Rumen degradation of straw 2. Botanical fractions of straw from two barley cultivars

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ramanzin ◽  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
A. K. Tuah
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Similar Chemical Composition ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Dry Matter Loss ◽  
Similar Chemical ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACTTwo varieties of barley straw, Corgi and Gerbel, which varied in degradability when incubated in the rumen in nylon bags, were chosen for further examination of botanical fractions and to see how each fraction responded to treatment with ammonia. The straws were separated into leaves, internodes, nodes and chaff. The average proportions of these fractions were respectively 0·499, 0·380, 0·055 and 0·065 in Corgi straw and 0·404, 0·512, 0·059 and 0·025 in Gerbel straw. For both varieties the degradability of the botanical fractions were leaves > chaff > nodes > internodes.Despite a similar chemical composition, the dry-matter loss (DML) values of leaves, internodes and nodes of Corgi were higher than those of Gerbel straw.The differences between varieties were larger for internodes and nodes than for leaves. The difference in DML of the two varieties at 48-h incubation was 132 g/kg DM. Of this difference, 25 g were due to differences in distribution of the botanical fractions and 107 g to differences in DML of the fractions.Ammonia treatment significantly increased the DML of all fractions except the nodes. The overall improvement due to ammonia treatment of the different fraction was internode > chaff > leaves > nodes.

Rumen degradation of straw 1. Untreated and ammonia-treated barley, oat and wheat straw varieties and triticale straw

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Tuah ◽  
E. Lufadeju ◽  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
G. A. Blackett
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Cereal Straw ◽  
Dry Matter Loss ◽  
Significant Negative Relationship ◽  
Dry Matter Degradation

ABSTRACTThe dry-matter degradation of 19 varieties of barley, 14 varieties of wheat, 11 varieties of oats and one variety of triticale straws, both untreated and ammonia treated were studied using the nylon-bag technique. There were significant differences between the untreated varieties of all the types of cereal straw studied with respect to dry-matter loss (DML) values. When the barley and wheat straws were treated with ammonia, the differences between the varieties were also significant although ammonia treatment tended to improve those with lower values to a greater extent than those with higher values. There were also significant differences between the DML values of the oat straws when they were treated with ammonia but only after 48-h incubation. There was a significant negative relationship between the 48-h DML values of the untreated oat straws and the improvement in the DML values with ammonia treatment (r = −0·65; P < 0·05). Grain yield, straw length and nitrogen concentration had no significant relationship with the DML values of the untreated straws. Barley and oat straws had generally higher DML than the wheat and triticale straws.

Rumen degradation of straw 3. Botanical fractions of two rice straw varieties and effects of ammonia treatment

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. K. Walli ◽  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
P. K. Bhargava
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Dry Matter Loss ◽  
Organic Matter Loss ◽  
Whole Plants

ABSTRACTTwo varieties of rice straw, long variety — no. 370 Basmati traditional (L) and short variety — no. PR106 hybrid (S) were separated into botanical fractions giving the proportion of leaf plus leaf sheath, internode, node and chaff (g/kg dry matter) as 633, 247, 83 and 37 for L and 680, 156, 76 and 88 for S, respectively. Samples of whole plants, leaves plus leaf sheaths and internodes were subjected to ammonia treatment. The chemical composition and the rumen degradability of dry matter and organic matter determined by the nylon bag technique were ascertained for treated and untreated samples of whole plants and botanical fractions of plants from both varieties. The ash and silica content were higher in leaf plus leaf sheath, 211 and 102 g/kg for the L and 190 and 67 g/kg for the S, than in internodes, 160 and 29 g/kg for L and 184 and 29 g/kg S, respectively.The potential degradability (a + b) value from the formula p = a + b(−e−ct) for dry-matter loss (DML), organic-matter loss (OML) and degradability of organic matter in dry matter (DOMD) were significantly higher for the S being 622, 659 and 544 g/kg, than for the L being 561, 586 and 500 g/kg, respectively (P < 0·01). The degradation rate too was significantly higher for the S than for the L for DML, OML and DOMD (P < 0·01). The ammonia treatment significantly improved the potential degradability for DML, OML and DOMD for both the varieties and their fractions (P < 0·01).

