The effect of pregnancy, energy intake and mating weight on protein deposition and energy retention of female pigs

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. Deb Hovell ◽  
R. M. MacPherson ◽  
R. M. J. Crofts ◽  
R. I. Smart
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Average Response ◽  
Average Efficiency ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Comparative Slaughter ◽  
Total Fat

SUMMARY1. In a comparative slaughter experiment, 12 female pigs (six at 80 kg and six at 100 kg) were allocated at first oestrus to each of five treatments: Treatment 1 initial slaughter, or Treatments 2, 3 and 4 mated and given 19·5, 25·8 or 32·1 MJ ME/day for the last 100 days of pregnancy, or Treatment 5 not mated (virgin) and given 25·8 MJ ME/day over a similar period. Pigs on Treatments 2, 3, 4 and 5 were given the same amount of protein and were killed about 123 days after first oestrus. Piglets were removed at birth.2. Total protein deposition (carcass+viscera+piglets) was increased from a total (±SE) of 5·50 to 8·47 (±0·43) kg as ME intake was increased from 19·5 to 32·1 MJ ME/day. About 75% of the increase in protein deposition was in the carcass component. The average response to ME was 2·2 ± 0·58 g total protein deposition per MJ increment in ME.3. The once-mated pigs deposited similar amounts of total protein to the virgin pigs but significantly less (P<0·05) carcass protein, when this was corrected to the same amount of carcass fat deposition.4. Increasing energy intake from 19·5 to 32·1 MJ ME/day increased total fat deposition from 2·8 to 16·0 kg. The average response to ME was 13·5 ± 1·53 g fat deposited per MJ increment in ME.5. There were no significant differences between the once-mated and virgin pigs in their calculated maintenance requirement, nor in the efficiency with which ME surplus to requirement for maintenance was utilized for energy retention. The average maintenance requirement for all pigs was 530 (95% limits 303·882) kJ/kg0·85. day. The average efficiency of utilization of ME for energy retention was 58·5 ± 6·2%.6. There was no evidence of any pregnancy anabolism other than that involving the conceptus, the needs of the dam specific to pregnancy and preparation for lactation.

Effects of plane of nutrition and environmental temperature on the growth and development of the early-weaned piglet 2. Energy metabolism

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Close ◽  
M. W. Stanier
Keyword(s):  
Heat Loss ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

ABSTRACT1. Measurements of heat loss, energy and nitrogen balance were made on 18 groups of piglets weaned at 2 weeks, at environmental temperatures of 18, 23 and 28°C, and at three levels of feeding at each temperature.2. From the experimental results, values of heat loss, energy retention, protein and fat deposition were derived for each temperature, at each of the three levels of metabolizable energy (kJ/kg M0·75 per day) intake: 550 (1·0MEm), 825 (1·5MEm) and 1100 (2·0MEm). The lowest of these levels was the calculated thermoneutral maintenance energy requirement (MEm).3. From the results the following deductions were made, (a) Heat loss varies with both environmental temperature and metabolizable energy intake, and at an intake of 2·0MEm is minimal between 23 and 28°C. Energy retention varies in an inverse manner to heat-loss, and at 1·0MEm is negative at all environmental temperatures below 28°C. (b) Protein and fat deposition increase significantly with increase in metabolizable energy intake (P < 0·05), with fat deposition being more dependent on temperature than protein deposition. The mean increase in protein deposition per 1°C increase in environmental temperature is 2·05 kJ/kg M0·75 per day. Fat deposition is negative at all temperatures at l·0MEm; at l·5MEm it is zero at 23°C and negative at temperatures below this.4. Critical temperature was calculated to decrease from 26·9°C at l·0MEm to 23·9°C at 2·0MEm.5. The efficiency of energy utilization (k) was 0·58 at 18°C, 0·81 at 23°C and 0·74 at 28°C. The corresponding values of the maintenance energy requirements were 739, 615 and 550 kJ/kg M0·75 per day. Estimates of the energetic efficiency of protein deposition (kp) of 0·60 to 0·65, and of fat deposition (k/) of 0·82 to 0·86, were determined at 23 and 28°C.

