Comparison of protein concentrations in diets given unchanged to pigs from 18 to 93 kg live weight

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. M. Lucas ◽  
K. L. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Progeny Test ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels

SUMMARYIn the national pig progeny test stations one diet is given up to about 55 kg live weight and another, with less protein, is given from then until slaughter. These diets were compared with four ‘single’ diets, similar in digestible-energy content, but containing either 15·6, 17·4, 18·7 or 22·1% crude protein, and each given unchanged from 18 to 93 kg live weight. There were twenty groups of one castrate and one gilt on each treatment.Pigs given the lowest protein levels had the poorest growth rates and feed conversion efficiency up to 57 kg live weight, but the best from 57 to 93 kg. Hence there were no differences in overall feed efficiency, and overall growth rate was only slightly less with the lowest protein level than with other treatments.Carcass leanness rose with protein level in the ‘single’ diets over the range 15·6·18·7% crude protein, but a further increase to 22·1% reduced leanness.Pigs given the progeny test diets had carcasses intermediate in composition to those of pigs on the ‘single’ diets with 17·4% and 18·7% protein.

Effects of lasalocid and protein levels on feed intake and growth rate of Awassi lambs

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 187-187
Author(s):  
M. M. Muwalla ◽  
M. Y. Harb ◽  
T. F. Crosby
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Feedlot Lambs ◽  
Lamb Growth ◽  
Awassi Lambs

Lasalocid is a polyether antibiotic derived from the fermentation of streptomyces lasaliensis used as a coccidiostat in sheep. There are varying literature reports on lamb growth rate and feed intake when lasalocid is included in the diet of feedlot lambs. While some reports have shown that lasalocid enhances feed efficiency in ruminants by decreasing feed intake and either maintaining or improving rate of gain others indicate that lasalocid did not have any effect on lamb growth rates or feed efficiency (Stobart et al., 1987). Also, when lasalocid was fed to Chios lambs, growth rate was increased but there was no improvement in feed conversion efficiency (Hadjipanayiotou et al., 1988). There are no published data in the literature relating to the use of lasalocid as a growth promoter in the Awassi breed of sheep fed complete diets and the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of lasalocid with two levels of protein on the growth rate and feed efficiency of weaned male and female Awassi lambs.

The protein requirements of Australian white turkeys from hatching to twelve weeks

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (30) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
L Smith
Keyword(s):  
Protein Level ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Protein Levels

One experiment from hatching to six weeks and two from six to twelve weeks were carried out to determine the protein requirement for maximum growth and feed efficiency of Australian white poults. The results were compared with the present recommended levels. Male, female, and unsexed poults that were fed a protein level of 32 per cent were significantly heavier at six weeks old than those fed either 24 or 28 per cent protein (males P<0.01 ; females and unsexed poults P<0.001). Efficiency of feed conversion was not significantly affected by any of these protein levels. From six to twelve weeks, 21 per cent protein was necessary for maximum growth of unsexed and male poults, but 19 per cent protein was adequate for female poults. Efficiency of feed conversion at 21 per cent was greater than at 17 or 19 per cent and equal to that at 25 or 27 per cent.

Protein levels in diets for European pigs in the tropics. 1. The effect of methionine supplementation on the protein requirement of growing pigs

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Fetuga ◽  
G. M. Babatunde ◽  
V. A. Oyenuga
Keyword(s):  
Protein Level ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Cystine Level

SUMMARYOne hundred and twenty-eight Landrace and Large White pigs were allocated on the basis of sex, litter origin and initial weight to one of 16 treatments, made up of four basal 16, 18, 20 and 22% protein diets, each supplemented with either 0·00, 0·10, 0·15 or 0·20% synthetic DL-methionine, at a common digestible energy level of 3740 kcal/kg. Pigs were reared between 8 and 50 kg live weight. Growth rate of pigs and efficiency of feed conversion were significantly improved as the protein levels were increased up to the 20% protein level, optimal performance being on the 20% protein diet, with added 0·15% methionine, giving a total methionine+cystine level of 0·65% and a lysine level of 1·07%. Addition of synthetic methionine to the diets resulted in significant improvement in the rate and efficiency of gain only at the 16 and 18% protein levels.Carcass leanness and fatness increased and decreased respectively over the whole range of protein levels. Graded addition of DL-methionine within each protein level did not influence carcass characteristics.Nitrogen retention showed optimal utilization of dietary nitrogen to be at the 18% protein level, with a total dietary methionine + cystine level of 0·61%, which was at variance with the levels indicated by both growth and feed efficiency.

