The influence of supplements of energy and protein on the intake and performance of cattle fed on cereal straws

1972 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Andrews ◽  
J. Escuder-Volonte ◽  
M. K. Curran ◽  
W. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Lower Energy Level ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Protein Supply

SUMMARYIn two experiments the effects of several levels of supplementary energy and of protein on the voluntary intake of long straw by young cattle of 200 to 300 kg weight were studied.In Experiment 1, 40 cattle were used to compare 4 protein levels and 5 energy levels. At the lowest protein level (diets containing 6·6% crude protein or less) intake of straw was low at all energy levels and the live-weight gain of the cattle was not increased by the energy supplements. There was no difference in performance between the other 3 protein levels, which gave whole diets containing 8·8% crude protein or more in the dry matter. Supplements of 5 to 9 g concentrates per kg live weight reduced straw intake only a little, and increased gains.In Experiment 2, 40 cattle were used to compare barley and oat straw alone and with 2 levels of protein and 2 levels of energy supplement; one of the latter was higher, 12 g concentrate per kg live weight, than any in Experiment 1. The digestibility of the diets was determined. The results showed no difference in animal performance between oat and barley straw and agreed in general with Experiment 1. The low-protein, high-energy combination (6·4% crude protein in the whole diet) was frequently refused and gains on this treatment were low; at the higher protein level, when protein supply was adequate, straw intakes were less than on the lower energy level with adequate protein. Long straw could supply 35 to 45% of the daily energy requirements of young growing cattle.

The protein and energy nutrition of the pig. V. The effect of varying the protein and energy levels in the ‘finishing diets’ of heavy pigs

1965 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Large White ◽  
High Energy Level ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Carcass Measurement

1. A feeding trial was carried out using fortyeight Large White pigs, individually fed in a Danish type piggery. Six different diets prepared at two levels of digestible energy and three levels of crude protein were fed to eight replicates consisting of four hogs and four gilts per replicate. A record was maintained of the weekly live-weight gain and food was given at a defined restricted level in relation to the live weight. Carcass quality was assessed by complete dissection into visible lean, fat and bone etc.2. Of the main effects, energy, supply was without significant effect upon growth, food conversion efficiency (FCE) or any carcass characteristics except body length which was increased with a high energy level. The protein level in the diet had a significant effect upon the percentage of carcass lean and the killing-out percentage, the higher levels of protein increasing both these measurements significantly. Gilts were significantly superior to hogs in every carcass measurement although hogs grew significantly faster.

scholarly journals Growth and feed utilization of Boer x Kacang crossbred goats offered total mixed rations of different protein and energy levels

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Simon P. Ginting ◽  
Kiston Simanihuruk ◽  
Antonius Antonius ◽  
Andi Tarigan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Crude Protein Level

The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth of and feed utilization by Boer x Kacang crosses goats fed on total mixed ration differing in protein and energy levels. Four total mixed rations combination were formulated to contain 16 and 18% crude protein and 2650 and 2850 Kcal ME/ kg DM (dried matter) energy density. Twenty-eight male Boer x Kacang crosses goats (14.5 ± 1.14 kg) and of age ranging from 4 to 5 months were randomly allocated to one of these four TMRs (total mixed rations) (7 animals/TMR). The effects of dietary treatment were assessed using the general linear model and significance of the diet effects was detected using Duncan’s multiple range test. Dry matter intake increased as metabolizable energy density of diet increased from 2650 to 2850 Kcal/kg DM, but it is not affected by increasing crude protein level from 16 to 18%. The average daily gains were not improved (P>0.05) as the crude protein levels and metabolizable energy density of diet increased. Crude protein levels and ME density did not affect (P>0.05) the DM, OM and energy digestibility, but NDF digestibility was affected by the ME density of diets (P<0.05). Daily N intakes were greater (P<0.0%) in goats received diets higher in the crude protein and metabolizable energy levels. At this high rate of feed intake this type of goats are able to gain optimally when offered feed with crude protein level of 16% and metabolizable energy density of 2850 Kcal/kg DM.

scholarly journals The influence of dietary protein and energy levels on the performance, meat bone ratio and meat chemical composition of SenSi-1 Agrinak chicken

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecep Hidayat ◽  
Sofjan Iskandar
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Treatment Combination ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein

<p class="Default"><span lang="EN-US">Sensi-1 Agrinak is a strain of the improved native chickens for meat production in Indonesia. The objective of </span><span lang="IN">this</span><span lang="EN-US"> study  was to investigate influence of different dietary energy and protein levels on </span><span lang="IN">p</span><span lang="EN-US">erformance, meat bone ratio</span><span lang="IN">,</span><span lang="EN-US"> and meat chemical composition of Sensi-1 Agrinak chicken, reared until 10 weeks of age. Two hundred and sixteen of unsexed day old chickens (DOC) of  Sensi-1 Agrinak were subjected to six experimental rations differed in dietary crude protein (CP) content,. </span><span lang="IN">Namely:</span><span lang="EN-US"> 21;19; and 17 % and dietary  metabolizable  energy (ME) (2800 and 3000 kcal/kg). Each treatment combination was replicated  four times and fed from day old to 10 weeks old. In each treatment combination there were nine unsexed-DOCs. The parameters observed were performance (i.e. live weight, feed intake, viability, FCR), economic index (European Production Efficiency Factor/EPEF), meat bone ratio, and meat chemical composition.  </span><span lang="IN">R</span><span lang="EN-US">esult showed that  </span><span lang="EN-US">increas</span><span lang="IN">ed</span><span lang="EN-US"> of dietary CP level increased live weight and EPEF (p&lt;0.05). Sensi-1 Agrinak chicken had the best FCR (2.59), when fed  diet containing 21% CP and 3000 kcal/kg. Increas</span><span lang="IN">ed</span><span lang="EN-US"> dietary CP level increased the  meat-bone ratio of breast, thighs, and drumsticks. Meanwhile, increas</span><span lang="IN">ed</span><span lang="EN-US"> levels of dietary CP and ME did not affect (p&gt;0.05) meat chemical composition. It </span><span lang="IN">is</span><span lang="EN-US"> concluded that optimal dietary levels of crude protein and energy for unsexed Sensi-1 Agrinak chicken  up to 10 weeks of age were 21% CP and 3000 kcal/kg.</span></p>

scholarly journals Characteristics and chemical composition of Quails, Coturnix japonica, reared in cages

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-68
Author(s):  
G. Odafe Shalome ◽  
T. I. Uwadiae
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Coturnix Japonica ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Neck Length ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Protein Supply ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Matured quails were examined for their physical and chemical characteristics. Body length values ranged from 16.4 to 19.0 cm. Longitudinal circumference measured from 30.0 - 36.3 cm; latitude circumference ranged between 21.0 - 27.0 cm. Height of birds ranged from 10.0 - 11.0 cm; neck length measured between 4.0 and 6.3 cm; and limb length varied from 3.0 - 3.2cm. Live weight measurements of the birds ranged from 0.35 - 0.37kg, while slaughter weight was 0.32 - 0.36kg carcass weight ranged from 0.31 - 0.35kg while dressed weight was 0.17 - 0.18kg. Carcass percentage ranged from 91.5 - 95.4 while dressing percentage was 49.4 - 51.6. Crude protein levels were high ranging from 28.94% to 34.20%; ether extract 14.09 - 17.02 % while ash content was from 0.88 to 0.94%. Quail meat had firm texture, sweet smelling odor and slightly dark in color. It is recommended increasing the production of quails in order to increase animal protein supply and consumption in Nigeria is highly recommended.       Les cailles mûres ont été examinées pour leurs caractéristiques physiques et chimiques. Les valeurs de longueur corporelle variaient de 16,4 à 19,0 cm. Circonférence longitudinale mesurée de 30,0 à 36,3 cm ; la circonférence de la latitude variait entre 21,0 et 27,0 cm. La taille des oiseaux variait de 10,0 à 11,0 cm ; longueur du cou mesurée entre 4,0 et 6,3 cm ; et la longueur des membres variait de 3,0 à 3,2 cm. Le poids vif des oiseaux variait de 0,35 à 0,37 kg, tandis que le poids à l'abattage était de 0,32 à 0,36 kg, le poids de la carcasse variait de 0,31 à 0,35 kg tandis que le poids habillé était de 0,17 à 0,18 kg. Le pourcentage de carcasse variait de 91,5 à 95,4 tandis que le pourcentage d'habillage était de 49,4 à 51,6. Les niveaux de protéines brutes étaient élevés allant de 28,94% à 34,20%; extrait d'éther 14,09 - 17,02% tandis que la teneur en cendres était de 0,88 à 0,94%. La viande de caille avait une texture ferme, une odeur douce et une couleur légèrement foncée. Il est recommandé d'augmenter la production de cailles afin d'augmenter l'approvisionnement en protéines animales et la consommation au Nigeria est fortement recommandée.