Effect of feed intake on protein and energy retention of boars of high genetic potential for lean growth

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 92-92
Author(s):  
D S Rao ◽  
K J McCracken
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Recent Experiment ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Lean Growth ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
The Relationship

The daily rate of lean deposition achieved by growing pigs is a function of a wide range of factors including genotype, gender, liveweight and intake of energy/protein. The review of ARC (1981) highlighted the controversy surrounding the effects of liveweight and energy intake on lean deposition. Recent publications suggest that there are interactions between these factors and also with genotype. In contrast to the linear/plateau relationship between energy intake and protein deposition proposed by Whittemore and Fawcett (1976), Campbell and Taverner (1988) observed a linear response in protein deposition up to the highest energy intake achieved, with pigs of improved genotype. The slope of the relationship was much greater than that observed in previous studies (ARC 1981). In a recent experiment, McCracken and Rao (1989) have shown that high-lean pedigree boars can achieve protein deposition rates as high as 200 g/d over the liveweight range of 33 to 88 kg. At present there is no published information on the response of such pigs to energy intake though the low rates of fat deposition observed suggest that energy intake could be limiting protein deposition. The experiment described below was designed to measure the response of protein deposition to energy intake at a series of liveweights between 33 and 88 kg. The diet and the treatments were chosen to obtain a wide range of energy intakes above and below those observed with dry, pelleted diets.

Relationship between energy intake and growth performance and body composition in pigs selected for low backfat thickness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Liu ◽  
Christopher J Brewster ◽  
Samantha Gilmour ◽  
David J Henman ◽  
Robert J Smits ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Deposition Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Ad Libitum

Abstract Genetic selection of pigs over recent decades has sought to reduce carcass fat content to meet consumer demands for lean meat in many countries (e.g.: Australia). Due to the impacts of genetic changes, it is unknown whether the carcass fat measures are still responsive to energy intake. Thus, the present experiment aimed to quantify the relationship between tissue composition and dietary energy intake in finisher pigs selected for low carcass backfat. Intact male and female pigs (n=56 for each sex; PrimegroGenetics, Corowa, NSW, Australia) were fed seven different amounts of an amino acid adequate wheat-based diet containing 14.3 MJ digestible energy (DE)/kg to provide the following daily DE intakes- 25.8, 29.0, 32.6, 35.3, 38.5, 41.5 and 44.2 (ad libitum) MJ DE/d for males, and 25.8, 28.9, 32.0, 35.6, 38.3, 40.9 and 44.5 (ad libitum) MJ DE/d for females between 60 kg and 108 kg live weight. Body composition of anaesthetised pigs was measured using the Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) method when individual pigs reached 108 kg, and protein, fat and ash deposition rates were calculated. Pigs were slaughtered on the 2nd day post-DXA scan for carcass backfat measurement. The results showed that the carcass backfat thickness (standardized at 83.7 kg carcass) increased by 0.125 mm for every MJ increase in daily DE intake in male pigs (P = 0.004; R2 = 0.130), but carcass backfat of female pigs (standardized at 85.1 kg carcass) was not responsive to daily DE intake. Whole-body fat composition and fat deposition rate increased linearly (both P &lt; 0.01) in male pigs but quadratically (both P &lt; 0.01) in female pigs in response to DE intake. Every MJ increase of daily DE intake increased the rate of daily protein deposition by 3.8 g in intact male pigs (P &lt; 0.001; R2 = 0.781) and by 2.5 g in female pigs (P &lt; 0.001; R2 = 0.643). In conclusion, the selection for low backfat thickness over the last two decades has altered the response of fat deposition and backfat thickness to energy intake, particularly in female pigs. Despite this change, the linear relationship between DE intake and protein deposition rate was maintained in these modern genetics.

Energy and nitrogen utilisation of sow colostrum and milk by the piglet

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Le Dividich ◽  
Julia Marion ◽  
Françoise Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Newborn Piglets ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
The Difference

Twenty-four newborn piglets were used to evaluate the digestibility of sow colostrum and milk and the efficiency of milk utilisation by the piglet. Within a litter, four piglets were allotted to one of the four treatments: killed at birth, or bottle-fed sow colostrum for 30 h and sow milk thereafter at the rate of 100, 200, or 300 g kg-1 d-1. Piglets were killed on day 8. Faeces and urine were daily collected and heat production (HP) was determined by indirect calorimetry on days 6 and 7, each day during three successive periods of 105–110 min. Energy retention (ER) was calculated as the difference between metabolisable energy intake (ME) and HP. ER was also determined over the 8-d period using the comparative slaughter (CS). There was no effect of level of feeding on energy and nitrogen digestibility. Milk energy digestibility and metabolisability (ME/GE × 100) and nitrogen digestibility were 98.2 ± 1.2 (SEM), 96.8 ± 1.4 and 98.3 ± 1.3%, respectively. Corresponding values for colostrum were lower (P < 0.01), averaging 95.2 ± 2.8, 92.6 ± 3.1 and 95.3 ± 2.9%, respectively. Efficiency of using milk ME for ER determined by indirect calorimetry or CS was similar and averaged 0.72 ± 0.02. The energy cost of 1 kJ of protein deposition was 1.77 (± 0.04) kJ (efficiency, 0.56), whereas the energy cost of 1 kJ of fat deposition was not different to 1 kJ. Key words: Piglet, colostrum, milk, energy, nitrogen

