Threonine supplementation of diets for pigs between 7 and 56 days of age

ABSTRACT1. Forty entire male pigs between 7 and 28 days of age and forty entire male pigs between 28 and 56 days of age were fed ad libitum basal diets of wheat and lupins containing 2·4 and 1·9 g of methionine per kg respectively. These were supplemented with 0, 0·3, 0·6, 0·9 and 1·2 g of synthetic methionine per kg of diet.2. The methionine required for maximum performance and nitrogen retention was 3·0 g/kg of dry matter between 7 and 28 days of age and 2·5 g/kg between 28 and 56 days of age. These values were equivalent to 1·14 and 1·19g/100g of dietary crude protein at the two ages. The cystine contents of the diets were 3·7 and 3·1 g/kg respectively.3. The concentration of methionine in the blood plasma did not give a clear indication of methionine requirement.

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Lysine supplementation of diets for pigs between 7 and 56 days of age

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100012356 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 421-426 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jane Leibholz ◽

J. R. Parks

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Wheat Gluten ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Peanut Meal ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Protein Supplements ◽

Dietary Crude Protein ◽

The Cost ◽

Entire Male

ABSTRACTSixty entire male pigs between 7 and 28 days and 60 entire male pigs between 28 and 56 days of age were given ad libitum basal diets using peanut meal and wheat gluten with or without dried milk as the protein supplements. The diets contained between 7·0 and 10·7 g lysine per kg. These diets were supplemented with graded additions of synthetic L-lysine hydrochloride.It was found that the lysine required for maximum performance and nitrogen retention was at least 12·7 g/kg dry matter (DM) between 7 and 28 days of age and not greater than 12 g/kg DM between 28 and 56 days of age. These values are 4·7 and 5·3 g/kg dietary crude protein for the two ages or 0·81 and 0·79 g/MJ digestible energy.A method is discussed for the calculation of the most economical level of lysine supplementation. This is dependent on the cost of the basal diet and lysine, and the value of the weight gain.The concentration of free lysine in the blood plasma did not give a clear indication of lysine requirement of the pigs.

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The influence of dietary protein and energy concentration on the growth of Merino weaner sheep

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9800308 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 20 (104) ◽

pp. 308 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

BA McGregor ◽

JW McLaughlin

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Energy Concentration ◽

Digestible Energy ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Wool Growth ◽

Dietary Concentration ◽

Energy Retention ◽

Total Body

The influence of the dietary concentration of protein and energy on the growth of Merino wether weaners in pens, was studied in a factorial experiment. There were two digestible energy concentrations, (12.4 and 14.2 MJ DE kg-1 DM) x five protein concentrations (9-21% CP), three replicates (each of one animal). Diets were offered ad libitum, and nitrogen and energy retention were determined by the comparative slaughter technique. Initially, the mean weight of all treatment groups was 15.5 kg liveweight (12 weeks of age), and the experiment concluded 14 weeks later. Daily dry matter intake, liveweight gain, wool growth and total body nitrogen retention increased linearly as dietary crude protein concentration increased. Higher energy concentrations reduced dry matter intake and liveweight gain, and increased wool growth. Approximately 21 % of the digestible energy intake was retained. Regressions relating carcase and non-carcase composition to compartment weight, are presented. The fastest and most efficient gain in liveweight occurred with the ration containing 20% CP, at the lower energy concentration. It is suggested that for high levels of production with Merino weaners, rations should contain at least 18% CP.

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Factors affecting voluntary feed intake in pigs. I. The effect of digestible energy content of the diet on the intake of castrated male pigs housed in holding pens and in metabolism crates

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s000335610003840x ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 141-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

D. J. A. Cole ◽

J. E. Duckworth ◽

W. Holmes

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Energy Content ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Live Weight ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Digestible Energy ◽

Voluntary Feed Intake ◽

The Difference

1. The voluntary feed intakes of pigs fed on diets having calculated digestible energy contents of 2,970, 3,356, 3,630 and 3,910 kcal/kg. dry matter were measured over four periods from 38 to 105 kg. live-weight.2. The pigs achieved similar daily digestible energy intakes regardless of the digestible energy content of the diet.3. When housed in metabolism crates pigs ate less than when housed in holding pens and the difference was greater than would be expected solely from the reduced exercise of the pigs in crates.4. Daily digestible energy intake was 575 kcal/kg. live-weight 0.675 when the pigs were in holding pens. The daily digestible energy intake of pigs in metabolism crates increased less with live-weight.5. The use of metabolism crates to obtain digestibility coefficients and values for nitrogen retention to be applied to animals housed under other conditions is discussed in relation to the differences found in apparent digestibility coefficients, feed intake and growth rates between pigs in crates and in holding pens.