Rumen degradation of straw. 7. Effects of chemical pre-treatment and addition of propionic acid on degradation characteristics of botanical fractions barley stra treated with a cellulase preparation

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Nakashima ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Bacterial Activity ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
B Values ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Dry Matter Loss ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Pre Treatment

ABSTRACTFour experiments were carried out to measure the effects of exposure to a cellulase preparation on the degradation characteristics of whole barley straw and its botanical fractions. The effect of chemical pre-treatment (NaOH and H2O2) on treatment with a cellulase preparation and the addition of propionic acid to inhibit loss of dry matter were also studied during the fermentation of ensiled straws. Samples of each preparation were incubated in polyester bags in the rumens of three sheep to estimate degradability. The data were described using the equationp = a + b (1—ec) where p is degradability at time t and a, b and c are constants.The pH of ensiled straw was consistently decreased (P < 0·01) and the solubility increased (P < 0·01) by treatment with a cellulase preparation and by increasing the period of ensiling. The b values were decreased by increasing the length of the ensiling period (F < 0·01). The increase in the solubility of the treated botanical fractions was particularly apparent for the leaf blades, followed by leaf sheath, with the internodes being least affected (P < 0·01). However, treatment with a cellulase preparation had little or no effect in increasing the potential degradability (a + b) of any botanical fraction. The degradability of the whole plant and botanical fractions of straw increased (P < 0·01) with NaOH treatment and was further improved (P < 0·01) by alkaline H2O2 treatment. The increase was greater in internodes than in leaf sheath (P < 0·01). Treatment with a cellulase preparation and chemical pre-treatment had little or no effect on the 48-h dry-matter loss (DML) and the (a + b) values, but it increased (P < 0·01) the a values and solubility.DML from straw treated with a cellulase preparation during fermentation decreased (P < 0·01) from about 60 to less than 10 g/kg with 30 g propionic acid added per kg straw to inhibit bacterial activity. The decreased fermentation loss was reflected in an increase in the 48-h DML and potential (a + b) values of straw treated with a cellulase preparation.

scholarly journals The effect of differing types of cloth and of contamination by non-feed nitrogen on intestinal digestion estimates using porous synthetic-fibre bags in a cow

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuomo Varvikko ◽  
Aila Vanhatalo
Keyword(s):  
Free Surface ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Synthetic Fibre ◽  
Aqueous Suspension ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Intestinal Digestion ◽  
Free Surface Area

The influence of free surface area and pore size of a synthetic-fibre bag, and flow of intestinal substances into the bag, on the intestinal digestion estimates by the nylon-bag method of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), nitrogen, NDF-N and feed 15N was studied using a non-lactating cow fed on hay supplemented with barley and oats at maintenance level. The bags containing 15N-labelled ground ryegrass (Lolium perenne), barley, barley straw or rapeseed (Brassica napus) straw were introduced into the duodenum through a T-shaped cannula and collected from the faeces. Also, the disappearance of N from the bag was related to the true intestinal N digestion by comparing it with the net loss between duodenum and faeces of 15N in ryegrass introduced into the duodenum in an aqueous suspension. It was noted that the bag cloth often significantly affected both disappearance values and the subsequent chemical composition of the residues. Re-analysing part of the data as a 2x2 factorial (free surface x pore size) suggested that free surface area was often more important than pore size as a determinant of both disappearance values and chemical composition. Lower apparent (Kjeldahl N) than true (15N) feed N disappearance from the bag suggested a notable proportion of non-feed N in the residues, especially with fibrous feeds with low N. With ryegrass, 15N net loss within the intestine was lower than 15N disappearance from the bags. It was concluded that disappearance of Kjeldahl N is an underestimate of feed N disappearance from bags, but may possibly be an overestimate of the true intestinal digestion of feed N.

Rumen degradation of straw 4. Selection and degradation of morphological components of barley straw by sheep

1988 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Bhargava ◽  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
T. K. Walli
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Mathematical Model ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractExperiments were made to study the proportion, chemical composition, and rumen degradability of the morphological components of barley straw (Corgi variety) and to study the selection of these components by sheep. The proportions in the harvested straw dry matter (DM) as leaf blade, leaf sheath, stem and chaff were 128, 314, 500 and 58 g/kg DM, respectively. The different components of straw on analysis proved to have very different concentrations of nitrogen and neutral-detergent cellulase digestibility. The leaf blades had the highest and the stems the lowest values. The degradabilities of DM in the components and in the whole straw were determined by measuring DM loss from samples incubated in nylon bags for various periods in the rumen of sheep. Responses were measured using the mathematical model p = a+b (1–e−ct) where p is DM loss, (a+b) potential degradability, c the rate constant of DM loss and t is the time of incubation. DM losses decreased in the order leaf blades > leaf sheath > whole plant > chaff > stems. Leaf blades also had the highest potential degradability and rate of degradation.In another trial, five sheep were offered unchopped barley straw ad libitum. There were five treatment periods in which sheep were allowed to leave uneaten proportionately 0·2, 0·3, 0·4, 0·5 and 0·7 of the straw on offer for assessing the animal's selection of the morphological components of that straw. The amount of leaf blade in the material consumed increased in largely a linear (P < 0·01) fashion with the amount of excess allowance. The proportion of stem eaten varied conversely. The selection of leaf sheath was less apparent. Little stem was consumed until the proportion of leaf blade in the food available decreased below proportionately 0·4. The practical significance of the study is discussed.