Comparison of protein concentrations in diets given unchanged to pigs from 18 to 93 kg live weight

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. M. Lucas ◽  
K. L. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Progeny Test ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels

SUMMARYIn the national pig progeny test stations one diet is given up to about 55 kg live weight and another, with less protein, is given from then until slaughter. These diets were compared with four ‘single’ diets, similar in digestible-energy content, but containing either 15·6, 17·4, 18·7 or 22·1% crude protein, and each given unchanged from 18 to 93 kg live weight. There were twenty groups of one castrate and one gilt on each treatment.Pigs given the lowest protein levels had the poorest growth rates and feed conversion efficiency up to 57 kg live weight, but the best from 57 to 93 kg. Hence there were no differences in overall feed efficiency, and overall growth rate was only slightly less with the lowest protein level than with other treatments.Carcass leanness rose with protein level in the ‘single’ diets over the range 15·6·18·7% crude protein, but a further increase to 22·1% reduced leanness.Pigs given the progeny test diets had carcasses intermediate in composition to those of pigs on the ‘single’ diets with 17·4% and 18·7% protein.

The response of early-weaned pigs to various protein levels in a high energy diet

1977 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Protein Diets

SUMMARYThirty-six male piglets weaned at 20 days of age were allocated to an initial slaughter group and to five dietary treatments with proteinlevels of 15·0, 17·2, 19·1, 21·4 and 23·2% crude protein at a common energy level of approximately 3·6 Meal digestible energy/kg. All diets were offered ad libitum and growth response was compared between 5 and 20 kg and 10 and 20 kg live weight. In both periods there were significant improvements in growth and the food conversion ratio from 15·0 to 17·2%, and 17·2 to 19·1% crude protein. Between 10 and 20 kg live weight dietary protein levels above 19·1% were associated with a depression in growth. Carcass protein increased and ether-extractable material decreased with increased dietary protein over the entire range studied. Retention of digestible nitrogen was maximized on the lower protein diets. Conversion of food into carcass lean was maximized on the two highest protein diets.

Effect of castration and dietary protein level on growth and carcass composition in beef cattle

1970 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. S. Robertson ◽  
H. Paver ◽  
J. C. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dietary Protein Level ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Fixed Weight

SUMMARYThirty-six Hereford cross Friesian calves weighing on average 82.4 kg at an average age of 90 days were allotted in randomized blocks to a 2 x 3 factorial design. Castration by the open method was performed on half the number of calves and three dietary crude protein levels, 20, 14 and 11 % in dry matter were used in a mainly cereal concentrate diet fed ad libitum individually to the animals in stalls. Slaughter was at a fixed weight of approximately 420 kg.Steers compared with bulls gained weight at a significantly slower rate and with less efficiency. Castration's greatest effect in reducing rate of gain occurred during the later stages of rearing when puberty in the bulls, as measured by a steep rise in seminal fructose, was associated with their relatively well maintained live-weight gain. The influence of testicular hormones was also apparent in the bull's carcass with its heavier head, horn and hide and significantly higher proportion of lean and lower proportion of fat in the side.Dietary protein level affected rate of gain in both bulls and steers but at each level bulls performed better than steers. With circumstances similar to those in this experiment, a 14 % crude protein level in concentrate dry matter appears adequate for both categories up to a live weight of circa 270 kg and a reduction to 11 % thereafter. The effect of protein level on tissue proportions of the side and carcass composition generally was minimal.

Effect of the β-adrenergic agonist cimaterol and dietary protein level on fat young sheep given diets containing submaintenance levels of dietary energy

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Galbraith ◽  
B. Minassie ◽  
J. R. Scaife
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Adrenergic Agonist ◽  
Low Protein

