changing regional climate context, specifically from a hydrological and ecological perspective. The over-arching concept of spatial suitability that guided planning in most of the 20th century has already given way to concepts that address sustainability, recognizing the importance of temporality. Quite rapidly, the concept of sustainability has been replaced in many planning contexts by the priority of establishing resilience in the face of extreme disturbance events. Now even this concept of resilience is being incorporated into a novel concept of urban planning as a process of adaptation to permanent, incremental environmental changes. This adaptation concept recognizes the necessity for continued resilience to extreme events, while acknowledging that permanent changes are also occurring as a result of trends that have a clear direction over time, such as rising sea levels. Similarly, the methods of urban environmental planning have relied on statistical data about hydrological and ecological systems that will not adequately describe these systems under a new climate regime. These methods are beginning to be replaced by methods that make use of early warning systems for regime shifts, and process-based quantitative models of regional system behavior that may soon be used to determine acceptable land uses. Finally, the philosophical assumptions that underlie urban environmental planning are changing to address new epistemological, ontological and ethical assumptions that support new methods and goals. The inability to use the past as a guide to the future, new prioritizations of values for adaptation, and renewed efforts to focus on intergenerational justice are provided as examples. In order to represent a genuine paradigm shift, this review argues that changes must begin to be evident across the underlying assumptions, conceptual frameworks, and methods of urban environmental planning, and be attributable to the same root cause. The examples presented here represent the early stages of a change in the overall paradigm of the discipline.

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Towards Assessing NARCCAP Regional Climate Model Credibility for the North American Monsoon: Current Climate Simulations*

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-12-00538.1 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 26 (22) ◽

pp. 8802-8826 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Melissa S. Bukovsky ◽

David J. Gochis ◽

Linda O. Mearns

Keyword(s):

North American ◽

Climate Models ◽

Climate Model ◽

Global Climate ◽

Global Climate Model ◽

Regional Climate ◽

North American Monsoon ◽

The North ◽

Current Climate ◽

Depth Analysis

Abstract The authors examine 17 dynamically downscaled simulations produced as part of the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) for their skill in reproducing the North American monsoon system. The focus is on precipitation and the drivers behind the precipitation biases seen in the simulations of the current climate. Thus, a process-based approach to the question of model fidelity is taken in order to help assess confidence in this suite of simulations. The results show that the regional climate models (RCMs) forced with a reanalysis product and atmosphere-only global climate model (AGCM) time-slice simulations perform reasonably well over the core Mexican and southwest United States regions. Some of the dynamically downscaled simulations do, however, have strong dry biases in Arizona that are related to their inability to develop credible monsoon flow structure over the Gulf of California. When forced with different atmosphere–ocean coupled global climate models (AOGCMs) for the current period, the skill of the RCMs subdivides largely by the skill of the forcing or “parent” AOGCM. How the inherited biases affect the RCM simulations is investigated. While it is clear that the AOGCMs have a large influence on the RCMs, the authors also demonstrate where the regional models add value to the simulations and discuss the differential credibility of the six RCMs (17 total simulations), two AGCM time slices, and four AOGCMs examined herein. It is found that in-depth analysis of parent GCM and RCM scenarios can identify a meaningful subset of models that can produce credible simulations of the North American monsoon precipitation.

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Regionalizing Africa: Patterns of Precipitation Variability in Observations and Global Climate Models

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-16-0182.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 29 (24) ◽

pp. 9027-9043 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Hamada S. Badr ◽

Amin K. Dezfuli ◽

Benjamin F. Zaitchik ◽

Christa D. Peters-Lidard

Keyword(s):

