scholarly journals Electoral Reform and Trade-Offs in Representation

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 694-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL BECHER ◽  
IRENE MENÉNDEZ GONZÁLEZ
Keyword(s):  
Electoral System ◽  
Electoral Reform ◽  
Electoral Institutions ◽  
Policy Responsiveness ◽  
Difference Analysis ◽  
Voter Preferences ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Better Than

We examine the effect of electoral institutions on two important features of representation that are often studied separately: policy responsiveness and the quality of legislators. Theoretically, we show that while a proportional electoral system is better than a majoritarian one at representing popular preferences in some contexts, this advantage can come at the price of undermining the selection of good politicians. To empirically assess the relevance of this trade-off, we analyze an unusually controlled electoral reform in Switzerland early in the twentieth century. To account for endogeneity, we exploit variation in the intensive margin of the reform, which introduced proportional representation, based on administrative constraints and data on voter preferences. A difference-in-difference analysis finds that higher reform intensity increases the policy congruence between legislators and the electorate and reduces legislative effort. Contemporary evidence from the European Parliament supports this conclusion.

Implementasi Voip Server Berbasis IPV6 Dengan Raspberry PI

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
Rabbai San Arif ◽  
Yuli Fitrisia ◽  
Agus Urip Ari Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Internet Protocol ◽  
Wireless Transmission ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Average Delay ◽  
Ipv6 Network ◽  
Ip Network ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Better Than

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a telecommunications technology that is able to pass the communication service in Internet Protocol networks so as to allow communicating between users in an IP network. However VoIP technology still has weakness in the Quality of Service (QoS). VOPI weaknesses is affected by the selection of the physical servers used. In this research, VoIP is configured on Linux operating system with Asterisk as VoIP application server and integrated on a Raspberry Pi by using wired and wireless network as the transmission medium. Because of depletion of IPv4 capacity that can be used on the network, it needs to be applied to VoIP system using the IPv6 network protocol with supports devices. The test results by using a wired transmission medium that has obtained are the average delay is 117.851 ms, jitter is 5.796 ms, packet loss is 0.38%, throughput is 962.861 kbps, 8.33% of CPU usage and 59.33% of memory usage. The analysis shows that the wired transmission media is better than the wireless transmission media and wireless-wired.

Neighborhood Evaluation in Recommender Systems Using the Realization Based Entropy Approach

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 34-50
Author(s):  
Roee Anuar ◽  
Yossi Bukchin ◽  
Oded Maimon ◽  
Lior Rokach
Keyword(s):  
Recommender Systems ◽  
Entropy Measure ◽  
Continuous Data ◽  
System Evaluation ◽  
Rating Data ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Classical Entropy ◽  
Better Than

The task of a recommender system evaluation has often been addressed in the literature, however there exists no consensus regarding the best metrics to assess its performance. This research deals with collaborative filtering recommendation systems, and proposes a new approach for evaluating the quality of neighbor selection. It theorizes that good recommendations emerge from good selection of neighbors. Hence, measuring the quality of the neighborhood may be used to predict the recommendation success. Since user neighborhoods in recommender systems are often sparse and differ in their rating range, this paper designs a novel measure to asses a neighborhood quality. First it builds the realization based entropy (RBE), which presents the classical entropy measure from a different angle. Next it modifies the RBE and propose the realization based distance entropy (RBDE), which considers also continuous data. Using the RBDE, it finally develops the consent entropy, which takes into account the absence of rating data. The paper compares the proposed approach with common approaches from the literature, using several recommendation evaluation metrics. It presents offline experiments using the Netflix database. The experimental results confirm that consent entropy performs better than commonly used metrics, particularly with high sparsity neighborhoods. This research is supported by The Israel Science Foundation, Grant #1362/10. This research is supported by NHECD EC, Grant #218639.

The Impact of Electoral Rules and Reforms on Election Outcomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 738-749
Author(s):  
Joel Sievert
Keyword(s):  
Electoral Institutions ◽  
Electoral Rules ◽  
Voter Preferences ◽  
American Elections ◽  
Gubernatorial Election ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, American elections underwent a series of reforms that weakened partisan control over elections. The variation in the electoral rules during this period offers scholars a unique opportunity to examine how electoral institutions and reforms structure election outcomes. In this article, I examine how electoral rules translated voter preferences into outcomes for the selection of two prominent positions, governors and U.S. senators. These two elected positions offer an interesting comparison because while they are chosen to represent the same geographic constituency, there is notable variation in the rules used to elect each office. Based on analysis of more than 350 senate-gubernatorial election pairs, I find that varying levels of partisan control over elections throughout time conditioned the likelihood that the partisan outcome of these elections mirrors one another.

scholarly journals Farmers’ perception on quality of fish feed, brood stock and fingerling produced in commercial fish farms of Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-147
Author(s):  
MD. SAZEDUR RAHMAN ◽  
HASSAN MAHMUD RIAD ◽  
MD. SAYEM MAHMUD ◽  
MST. KANIZ FATEMA ◽  
MD. SHAHJAHAN
Keyword(s):  
Open Water ◽  
Production Quality ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Brood Stock ◽  
Commercial Fish ◽  
Commercial Feed ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Better Than