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THE INFLUENCE OF APPARENT DIGESTIBLE ENERGY AND APPARENT DIGESTIBLE NITROGEN IN THE DIET ON WEIGHT GAIN, FEED CONSUMPTION, AND NITROGEN RETENTION OF GROWING MINK

Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology ◽

10.1139/y62-154 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 1375-1389 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. G. Sinclair ◽

E. V. Evans ◽

I. R. Sibbald

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Linear Relationship ◽

Food Consumption ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Energy Content ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Digestible Energy ◽

Available Energy ◽

Food Consumed

The influences of the apparent digestible energy (A.D.E.) and the apparent digestible nitrogen (A.D.N.) content of the diet on the food consumption, nitrogen retention, and growth of mink from weaning to pelting age have been determined. It was demonstrated with diets containing from 3.33 to 4.21 Cal of A.D.E. and 26.14 to 39.76 mg of A.D.N. per g of dry matter that increasing the available energy and nitrogen in the diet had a beneficial influence on the growth of mink from 6 to 26 weeks of age. A linear relationship existed between the weight of food consumed and the reciprocal of the A.D.E. content of the food, which indicated that food consumption was largely regulated by the digestible energy content of the diet. The percentage of digestible nitrogen retained was curvilinearly related to the A.D.E.:A.D.N. ratio and appeared to be maximal when the diet contained 140 Cal of digestible energy per g of digestible nitrogen.

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Effect of feeding varying levels of dietary crude protein and digestible energy levels on nitrogen retention, urinary and blood plasma constituents in pigs fed from 9 to 60kg

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v41i1.2697 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 111-124

Author(s):

M. O. Oyeleke

Keyword(s):

Blood Plasma ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Energy Levels ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Urea Concentration ◽

Plasma Urea ◽

Nitrogen Economy ◽

Digestible Energy ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Protein X

This study was designed to investigate the effects and possible interactions of varying crude protein (CP) and digestible energy levels (DE) on Nitrogen Retention, (NR), Urinary and blood plasma constituents in pigs reared from 6 to 60 kg liveweight. One hundred and twenty eight Large White x Landrace pigs weighing 9+1.5kg were assigned to sixteen groups of eight pigs, comprising four females and four castrated males in a 4x4 factorial design, the factors were four crude protein levels: (18, 21, 24 and 27%) and four digestible energy levels: (3,000; 3,300: 3,600 and 3,900 kcal/kg) nitrogen retention studies were conducted during the 4 week after the animals were 4 weeks on test diets. There were 6 pigs (3 females and 3 males) in the nitrogen balance trials. Apparent protein digestibility was calculated from the faecal collection. Urinary urea, citrulline and allocation were also determined. Six out of the eight experimental pigs per diet were selected for bleeding and the plasma urea concentrations were determined. There was a significant ( 0.05) Protein x Energy, Energy X Sex and Protein x Energy x Sex interactions. Females retained significantly higher proportions of their nitrogen intake than the castrated males, the lowest nitrogen retention was obtained on the lowest protein and lowest energy combination. The best nitrogen retention in males was obtained on the 21% protein diet with 3,600 kcal DE/kg, while in females; the best was obtained on the diet containing 24% Protein. Total urinary urea concentration was significantly (p 0.01) influenced by both protein and energy levels and significant Protein x Energy interactions also occurred. Dietary protein, expectedly, significantly influenced plasma urea concentrations tending to be lowest on the two intermediate energy levels; 3,300 and 3,600 kcal DE /kg. Nitrogen retention was optimum between 18 and 21% protein levels and castrated males tended to show optimum nitrogen economy on lower protein levels than female pigs. Total urea concentration paralleled nitrogen retention profile. The Kiriyama Index(A/U x IP) may be a precise method to determine protein requirement for pigs in the humid tropical environment. Digestible energy levels of between 3,300 and 3,600 kcal/kg would be adequate for maximum nitrogen economy.

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RAPESEED OIL MEAL AS A PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT FOR SWINE AND RATS: II. ENERGY AND NITROGEN DIGESTIBILITY AND NITROGEN RETENTION

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas59-014 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 94-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

N. Hussar ◽

J. P. Bowland

Keyword(s):

Rapeseed Oil ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Female Rats ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Protein Supplement ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Cent Level ◽

Matter Energy

Energy and nitrogen digestibility and nitrogen retention studies are reported for pigs averaging 7, 28 and 62 kg. in weight and for 4- and 6-weeks-old albino rats fed diets containing 0, 2 or 10 per cent expeller extracted Argentine type rapeseed oil meal. The 10 per cent level of the meal depressed apparent digestibility of dry matter, energy and nitrogen with significant effects occurring only in rats. The 2 per cent level of the meal had no significant effect on digestibility. Retention of digestible nitrogen was not altered by the level of rapeseed oil meal in the diet. As indicated by digestibility studies, female rats were more susceptible than males to the presence of rapeseed oil meal in the diet. There were a number of interactions between rapeseed oil meal level and the type of diet fed to rats suggesting that the energy and protein levels of the diet may influence the effect that this meal has on apparent digestibilities of dry matter, energy and nitrogen.

