Rumen degradation of straw 6. Effect of polysaccharidase enzymes on degradation characteristics of ensiled rice straw

1988 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Nakashima ◽  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
P. M. Hotten ◽  
K. Ambo ◽  
Y Takase
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Lower Content ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
Degradation Rate Constant ◽  
Inclusion Level

ABSTRACTThe effects of three variables; polysaccharidase inclusion level (0, 5 and 10 g/kg), moisture content (500, 600 and 700 g/kg dry matter (DM), and particle size (20, 5 and 2 mm), on the quality and degradation characteristics of ensiled rice straw were investigated. The polysaccharidase product used was shown to contain a broad spectrum of activities against polysaccharides typical of plant material. The major activities present being: mixed link glucanase, xylanase and both endo- and exo-cellulase. The straw treated with polysaccharidase had a lower final pH (5·21, 4·87, 4·82; P < 0·01), higher concentrations of lactic acid (1·98, 3·90, 3·67 g/kg; P < 0·01), a lower content of neutral-detergent fibre (689, 630, 621 g/kg DM; P < 0·01) and a higher solubility, measured as washing losses from nylon bags (152, 196, 212 g/kg DM; P < 0·01) for the 0, 5 and 10 g/kg polysaccharidase treatments respectively. The samples were subsequently incubated in nylon bags in the rumen of three sheep for 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h to estimate degradation rate and potential degradability using the expression p = a + b (1 – e−ct) where p is degradability at time t and a, b and c are constants. While there was no effect of moisture content or physical form of the straw, the degradation rate constant (c) was increased (P < 0·01) by the addition of polysaccharidase. The maximum potential degradability (a + b), however, was not altered by any of the treatments. The values for c were 0·0498, 0·0677 and 0·0817 per h and for (a + b) were 62·4, 62·1 and 62·8 g/100 g DM for the 0, 5 and 10 g/kg polysaccharidase enzyme additions respectively. It is concluded that the use of polysaccharidase enzymes can assist in the preservation of wet straw and can result in improved degradation characteristics.

Effect of Cellulase Enzymes on Degradation Characteristics of Ensiled Rice Straw

1988 ◽  
Vol 1988 ◽  
pp. 83-83
Author(s):  
Y. Nakashima ◽  
E.R. Ørskov ◽  
K. Ambo ◽  
Y. Takase
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Enzyme Preparation ◽  
Lower Content ◽  
Cellulase Enzymes ◽  
Cellulase Enzyme ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
Degradation Rate Constant

AbstractRice straw was ensiled in laboratory containers of 11 capacity. Three concentrations of moisture (50, 60 or 70%) 3 concentrations of a commercial cellulase enzyme preparation (0, 5 or 10g/kg dry matter (DM)) and 3 types of straw processing (2 cm, 5 mm or 2 mm length) were used. The preparations were stored at room temperature (approximately 20°C) for 30 days. The straw treated with cellulase had a lower final pH (5.21, 4.87, 4.82; P<0.05), higher concentrations of lactic acid (198, 383, 367 mg/100g; P<0.05), a lower content of neutral detergent fibre (689, 630, 620 g/kg DM; P<0.05) and a higher solubility, measured as washing losses from nylon bags (152, 196, 212 g/kg DM; P<0.05) for the 0, 5 and 10 g/kg cellulase treatments respectively. The samples were subsequently incubated in nylon bags in the rumen of 3 sheep for 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h to estimate degradation rate and potential degradability using the expression p+a+b(1-e-ct) where p is degradability at time t and a, b and c are constants. While there was no effect of moisture content or physical form of the straw, the degradation rate constant (c) was significantly increased (P<0.05) by the addition of cellulase. The maximum potential (a+b) however was unchanged. The values for c were 0.0496, 0.0677 and 0.0847/h-1 and the values for (a+b) were 624, 621 and 628 g/kg for the 0, 5 and 10 g/kg cellulase enzyme additions respectively. It is concluded that the use of cellulase enzymes can assist in the preservation of wet straw and can result in improved degradation characteristics.

AMMONIA OR SULPHUR DIOXIDE TREATMENT OF HIGH-MOISTURE BARLEY ON IN SITU RUMEN DEGRADABILITY AND IN SITU WHOLE-TRACT DIGESTIBILITY

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 779-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. ROBINSON ◽  
J. J. KENNELLY
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Sulphur Dioxide ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
N Release ◽  
Ruminal Degradability

High-moisture barley (HMB) was ensiled in polyethylene silage bags. Treatments applied to 30% moisture HMB as a percentage of dry matter (DM) were: none, 1% ammonia, 2% ammonia, and 1.5% sulphur dioxide. A fifth treatment was the addition of 1.5% sulphur dioxide to 20% moisture HMB. Barley samples were ruminally incubated to estimate degradability of DM and nitrogen (N). Ruminally incubated bags were also introduced to the duodenal cannulae and collected in feces to estimate true whole-tract digestion. Sulphur dioxide treatment, or moisture content, had no influence on ruminal degradability, with the exception of increased degradation rate of potentially degradable N for 20 vs 30% HMB, or whole-tract true digestion. Ammoniation resulted in net reduction in rate of ruminal DM release due to shift of soluble DM to the potentially degradable fraction, and decrease in the potentially degradable fraction degradation rate. Ammoniation increased barley N content up to 44% with no change in rate of ruminal N release. Whole-tract true DM digestion was higher for ammoniated barley but N digestion was not influenced. Sulphur dioxide appears to offer no advantages beyond grain preservation, whereas ammoniation offers potential by reducting rate of ruminal DM release, and providing a source of slow release nonprotein N, without affecting post-ruminal digestibility. Key words: High-moisture barley, ammonia, sulphur dioxide

scholarly journals 55 The influence of kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) age on in situ rumen degradation