The nutrition of the early weaned lamb. IV. Effects on growth rate, food utilization and body composition of changing from a low to a high protein diet

1976 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
I. McDonald ◽  
D. A. Grubb ◽  
K. Pennie
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Feed Conversion

SummaryAbout sixty male lambs were fed ad libitum from 6 weeks of age on low- or highprotein diets based on barley or barley and fishmeal and containing respectively 120 and 200 g crude protein/kg dry matter. Some lambs were changed from one diet to the other when they reached 28 kg live weight. All were slaughtered as they attained a predetermined series of live weights ranging from 20 to 75 kg.Throughout the experiment, rates of live-weight gain were substantially higher with the high-protein (HP) than with the low-protein (LP) diet, but were highest after a change from low to high protein (LHP). The feed consumption of the LHP lambs did not exceed that of the HP lambs, but the former showed a substantial superiority in feed conversion ratio at the same live weight.At similar empty body weights, the LP lambs contained more fat and less water in the empty body than the HP lambs. Although the percentage differences decreased at higher weights, differences were still apparent at 70 kg live weight.The LHP lambs showed dramatic and rapid changes in body composition, particularly in water and fat content. By 40 kg live weight, their composition approached that of the HP lambs.The ratio of water to protein was consistently lower for the LP lambs. The ratio of protein to ash also differed between LP and HP lambs. It was initially highest for the HP lambs, at about 40 kg live weight it was the same, and at 70 kg live weight it was highest for the LP lambs.The ash content of the LHP lambs remained virtually constant during the period of rapid growth and rapid deposition of water, protein and fat which took place immediately after the change of diet, and only showed compensatory increases after 35 kg live weight. This finding was supported by the pattern of changes in weight and specific gravity of the femur and tibia + fibula.Use was made of separate relationships between live weight and body composition for the LP, HP and LHP lambs to estimate rates of accretion of crude protein, fat and water in the empty body. There was a particularly striking increase in the rate of accretion of water immediately following the change of diet. There was an increase in the water content of empty-body gain and a reduction in the ratio of gain in fat to gain in protein.Derived estimates of the ratio of metabolizable energy intake above maintenance to the energy content of empty-body gain gave some suggestion of an improvement in efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy for gain following the change from low to high protein. It is concluded however that the improvement in food conversion ratio following the change is attributable mostly to difference in the composition of gain.

EFFECTS OF THREE PROTEIN LEVELS WITH AND WITHOUT ADDED FAT ON THE PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF HEAVY VEAL CALVES

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. STILES ◽  
D. G. GRIEVE ◽  
W. A. GILLIS
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Meat Samples ◽  
Protein Diets

Twenty-four Holstein bull calves were fed high concentrate rations containing 12, 15 or 18% crude protein (as fed basis), with or without 4% added tallow, from 12 wk of age (avg wt 85 kg) to 200 kg liveweight. Seven calves were removed from trial during the course of the experiment due to salmonellosis (1), bloat (3) and calcium or magnesum deficiency (3). Dietary protein level had no effect (P < 0.05) on average daily gains, feed intake, or feed efficiency. Average daily gains were 1.02, 0.95 and 0.93 kg for 12, 15 and 18% protein diets, respectively. Calves fed 4% added tallow were more efficient in feed conversion than those fed no added tallow (adjusted mean difference of 0.43 ±.29 kg feed per kg gain, P < 0.05). Increasing levels of dietary protein produced a significant linear increase in protein content (P < 0.05) of meat samples. The addition of 4% dietary tallow increased the water, protein and fat content of bone samples and depressed ash. Taste panel ratings for flavor, tenderness and overall satisfaction were higher for calves that received no added tallow in their rations. Feed cost per kg gain was lowest for the ration containing 12% protein and 0% added fat. It was concluded that a 12% crude protein high-grain ration fed to calves from 12 wk to 200 kg resulted in performance comparable to 15 and 18% protein rations and that the only benefit from added fat was an improvement in feed efficiency.