Climate Models ◽

Environmental Changes ◽

Global Climate ◽

Research Question ◽

Regional Climate ◽

Clustering Algorithms ◽

Precipitation Variability ◽

Global Climate Models ◽

Boreal Summer ◽

Projected Change

Abstract Many studies have documented dramatic climatic and environmental changes that have affected Africa over different time scales. These studies often raise questions regarding the spatial extent and regional connectivity of changes inferred from observations and proxies and/or derived from climate models. Objective regionalization offers a tool for addressing these questions. To demonstrate this potential, applications of hierarchical climate regionalizations of Africa using observations and GCM historical simulations and future projections are presented. First, Africa is regionalized based on interannual precipitation variability using Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) data for the period 1981–2014. A number of data processing techniques and clustering algorithms are tested to ensure a robust definition of climate regions. These regionalization results highlight the seasonal and even month-to-month specificity of regional climate associations across the continent, emphasizing the need to consider time of year as well as research question when defining a coherent region for climate analysis. CHIRPS regions are then compared to those of five GCMs for the historic period, with a focus on boreal summer. Results show that some GCMs capture the climatic coherence of the Sahel and associated teleconnections in a manner that is similar to observations, while other models break the Sahel into uncorrelated subregions or produce a Sahel-like region of variability that is spatially displaced from observations. Finally, shifts in climate regions under projected twenty-first-century climate change for different GCMs and emissions pathways are examined. A projected change is found in the coherence of the Sahel, in which the western and eastern Sahel become distinct regions with different teleconnections. This pattern is most pronounced in high-emissions scenarios.

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The rare, Georgian wine grape in modern enology

ECONOMIA AGRO-ALIMENTARE ◽

10.3280/ecag2019-003013 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 809-823

Author(s):

Nino Chkhartishvili ◽

Londa Mamasakhlisashvili ◽

Irma Tchanturia ◽

Demetre Bakradze

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Research ◽

Sugar Accumulation ◽

Total Phenol Content ◽

Environment Protection ◽

Grape Variety ◽

Wine Grapes ◽

Scientific Center ◽

Wine Production ◽

Genetic Pool ◽

Grape Varieties

Preserving rare grapes is not just a matter of variety. Recent dna research has shown that unusual and unknown grape varieties provide clues to wine history. During the centuries, 525 Georgian grape varieties had been known but most of them were degenerated. Nowadays, more than 437 rare Georgian vine varieties are preserved in the geo 038 collection of Agricultural Research-Scientific Center, established in 2014 under the Environment Protection and agriculture ministry. Study of the genetic pool of Georgian grape varieties determine the sustainability of the sector and enrichment of the modern wine market. For this reason the studies of the rare aboriginal grape varieties have begun by their ampelography, phenology, chemical, and oeno-caprological characterizes. The aim of this study is to investigate rare, Georgian, aboriginal wine-grapes by their ampelography, chemical and oenolo-caprological characterizes, and to offer different style and aroma wines to the market, enriching the modern wine assortment. The present study investigated firstly the rare Georgian aboriginal grape variety (Chvitiluri) by its characterizes. In this study grapes caprologycal indication, dynamic development of the sugar accumulation, TA and pH in berries, polyphenols extract in skin and seeds, and phenolic compounds were determined. The grape has been compared with Georgian and French wine-grapes and their products as well. The results show that the grape variety - Chvitiluri, and vinification technique (aging on lee) have the significant impact on the total phenol content in wine. White varietal wine contents high alcohol 13,2%, total phenols 733-500mg/l. Wine has specific, varietal characterizes color, taste, aroma. This study indicates that the rare local, aboriginal variety presents the perspective sort for wine production and can be returned in wine production.

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Regional Climate Scenarios for use in Nordic Water Resources Studies