In Bangladesh, aquaculture has expanded, diversified, intensified and technologicallyadvanced due to the decline in fish production from the open water natural sources. Quality seedsare prime requirements for aquaculture production. Quality of seeds depends on the quality ofbroods used for spawning. Breeding performance depends on the quality of feeds and feedingmanagement during brood stock rearing. The present study focused on the evaluation of qualityof feed used in the fish farms, the performance of brood stock and fingerlings of selected carp,catfish and perch farmed in Bangladesh through a survey. On the basis of top fish productiondistricts, we divided the whole country into four hubs, such as Mymensingh, Jashore, Cumillaand Rajshahi. Data were collected from 300 individual respondents of commercial fish farms, 75from each hub. It has been found that most of the farm owners (91%) used commercial feedinstead of homemade feed, though a considerable number of respondents replied that quality ofhomemade feed was better than commercial feed. Although most of the farm owners collect fryfrom private/own hatcheries (69%), a considerable number of grow out farms owners replied thatthe fry of government hatcheries/brood bank, river and BFRI were better than private hatcheriesin terms of growth performance, disease resistance and survivability. Therefore, for sustainableaquaculture, farm owners should be careful for the selection of feed, brood and fingerling.

Informed Spatial Decisions Through Coordinated Views

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 270-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Andrienko ◽  
Gennady Andrienko
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Computational Methods ◽  
Problem Solution ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Choice Phase ◽  
Exploratory Data ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Support Methods ◽  
Selection Of

According to a commonly accepted view, the process of decision making comprises three major phases: intelligence (situation analysis and problem recognition), design (finding possible variants of problem solution), and choice (evaluation of the options and selection of the most appropriate ones). It is widely recognised that exploratory data visualisation is very helpful during the first phase of the decision-making process, while the other phases require different software tools. In particular, the choice phase is typically supported by various computational methods that find appropriate trade-offs among multiple conflicting criteria taking into account user-specified priorities. Visualisation plays a limited role: in the best case, it is used to represent the final results of the computations. We argue that conscious, well-substantiated choice requires a more extensive use of exploratory visualisation facilities, which need to be properly coordinated with the computational multi-criteria decision support methods. Extremely important is a high degree of user interactivity, which allows the user to probe the robustness and quality of computationally derived solutions. We suggest several mechanisms for linking and coordinating visual exploratory tools with two types of computational methods differing in the sort of output they produce. We demonstrate the use of this dynamic link with an example of a real spatially related decision problem.

scholarly journals Parameters of production and quality of new cultivars of perennial leguminous plants as livestock feed

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
Zorica Tomic ◽  
Zorica Nesic ◽  
Vesna Kmjaja ◽  
Miroslav Zujovic
Keyword(s):  
Red Clover ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Perennial Legumes ◽  
New Cultivars ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Better Than

This paper presents the results obtained in testing of new selection of four most important and most common species of legumes used for animal feeds in Serbia. Alfalfa, red clover, bird's trefoil and sainfoin are also high quality plants regarding both nutritive substances and yield of dry matter. We have investigated three new selections of alfalfa, two selections of red clover, two selections of bird's trefoil and one of sainfoin in relation to standard ones. Trial lasted two years (2003-2004), designed according to standard methods for testing and recognition of new sorts. The production of green mass through four cuts per year was determined, together with the variation coefficient among cultivars. In the cuts of the second year the quality parameters were determined by standard lab analyses. The content of protein in all three new selections of alfalfa was higher in relation to standard (16,01%). while the standard of red clover with 20,03% was better than new selection. New selections of bird's trefoil are of better quality than standard (22,08 %), which is the case also with sainfoin (19,71 %). On the basis of obtained production and quality parameters the assortment of perennial legumes will be enriched by new cultivars.

scholarly journals From demands for free and fair elections to electoral reform: The dialogue between government and opposition in Serbia in 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-292
Author(s):  
Milan Jovanović
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Electoral Reform ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Hybrid Regimes ◽  
Quality Of Democracy ◽  
The Government ◽  
Electoral Law ◽  
Opposition Parties

This article analyses the context that led to a dialogue on electoral conditions between the Serbian government and the opposition by applying the methodological matrix of standards for "free and fair" elections as defined by international organizations. Serbian electoral law has implemented international standards, but all electoral cycles have shown a certain level of irregularities that call into question the integrity of a number of electoral processes in the 2012-2017 interval. Two rounds of interparty dialogue produced only partial results. By amending a number of laws, certain election procedures were improved, but they remained in the shadow of unresolved crucial problems. Public broadcasting services remained closed to opposition parties and alternative policies, and the pressure on voters remained present. Instead of improving election conditions, major electoral reform was carried out. The electoral threshold was lowered from 5% to 3%. This form of electoral engineering carried out by the government did not diminish the boycott of the opposition, but it brought about significant changes in the electoral system, the effects of which were felt in the next elections. The epilogue of the dialogue was a boycott of the election by a part of the opposition parties, a politically unrepresentative parliament, and the Serbia's return to the ranks of authoritarian, hybrid regimes in index bases that measure the quality of democracy. The announcement of early elections immediately after the constitution of the national parliament and a new round of dialogue on electoral conditions show that the problem of electoral integrity is still waiting for a solution.