Ileal apparent digestibilities of amino acids, growth and tissue deposition in growing pigs fed low glucosinolate rapeseed meals

1986 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. Rowan ◽  
T. L. J. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dry Diet

SUMMARYA factorially designed growth and carcass dissection experiment was made in which a low glucosinolate rapeseed meal (cv. Tower, TRSM) was compared with soya-bean meal (SBM) as the sole protein supplement in simple diets, containing barley and a vitamin and mineral supplement (to give 18 mg copper/kg air-dry diet) only, which were fed individually on a restricted scale of feeding to 72 pigs. The diets were of similar digestible energy (DE) content and were formulated to contain in each kg of air-dry matter 150, 170 and 190 g crude protein. In each crude-protein level the total lysine content was similar. Also experiments using 35 pigs were made to determine the ileal apparent digestibilities of amino acids in barley-based diets containing SBM, the low glucosinolate rapeseed meals Erglu (ERSM) and TRSM and a high glucosinolate British rapeseed meal (BRSM) and either 20 mg or 200 mg copper/kg air-dry diet.In the growth experiments there were no significant interactions for the variables considered. Pigs given TRSM diets, compared with those given SBM diets, had significantly poorer growth rates, conversion efficiencies and killing-out proportions but the proportions of lean and fat in carcasses and the backfat thicknesses (P2) were similar. There were no significant differences between protein levels in the killing-out proportions, the proportions of fat in carcasses and backfat thicknesses (P2) but pigs given diets containing 150 g, compared with 170 and 190 g, crude protein/kg air-dry diet had significantly lower growth rates and proportions of lean in the carcass and significantly poorer efficiencies of food conversion. The quantities of dietary crude protein used to produce units of live-weight gain, carcass weight and lean tissue increased progressively from the diets containing 150 to 170 to 190 g crude protein in each kg air-dry diet.In the ileal digestibility studies the results indicated that amino acids were of a lower digestibility in the rapeseed meal diets than in those based on SBM and that the copper content of the diet may have been important in this context.

scholarly journals Determination of the Minimum Crude Protein Requirements of Broiler Starters and Finishers in the Tropics

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-138
Author(s):  
G. M. Babatunde ◽  
B. L. Fetuga
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
The Third ◽  
Percent Nitrogen ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Protein Diets

THREE experiments were conducted with broiler chicks to determine the minimum crude protein levels in the diets of broiler starters and finishers reared in a tropical environment. The first two trials covered both the starter and finisher periods of 12 weeks while the third experiment covered only the finishing period. The calculated dietary crude protein levels used in the first trial were 14,16 18, 20, 22 and 24%; in the second trial, 20, 22, 24 and 26% and in the third trial, 14, 16, 18 and 20% on air dry basis. Results showed the 24% crude protein (trial 1) and 26% crude protein (trial 2) diets promoted highly significantly better live weight gains than all the other rations during the starter period while during the finishing period, there were no significant differences in the liveweight gains on the diets containing 18, 20, 22, 24 and 24% although growth was always better on the higher protein diets. Diets containing 14, 16 and 18% crude protein were grossly inadequate for the broiler starters while during the finishing period, if all the birds were on adequate broiler starter diets before being put on finisher diets, all those diets promoted growth almost equally well, there being no significant differences among growth rates. The feed/gain ratios followed the same trends as obtained for growth rates, the ratios becoming significantly better for higher protein diets. Mortality was highest for the lowest protein diets and lowest for the highest protein diets, while the percent nitrogen retained tended to be better, though not significantly so, for the higher protein diets. On the basis of these studies, it is recommended that the diets of broiler starter chicks in the tropics should not contain less than 24% crude protein, while those of the finishers should not contain less than 18% crude protein on air dry basis for optimal results.  

scholarly journals PEMANFAATAN IKAN RUCAH ZERO WASTE SEBAGAI PAKAN DALAM PEMELIHARAAN IKAN KUWE DI KERAMBA JARING APUNG DUSUN WAEL KABUPATEN SERAM BAGIAN BARAT

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
Damaris Payung ◽  
Irawati Irawati
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Seed Selection ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Trash Fish ◽  
Marine Fish Farming