Hydrology Research ◽

10.2166/nh.2003.0014 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 34 (5) ◽

pp. 399-412 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

M. Rummukainen ◽

J. Räisänen ◽

D. Bjørge ◽

J.H. Christensen ◽

O.B. Christensen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Resources ◽

Climate Models ◽

Global Climate ◽

Regional Climate ◽

Regional Climate Models ◽

Climate Projections ◽

Climate Scenarios ◽

Soil Frost ◽

Nordic Region ◽

Regional Climate Projections

According to global climate projections, a substantial global climate change will occur during the next decades, under the assumption of continuous anthropogenic climate forcing. Global models, although fundamental in simulating the response of the climate system to anthropogenic forcing are typically geographically too coarse to well represent many regional or local features. In the Nordic region, climate studies are conducted in each of the Nordic countries to prepare regional climate projections with more detail than in global ones. Results so far indicate larger temperature changes in the Nordic region than in the global mean, regional increases and decreases in net precipitation, longer growing season, shorter snow season etc. These in turn affect runoff, snowpack, groundwater, soil frost and moisture, and thus hydropower production potential, flooding risks etc. Regional climate models do not yet fully incorporate hydrology. Water resources studies are carried out off-line using hydrological models. This requires archived meteorological output from climate models. This paper discusses Nordic regional climate scenarios for use in regional water resources studies. Potential end-users of water resources scenarios are the hydropower industry, dam safety instances and planners of other lasting infrastructure exposed to precipitation, river flows and flooding.

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Life Cycle Assessment and Material Flow Analysis: Two Under-Utilized Tools for Informing E-Waste Management

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13147939 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 7939

Author(s):

Sohani Vihanga Withanage ◽

Komal Habib

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle Assessment ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Material Flow ◽

Keyword Search ◽

Technological Development ◽

Flow Analysis ◽

Material Flow Analysis ◽

Civil Society Organizations ◽

The Past ◽

Depth Analysis

The unprecedented technological development and economic growth over the past two decades has resulted in streams of rapidly growing electronic waste (e-waste) around the world. As the potential source of secondary raw materials including precious and critical materials, e-waste has recently gained significant attention across the board, ranging from governments and industry, to academia and civil society organizations. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the last decade of e-waste literature followed by an in-depth analysis of the application of material flow analysis (MFA) and life cycle assessment (LCA), i.e., two less commonly used strategic tools to guide the relevant stakeholders in efficient management of e-waste. Through a keyword search on two main online search databases, Scopus and Web of Science, 1835 peer-reviewed publications were selected and subjected to a bibliographic network analysis to identify and visualize major research themes across the selected literature. The selected 1835 studies were classified into ten different categories based on research area, such as environmental and human health impacts, recycling and recovery technologies, associated social aspects, etc. With this selected literature in mind, the review process revealed the two least explored research areas over the past decade: MFA and LCA with 33 and 31 studies, respectively. A further in-depth analysis was conducted for these two areas regarding their application to various systems with numerous scopes and different stages of e-waste life cycle. The study provides a detailed discussion regarding their applicability, and highlights challenges and opportunities for further research.

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Global climatology and trends in convective environments from ERA5 and rawinsonde data

npj Climate and Atmospheric Science ◽

10.1038/s41612-021-00190-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mateusz Taszarek ◽

John T. Allen ◽

Mattia Marchio ◽

Harold E. Brooks

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Climate Models ◽

Global Climate ◽

Convective Available Potential Energy ◽

Global Climate Models ◽

Convective Precipitation ◽

The Past ◽

The Tropics ◽

Rawinsonde Data

AbstractGlobally, thunderstorms are responsible for a significant fraction of rainfall, and in the mid-latitudes often produce extreme weather, including large hail, tornadoes and damaging winds. Despite this importance, how the global frequency of thunderstorms and their accompanying hazards has changed over the past 4 decades remains unclear. Large-scale diagnostics applied to global climate models have suggested that the frequency of thunderstorms and their intensity is likely to increase in the future. Here, we show that according to ERA5 convective available potential energy (CAPE) and convective precipitation (CP) have decreased over the tropics and subtropics with simultaneous increases in 0–6 km wind shear (BS06). Conversely, rawinsonde observations paint a different picture across the mid-latitudes with increasing CAPE and significant decreases to BS06. Differing trends and disagreement between ERA5 and rawinsondes observed over some regions suggest that results should be interpreted with caution, especially for CAPE and CP across tropics where uncertainty is the highest and reliable long-term rawinsonde observations are missing.

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