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 85-85
Author(s):  
Joseph Gulizia ◽  
Kevin Downs ◽  
Song Cui
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Pueraria Montana

Abstract Early and late season kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) leaves were collected to analyze dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in situ rumen disappearance to assess kudzu quality. Four studies were conducted during different growing seasons [2 repeated early season (ES); 2 repeated late season (LS) to determine age variability effects. Kudzu collected from 7 middle Tennessee counties were incubated in the rumen for designated lengths of time (0.25, 1, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h) to determine total rumen degradation (%) and rate of disappearance (% / h). Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with repeated measures. Regression analysis was used to determine degradation rate. Overall season effects (across incubation times) for dry matter disappearance (DMD) were significantly different (P < 0.0001). Significant season by incubation time interactions were exhibited for total DMD at 12 (P < 0.0001), 24 (P = 0.0004), 36 (P = 0.0055), 48 (P = 0.0209), and 72 h (P = 0.0384) incubation, with an average rumen degradability of ES kudzu being 9.75% higher than LS between 12 and 72 h. Slope regression between 1 and 24 h determined a rumen degradation rate of 2.41% / h across both seasons, with no significant seasonal difference (P = 0.3396). These results are indicative that ES kudzu is more highly rumen degradable than LS, as evidenced by the significant season by incubation time interactions between 12 and 72 h of incubation. Although there are significant seasonal effects on kudzu DMD during certain incubation times, DMD overall for ES and LS is still indicative of high rumen degradability with an average of 81.45% at 72 h across both seasons. Season effects were minimal for NDF, ADF, and CP rumen disappearance.

Rumen degradation of straw 3. Botanical fractions of two rice straw varieties and effects of ammonia treatment

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. K. Walli ◽  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
P. K. Bhargava
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Dry Matter Loss ◽  
Organic Matter Loss ◽  
Whole Plants

ABSTRACTTwo varieties of rice straw, long variety — no. 370 Basmati traditional (L) and short variety — no. PR106 hybrid (S) were separated into botanical fractions giving the proportion of leaf plus leaf sheath, internode, node and chaff (g/kg dry matter) as 633, 247, 83 and 37 for L and 680, 156, 76 and 88 for S, respectively. Samples of whole plants, leaves plus leaf sheaths and internodes were subjected to ammonia treatment. The chemical composition and the rumen degradability of dry matter and organic matter determined by the nylon bag technique were ascertained for treated and untreated samples of whole plants and botanical fractions of plants from both varieties. The ash and silica content were higher in leaf plus leaf sheath, 211 and 102 g/kg for the L and 190 and 67 g/kg for the S, than in internodes, 160 and 29 g/kg for L and 184 and 29 g/kg S, respectively.The potential degradability (a + b) value from the formula p = a + b(−e−ct) for dry-matter loss (DML), organic-matter loss (OML) and degradability of organic matter in dry matter (DOMD) were significantly higher for the S being 622, 659 and 544 g/kg, than for the L being 561, 586 and 500 g/kg, respectively (P < 0·01). The degradation rate too was significantly higher for the S than for the L for DML, OML and DOMD (P < 0·01). The ammonia treatment significantly improved the potential degradability for DML, OML and DOMD for both the varieties and their fractions (P < 0·01).

scholarly journals 148 The influence of kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) age on in situ rumen degradation

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 38-38
Author(s):  
Joseph Gulizia ◽  
Kevin Downs ◽  
Song Cui
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Pueraria Montana

Abstract Early and late season kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) leaves were collected to analyze dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in situ rumen disappearance to assess kudzu quality. Four studies were conducted during different growing seasons [2 repeated early season (ES); 2 repeated late season (LS) to determine age variability effects. Kudzu collected from 7 middle Tennessee counties were incubated in the rumen for designated lengths of time (0.25, 1, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h) to determine total rumen degradation (%) and rate of disappearance (% / h). Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with repeated measures. Regression analysis was used to determine degradation rate. Overall season effects (across incubation times) for dry matter disappearance (DMD) were significantly different (P < 0.0001). Significant season by incubation time interactions were exhibited for total DMD at 12 (P < 0.0001), 24 (P = 0.0004), 36 (P = 0.0055), 48 (P = 0.0209), and 72 h (P = 0.0384) incubation, with an average rumen degradability of ES kudzu being 9.75% higher than LS between 12 and 72 h. Slope regression between 1 and 24 h determined a rumen degradation rate of 2.41% / h across both seasons, with no significant seasonal difference (P = 0.3396). These results are indicative that ES kudzu is more highly rumen degradable than LS, as evidenced by the significant season by incubation time interactions between 12 and 72 h of incubation. Although there are significant seasonal effects on kudzu DMD during certain incubation times, DMD overall for ES and LS is still indicative of high rumen degradability with an average of 81.45% at 72 h across both seasons. Season effects were minimal for NDF, ADF, and CP rumen disappearance.