scholarly journals Kajian Perbandingan Penggunaan Berbagai Merek Semen Dengan Dan Tanpa Perawatan Terhadap Kuat Tekan Dan Kuat Lentur Beton Pada Perkerasan Kaku

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
Sugeng Wiyono ◽  
Zulhendri Zulhendri ◽  
Mohd. Alfajrizal ◽  
Anas Puri
Keyword(s):  
Bending Strength ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Cement Concrete ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Curing Cement

[ID] Semen merupakan suatu bahan pembentuk beton yang berperan sangat penting untuk mencapai mutu yang direncanakan. Selain pemilihan jenis merek semen, salah satu cara untuk mendapatkan kualitas beton yang baik yaitu dengan cara melakukan perawatan. penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana kualitas tiga merek semen terhadap kuat tekan dan kuat lentur beton disamping itu juga bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar perbedaan kekuatan dari masing- masing merek semen terhadap beton yang dirawat dan tanpa dirawat. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental yang sesuai dengan SK SNI T-15-1990-03. Penelitian ini menggunakan semen  Padang, semen Holcim, dan semen Bosowa, dengan menggunakan jenis perawatan perendaman pada sampel beton, pengujian yang dilakukan adalah pengujian kuat tekan dan kuat lentur dengan mutu rencana fc 30 MPa dengan umur 7, 14, 28, dan 56 hari, untuk masing-masing umur dibuat 3 benda uji dirawat dan 3 benda uji tidak dirawat. Dari hasil uji kuat tekan rata-rata semen padang memiliki kekuatan 32,65 MPa, semen holcim 31,33 MPa dan semen bosowa  30,86 MPa. Sedangkan untuk pengujian kuat lentur semen padang 4,35 MPa, semen holcim 4,23 MPa dan semen bosowa 4,18MPa, sementara beton yang tidak dirawat memiliki nilai lebih rendah dari beton yang dirawat.. Dari hasil pengujian tersebut dapat dilihat bahwa pemakaian merek semen perlu diperhatikan karakteristiknya serta perawatan mempunyai konstribusi yang cukup besar dalam mendapatkan mutu beton hasil pelaksanaan. [EN] The cement concrete as product that consit of several element which is important for achieve the quality that be planed. To choose same kriteria for getting the good quality of concrete, one of way are choosing the brand of cement and doing curing. Therfore, the aim of this research is ro know about the strength of of each brand of cement toword cured and uncuret concrete. This research used cement padang, cement holcim, cement bosowa with soaking treatments of concrete samples. The used of the tests are compresive and bending strength of concrete with using quality plan fc’ 30 MPa and age range 7, 14, 28 and 56 days. The cement padang is better than others cement and by getting the the highest value also found cement Padang has the sensitivity to the curing. Cement Bosowa got high strength at the beginning of the age and for cement Holcim is relativity stable with the age. From the researh, knowed that is important the selection of cement brand and curing to get the good result consist of the quality by yhe first plan.

Ugandans will clash over much-needed electoral reforms

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electoral System ◽  
Electoral Reform ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Youth Groups ◽  
Electoral Reforms ◽  
The Many ◽  
Resistance Movement ◽  
First Time ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Opposition Parties

Subject Electoral reform controversies in Uganda. Significance The ruling National Resistance Movement (NRM) on July 25 tabled a new electoral reform package in parliament. Opposition parties have already decried the legislation as designed to tighten President Yoweri Museveni’s grip on power. However, the reality is more complex. While some aspects of the bills will, if passed, strengthen Museveni’s position, they also represent a long-overdue attempt to resolve the many problems that bedevil the electoral system. Impacts With the world’s youngest population, the electoral commission will need to register huge numbers of first-time voters before 2021. Youth voters are likely to favour Bobi Wine, but Museveni has made efforts to court youth groups and may perform better than expected. The monetisation of elections may persist, but could shift from internal NRM competition to the battle for youth votes.

NEW VISUALIZATION MODES FOR EFFECTIVE IMAGE PRESENTATION

2009 ◽  
Vol 09 (01) ◽  
pp. 27-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARCO PORTA
Keyword(s):  
Information Visualization ◽  
Comparative Tests ◽  
Picture Database ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Good Trade ◽  
The One ◽  
Clear Idea ◽  
Entire Picture ◽  
Selection Of

In this paper we consider the problem of effective browsing of collections of images. In particular, we address those situations where it is necessary to find a limited number of images satisfying certain criteria, as well as the very common case in which the user, not having a clear idea about what to search, needs to explore the entire picture database to identify what he or she simply likes. The approaches we propose try to find good trade-offs between browsing time and quality of the exploration. The article has a twofold purpose: on the one hand, it presents a selection of the new image display methods we have developed in the last years, which differentiate from those considered to date by the Information Visualization community; on the other hand, it illustrates the results obtained through comparative tests performed on a subset of the developed display modes, with the main aim to prove the feasibility of their use as substitutes for the usual "grid" arrangement.

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