Intake and Digestibility of Barley Straw by Goats : Effect of Ammonia Treatment of Straw and Straw-Previously-Refused by Goats

1987 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 67-67
Author(s):  
R.A. Wahed ◽  
E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
By Products ◽  
Feeding Systems

Wahed and Owen (1986) reported a 0.33 increase in barley straw dry matter (DM) intake when stall-fed goats were allowed to refuse 0.5 of the amount offered rather than the 0.2, or less, allowed in conventional ad lib feeding. This approach offers a possible strategy for maximising intake and improving utilization of straw in Third World countries developing stall feeding systems for goats based on crop residues and other by-products. Generous feeding of straw (say allowing refusal-rates of 0.5 of amounts offered) could be followed by the refeeding of refusals after treating them with ammonia.The experiment was undertaken to investigate refeeding straw previously refused by goats and to measure the effect of ammonia-treating such refusals on Intake and digestibility. Barley straw and refusals (0.5 of amount offered) of the same straw were chopped and half of each material treated with ammonia (0.11 of 330 g NH3/kg solution per kg straw in sealed plastic bags for 30 days).

scholarly journals Creating artificial Rhino Horns from Horse Hair

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruixin Mi ◽  
Z. Z. Shao ◽  
F. Vollrath
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Composite Structures ◽  
Similar Chemical Composition ◽  
The Real ◽  
Similar Chemical ◽  
Horse Hair ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Tga Analysis

Abstract Demand for rhino horn is driving poaching with devastating effect for the few individuals left of the few species surviving from this once numerous, widespread and cosmopolitan clade of pachyderms. We bundled together tail hairs of the rhino’s ubiquitous near relative, the horse, to be glued together with a bespoke matrix of regenerated silk mimicking the collagenous component of the real horn. This approach allowed us to fabricate composite structures that were confusingly similar to real rhino horn in look, feel and properties. Spectral and thermal FT-IR, DSC and TGA analysis demonstrated the similar chemical composition and thermo-mechanical properties between the natural and the faux horns.

Microbially corrected amino acid composition of rumen-undegraded feed protein and amino acid degradability in the rumen of feeds enclosed in nylon bags

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Varvikko
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Time Effects ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Feed Protein ◽  
N Dilution Method

1. In the previous work (Varvikko & Lindberg, 1985), 15N-labelled rapeseed (Brassica napus), barley, ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and barley straw were incubated in the rumen in nylon bags for 5, 12 and 24 h and microbial nitrogen in the residues was quantified using the feed 15N-dilution method. In the present study, residual amino acids (AA) of these feeds were analysed, and microbially corrected AA of feed origin (feed AA) were estimated as the difference between total residual AA and respective microbial AA, assuming a constant AA composition for the microbial protein.2. In barley and barley-straw residues, and also in ryegrass incubated in the rumen for 24 h, very large enrich- ment by microbial N and AA-N was found. The microbial enrichment was rather small in rapeseed residues and ryegrass incubated for 5 or 12 h. During the rumen incubation, feed N and AA-N (g/kg feed dry matter (DM)) decreased very clearly in all the feeds, and feed and incubation time effects were always statistically significant (P < 0.001).3. The slow degradation of essential (E) feed AA compared with the respective non-essential (NE) AA degradation increased the proportion of feed EAA (g/kg determined feed AA) in barley and barley-straw residues. In rapeseed and ryegrass, residual feed EAA: NEAA remained very similar to the original. Branched-chain (Br) AA tended to increase proportionally in all the feed residues, suggesting these AA to be, on average, more resistant against microbial degradation in the rumen than other AA. Similarly, lysine was clearly increased in barley residues. A rumen degradation faster than the average rate caused decreased residual feed glutamic acid in rapeseed; methionine, alanine and glycine in barley; arginine and alanine in ryegrass; and methionine, asparagine and tyrosine in barley straw. Feed and incubation time effects were significant (P < 0.054–001) for feed AA (g/kg determined feed AA) grouped as EAA, BrAA or NEAA, and for most individual AA, as well as for feed AA disappearance (%) and relative amounts (%) of feed AA in the respective residual AA.4. According to present findings, AA composition of the rumen-undegraded vegetable feed residues may markedly differ, either quantitatively or qualitatively (or both), from their original AA composition. When determining the feed AA composition of nylon-bag residues, the microbial error may be very large with starchy or fibrous feeds of low protein content. The microbial AA do not, however, considerably confuse the AA determination of protein-rich feeds.

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