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THE INFLUENCE OF APPARENT DIGESTIBLE ENERGY AND APPARENT DIGESTIBLE NITROGEN IN THE DIET ON WEIGHT GAIN, FEED CONSUMPTION, AND NITROGEN RETENTION OF GROWING MINK

Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology ◽

10.1139/o62-154 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 40 (10) ◽

pp. 1375-1389 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

D. G. Sinclair ◽

E. V. Evans ◽

I. R. Sibbald

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Linear Relationship ◽

Food Consumption ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Energy Content ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Digestible Energy ◽

Available Energy ◽

Food Consumed

The influences of the apparent digestible energy (A.D.E.) and the apparent digestible nitrogen (A.D.N.) content of the diet on the food consumption, nitrogen retention, and growth of mink from weaning to pelting age have been determined. It was demonstrated with diets containing from 3.33 to 4.21 Cal of A.D.E. and 26.14 to 39.76 mg of A.D.N. per g of dry matter that increasing the available energy and nitrogen in the diet had a beneficial influence on the growth of mink from 6 to 26 weeks of age. A linear relationship existed between the weight of food consumed and the reciprocal of the A.D.E. content of the food, which indicated that food consumption was largely regulated by the digestible energy content of the diet. The percentage of digestible nitrogen retained was curvilinearly related to the A.D.E.:A.D.N. ratio and appeared to be maximal when the diet contained 140 Cal of digestible energy per g of digestible nitrogen.

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The effect of nitrogen intake, sulphur intake and dietary nitrogen source on the performance of the early weaned calf

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9720561 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 12 (59) ◽

pp. 561 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J Leibholz

Keyword(s):

Blood Plasma ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Sodium Sulphate ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Dietary Nitrogen ◽

Meat Meal ◽

Nitrogen Intake ◽

Cent Nitrogen

An experiment was conducted with 40 male Friesian calves between five and eleven weeks of age to estimate their nitrogen and sulphur requirement. The basal diet contained 2.2 per cent nitrogen which was supplemented with urea or meat meal to 3.1 per cent nitrogen. The urea was added both with and without sodium sulphate. The weight gain and efficiency of feed conversion ratio of the calves fed the diet containing 2.2 per cent nitrogen was lower than that of the calves fed the diets containing 3.1 per cent nitrogen, but they were not affected by the nature of the nitrogen supplement or by the addition of sulphur to the urea supplemented diet which already contained 0.11 per cent sulphur. The apparent digestion of organic matter, dry matter, and nitrogen was greater at six weeks of age than at ten weeks of age. The excretion of nitrogen in the urine was greater in the calves fed the diets containing urea, but there was no difference in nitrogen retention. The retention of sulphur was 0.47 g a day for the calves fed the diet containing 0.11 per cent sulphur compared with 0.85 to 1.75 g a day for the calves fed the other diets. The concentration of urea in the blood plasma was higher in the calves at five weeks of age than at ten weeks of age and increased with increased nitrogen intake. The concentration of urea in the blood plasma was higher in the calves whose diet included urea than in the calves fed the meat meal supplemented diet.

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Nutritional evaluation of wheat 1. Effects of preparation on digestibility of dry matter, energy and nitrogen in pigs

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100022935 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 359-365 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

M. Ivan ◽

L. R. Giles ◽

A. R. Alimon ◽

D. J. Farrell

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Whole Grain ◽

Whole Wheat ◽

Gross Energy ◽

Dietary Components ◽

Matter Energy ◽

Plot Design

SUMMARY1. A split-plot design was used to study apparent digestibility of dry matter, gross energy and nitrogen of a whole grain wheat diet and processed (hammermilled, rolled or hammermilled and then steam-pelleted) wheat diets by eight small (33·9 ± 0·1 kg) and eight large (70±1·7 kg) pigs. Metabolizable energy and nitrogen retention were also studied with the small pigs.2. The processed wheat diets were superior to the whole grain wheat diet in all the parameters measured.3. There were no significant differences between the performance of pigs given the differently processed wheat diets.4. Apparent digestibility of dietary components particularly in the whole wheat diet was significantly higher when diets were given to small pigs than when given to large pigs.

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