AbstractThirty Suffolk cross wether sheep aged about 12 months and weighing 57 kg on average were used. They had been given previously a high energy diet to produce a fat body condition and average condition score of 3·7. Animals were allocated to an initial slaughter group (IS) or to four dietary treatment groups (UL, UH, CL and CH) based on sugar-beet feed (L) or white-fish meal (H) supplemented with chopped straw and pelleted, without (UL and UH) or with (CL and CH) the β-adrenergic agonist cimaterol, to provide an estimated 20 g (L) or 130 g (H) rumen undegradable protein per kg dry matter (DM). The sheep were offered 0·3 kg of the appropriate pelleted diet in addition to 200 to 400 g of chopped barley straw to provide proportionately 0·7 of the estimated metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance and, where appropriate, 2·5 mg cimaterol per day. Comparisons were made for the main effects of dietary protein intake and cimaterol and interactions between dietary protein and cimaterol.The animals on dietary treatments were slaughtered after 49 days. The animals exhibited variable reductions in live weight and weights of carcass and non-carcass components in comparison with the IS group and in response to restricted dietary energy intake. The only effect due to the elevated dietary protein provision was a smaller loss in live weight compared with the low protein diet. In contrast, compared with responses recorded in its absence, treatment with cimaterol resulted in significantly greater values for weights of cold carcass, cross-sectional area o/m. longissimus dorsi and weights of DM, crude protein and ash in the carcass with significantly smaller weights for raw fleece. In comparison with the IS group, significantly smaller changes due to cimaterol were recorded for the weights of carcass crude protein and ash. Cimaterol treatment significantly increased the weight loss of fat in the carcass and in the perirenal and retroperitoneal, but not omental, depots as components of fleece-free non-carcass fat which was also significantly reduced in total. Interactions suggested that losses in carcass weight and DM in the presence of cimaterol were less and gains in carcass protein and ash greater, on the high than on the low protein diet. The results suggest that under conditions of energy undernutrition cimaterol may induce smaller losses or larger gains in carcass but not non-carcass, crude protein at the expense of fat depletion in carcass and non-carcass fat depots.

scholarly journals Optimization of the dietary protein and energy levels for Dhakai quail during growing period

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
S Faruque ◽  
H Khatun ◽  
MS Islam ◽  
SMA Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Total Weight Gain ◽  
Daily Gain

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the optimum level of dietary protein and energy on production performance and carcass characteristics of quail. A total number of 128 day-old chicks of Dhakai quail were used from internal hatchery of Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka. The chicks were arranged according to a 4 × 2 factorial (4 protein levels; 20, 22, 24 and 26% and 2 energy levels; 2800 and 2900 kcal ME/kg), and allocated into eight dietary treatment combinations according to the experimental design. The combinations were designated as D1 (CP20ME2800), D2 (CP20ME2900), D3 (CP22ME2800), D4 (CP22ME2900), D5 (P24ME2800), D6 (P24ME2900), D7 (P26ME2800) and D8 (P26ME2900). There were 16 chicks per treatment, each treatment had 2 replications having 8 chicks in each. At the end of 5 weeks, 2 birds from each replication were randomly selected and slaughtered to analyze the meat yield traits. All birds were fed ad libitum with treatment diets from day-old to 35 days of age. There were significant effect (P<0.001) of crude protein levels on final body weight, total weight gain, daily gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Feed intake, total weight gain and FCR at different energy levels did not differ significantly (P>0.05). It was observed that the performance of Dhakai quail fed diet with 22% crude protein and 2900 kcal. ME/kg DM was better compared to others in terms of total gain, daily gain, FCR and dressing percent. Futher, treatments effect of protein level was observed on weight gain from day-old to 35 days. A crude protein level of 22.227% was estimated by regression equations for growing Dhakai quail.Bangladesh J. of Livestock Res. 19(1-2): 1-9, Jan-Dec 2012

scholarly journals OPTIMUM PROTEIN AND ENERGY LEVELS FOR FINISHING BROILER CHICKENS IN A TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-253
Author(s):  
M. J. Olomu
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Tropical Environment ◽  
Tropical Country ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Groundnut Meal ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Three experiments were conducted to determine the optimum protein and energy levels for finishing broiler chickens in a tropical environment. Dietary protein levels (20, 23 and 26 percent) and energy levels (2800, 3000 and 3200 Kcal/kg diet) tested had no significant effects on performance of finishing chickens fed fishmeal-containing rations. Rations based on cereals and groundnut meal, without fishmeal, did not support maximum liveweight gain and feed efficiency at dietary protein levels below 26 percent. Dietary treatments had no significant effects on carcass dressing percentages. Based on the present results, a protein level of 20 percent(for fishmeal containing rations) and 23 or 26 percent (for rations based on groundnut meal without fishmeal) and energy levels of 2800 to 3000 Kcal/Kg diet are tentatively recommended for finishing broiler chickens raised in a tropical country like Nigeria.

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