The utilization of whole or bruised barley grain of different moisture contents given to beef cattle as a supplement to a forage-based diet

1976 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Broadbent
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Distiller's Grains ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
Bone Content ◽  
Wet Distiller's Grains

SUMMARY1. Fifty-four weaned single-suckled steer calves aged 11 to 14 mo were individually fed 2 kg wet distiller's grains, 10 kg swedes and an average of 11·5 kg grass silage daily. The quantity of silage offered was adjusted during the experiment in accordance with a live weight related scale. There were six treatments differing in the physical form, moisture content and level of barley grain offered. A nil barley supplement was compared with 2·5 kg barley dry matter daily offered either whole or bruised having been prepared for storage by drying (84·6% DM) and by treatment with propionic acid (79·9% DM); dried barley was also offered whole (at approximately 50% DM) after soaking in water for 24 hr. Each replicate of six cattle, one animal from each treatment, was slaughtered when all its members were subjectively estimated to have the required minimum body condition and minimum estimated carcass weight (186 kg) for marketing.2. A supplement of barley grain caused increases in daily live-weight gain, slaughter weight, carcass weight and carcass fat content; and reduced carcass lean and bone content. These effects were increased if the barley grain was processed by bruising compared to being consumed unprocessed (whole). There was no indication that the method of preparation for storage or the moisture content of the barley grain when consumed affected the results of the experiment. It was concluded that the costs of processing barley grain by bruising for feeding to growing cattle for slaughter will be exceeded by the value of the additional animal performance obtained in comparison to feeding whole barley grain.

scholarly journals Comparison of two methods of making reduced-fat ovine Halloumi type cheese

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. KAMINARIDES
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Lower Content ◽  
Traditional Technology ◽  
Reduced Fat

Halloumi is a popular cheese in Cyprus where reduced-fat Halloumi cheese is manufactured solely from bovine milk. In this study, two methods of making reduced-fat Halloumi type cheeses from ovine milk containing 1.8% fat were compared. Ovine milk was used because it has a greater biological and nutritional value than bovine milk. The first method used traditional technology (T) as a control whereas the second method was a modified technology (M), as described in material and methods. The M cheese had a significantly (P<0.05) higher yield, moisture content, protein in dry matter, pH value and lower content of fat, lactose, ash, Ca and Mg, acidity, hardness, adhesiveness, elasticity, gumminess and chewiness than the T cheese. The assessment panel suggested that the M technology was superior and can be used to produce a reduced-fat ovine Halloumi type cheese.

scholarly journals Effect of physical form and washing of treated and untreated rice straw with sodium hydroxide upon chemical composition and in vitro digestibility

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-187
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Physical Form

Hydroxide upon the chemical composition and dry matter(DM) and organic matter(OM) digestibility . Rice straw was treated with 4% sodium hydroxide using 30% of DM basis moisture, and incubated at 40 ºC for 40 days., DM digestibility (DMD) was significantly affected (P

The effect of method of forage conservation and harvest season on the rumen degradation of forages harvested from permanent mountain meadows

1991 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. López ◽  
M. D. Carro ◽  
J. S. González ◽  
F. J. Ovejero
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mountain Meadow ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Mountain Meadows

AbstractAn irrigated permanent mountain meadow (Leon, Spain) was cut twice in 1987, in late June, and again in early September after the summer regrowth. Herbage harvested from each season was preserved by different methods, namely freezing (fresh), ensiling in plastic bags (silage) and sun-curing (hay). Rumen degradation characteristics were determined by the nylon bag technique. Forages harvested in September had a higher crude protein (CP) concentration (153 v. 104 g/kg dry matter (DM)) and a lower cell wall concentration (467 v. 599 g/kg DM) than those from the June cut, resulting in a greater DM potential degradability (0·856 v. 0·751) and a faster degradation rate (0·088 v. 0·057 per h). Method of conservation did not affect the CP concentration of the forages, but had a significant effect on their nitrogen (N) solubility and protein degradability. Hay had the lowest N solubility (0·388) and CP degradability. Ensiling led to an increase in the N solubility (0·668 v. 0·554) compared with the fresh control, resulting in a higher effective degradability of CP estimated for different rates of passage. Forage conservation caused a slight increase in the relative proportion of the cell wall in the total DM (mean neutral-detergent fibre concentrations for fresh forage, hay and silage were 510, 548 and 536 g/kg DM, respectively) presumably due to loss of cell contents. Potential DM degradabilities of fresh forage, hay and silage were similar (0·805, 0·813 and 0·791 respectively). Although hay seemed to be degraded to a greater extent and at a faster rate than the other two types of forages, the rumen degradation characteristics were not consistently affected by the method of conservation to an extent that could have important nutritional implications.

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