Feed stands a significant factor in determining the success of a cultivation business. One type of feed used in marine fish farming is trash fish. The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the growth rate of trevally fish after feeding trash fish, 2) to analyze the feed conversion and efficiency of feeding trash fish, and 3) to analyze the survival rate of trevally fish by feeding trash fish in Wael Village, Westen Seram Regency. The research was conducted in May-November 2020, located in Wael Village, Minapolitan Region, Westen Seram Regency. The method used was the observation through the stages of seed selection, seed maintenance and feeding. The success of the feed given will be analyzed through the growth rates of trevally fishes that have been given feed, feed efficiency, feed conversion and survival rate of trevally fish. The results showed that the growth rate of trevally fish was 1.73% and it was classified as good. This is influenced by the stocking density which was carried out in accordance with the area of ​​the container and the needs of the fish so that the trevally fish can grow well. The feed conversion values ​​and feed efficiency were 2.97 and 33.3%, respectively. The results of the feed conversion are categorized as still feasible for a trevally fish cultivation business. The survival of trevally fish is 90-95%, this is due to the regular management of feeding, the daily control, as well as stocking density that is not too high.   ABSTRAK Pakan merupakan faktor yang sangat penting dalam menentukan keberhasilan suatu usaha budidaya. Salah satu jenis pakan yang digunakan dalam kegiatan budidaya ikan laut adalah ikan rucah.  Tujuan penelitian ini adalah 1) mengetahui laju pertumbuhan ikan kuwe setelah pemberian pakan ikan rucah, 2) menganalisis konversi pakan serta efisiensi pemberikan pakan ikan rucah, dan 3) menganalisis tingkat kelangsungan hidup ikan kuwe dengan pemberian pakan ikan rucah di Dusun Wael, Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Mei-Nopember 2020 yang berlokasi di Dusun Wael Kawasan Minapolitan Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat. Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode observasi melalui tahapan seleksi benih, pemeliharaan benih dan pemberian pakan. Keberhasilan pakan yang diberikan akan dianalisa melalui laju pertumbuhan ikan kuwe yang telah diberikan pakan, efisiensi pakan, konversi pakan serta kelangsungan hidup ikan kuwe. Hasil penelitian menunjukan laju pertumbuhan ikan kuwe sebesar 1,73% dan tergolong baik. Hal ini dipengaruhi oleh padat tebar yang dilakukan sesuai dengan luas wadah dan kebutuhan ikan sehingga ikan kuwe dapat bertumbuh dengan baik. Nilai konversi pakan dan efisiensi pakan masing-masing sebesar 2,97 dan 33,3%. Hasil konversi pakan dikategorikan masih layak bagi suatu usaha budidaya ikan kuwe. Kelangsungan hidup ikan kuwe sebesar 90-95%, hal ini disebabkan karena manajemen pemberian pakan yang teratur, pengontrolan yang dilakukan setiap hari, serta padat tebar yang tidak terlalu tinggi.   Kata Kunci : Pakan, ikan rucah, konversi pakan, efisiensi pakan, Caranx sexfasciatus

scholarly journals Effect of dietary protein levels on the performance and carcass characteristics of cockerel finishers

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. I. Salami ◽  
O. G. Longe ◽  
J. A. Oluyemi
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Response Criteria ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Diet Dilution ◽  
Modified Diet

A study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary crude protein (CP) levels in diets of 2600kcal kg metabolisable energy content on the performance and carcass characteristics of cockerel finishers. The experimental diets A, B, C, D and E contained CP levels of 140, 160, 180, 200 and 200g kg and they were produced by modified diet dilution technique. Response criteria such as weight gain and feed conversion ratio, among others, and carcass characteristics were measured. Results on performance and carcass characteristics, with the exception of the neck, intestinal weights  and other visceral offals, revealed that these response criteria were optimized in the birds fed on 180g kg dietary CP level. Beyond this level, it was nor beneficial to feed higher CP levels. It is therefore, concluded that the CP requirement of finisher cockerels is 18% on the bases of their Performance and carcass characteristics.

scholarly journals CRUDE PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF GUINEA FOWL KEETS (NUMIDA MELIAGRIS GALEATA, PALLAS) IN THE TROPICS

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 88-94
Author(s):  
M. C. Njike ◽  
A. S. Ahmed ◽  
E. S. Haruna
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Guinea Fowl ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
The Tropics

Guinea fowl of both sexes were fed from 0 to 8 weeks on protein level ranging from 18 to 26% using constant energy concentration of 3000 kilocalories/kg diet. At the end of the experimental period, keats on 24 and 26% protein levels with liveweights of 854 and 867.3g respectively were significantly heavier than keets on the other diets. Keets on these two rations showed no significant differences in the final liveweights, liveweight gains and feed consumption. However, it appeared from the result that feed consumption was related to growth rate. The feed/gain ratio was significantly better for keets that received 24% protein level than for those on 26% protein. But feed/gain ratios generally tended to be inversely related to growth rate. On the basis of this study it is recommended that the diet of guinea fowl keets in the tropics should not contain less than 24% crude protein for optimal results.   

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