Effects of cimaterol on energy utilization for maintenance and for protein and fat deposition by wether and ewe lambs given chopped lucerne hay or lucerne-barley pellets

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Sainz ◽  
J. E. Wolff ◽  
M. P. Upsdell
Keyword(s):  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Quadratic Regression ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Diet Intake

ABSTRACTThe effects of sex (wethers v. ewes), diet (chopped lucerne hay v. lucerne-barley pellets) and cimaterol on energy utilization by Suffolk cross lambs were determined by comparative slaughter. Quadratic regression of energy retention (RE) on metabolizable energy intake (MEI) enabled estimation of maintenance energy requirements (Em), efficiencies of gain (ktotal) and maximum rates of gain (REMAX). Regressions using RE in fat and protein v. MEI yielded analogous parameters for fat and protein deposition (Em fat, kfat, REMAX fat and Emprotcin, kprolein, REMAXprotcin respectively). Em was lower in wethers than ewes (455 v. 510 kJ/kg M0·75 per day respectively), but was unaffected by diet or cimaterol. Sex and cimaterol did not affect ktotai. which was higher in lambs given pellets compared with lambs given hay (0·417 v. 0·224 respectively). Similarly, REMAX was higher in lambs given pellets than in lambs given hay (326 v. 114 kJ/kg 0·75 per day respectively). None of the groups differed significantly in the parameters of fat deposition, which averaged 480 kJ/kg 0·75 per day for Em fal, 0·224 for ktat, and 250 kJ/kg M0·75 per day for REMAX, fat- Em.protein was lower in wethers than in ewes (466 v. 569 kJ/kg 0·075 per day, respectively), and was further reduced by cimaterol (418 and 507 kJ/kg 0·75 per day for wethers and ewes respectively). Estimates of kprotcin were higher in wethers than in ewes (0·091 v. 0·064 respectively), and were increased by cimaterol (0·115 and 0·089 for wethers and ewes respectively). Similarly REMAX protein was higher in wethers than in ewes (47 v. 37 kJ/kg 0·75 per day respectively), and was increased by cimaterol (58 and 48 kJ/kg 0·75 per day for wethers and ewes respectively). The repartitioning action of cimaterol was additive with effects of diet, intake and sex.

scholarly journals The utilization of diets containing acetate salts by growing lambs as measured by comparative slaughter and respiration calorimetry, together with rumen fermentation

1976 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. Deb. Hovell ◽  
J. F. D. Greenhalgh ◽  
F. W. Wainaman
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Potassium Salts ◽  
Efficient Utilization ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Sodium Calcium ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Comparative Slaughter

1. In a comparative slaughter experiment, growing lambs were given concentrate diets in which 14 or 19% metabolizable energy (ME) provided by barley was replaced by sodium, calcium and potassium salts of acetic acid. As the proportion of ME as acetate was increased, energy retention decreased. ME intake was 9271, 9430 and 9217 ± 67 kJ/d and energy retention was 2698, 2422 and 2280 ± 71 kJ/d for the diets containing 0, 14 or 19% ME as acetate respectively. There were no differences in protein deposition. The efficiency of utilization of acetate for energy retention (kf) was calculated by difference to be 3 and 10 ± 13% respectively for the diets containing 14 and 19% ME as acetate.2. In a second experiment, growing lambs were given concentrate diets in which 4 or 16% ME provided by barley was replaced by salts of acetic acid, and utilization was measured by indirect calorimetry. There were no significant differences in the utilization of the diets for maintenance (km) or energy retention (kf). The km values were 82.4 ± 2.3 and 81.2 ± 0.7%, and kf values were 67.4 ± 4.5 and 65.8 ± 2.7% respectively for the diets providing 4 and 16% ME as acetate. The kf of the additional acetate in the diet providing 16% ME as acetate was calculated by difference to be 54%.3. The acetate and Ca concentrations of the rumen digesta were increased by including acetate salts in the diet, but Na and K concentrations were not affected.4. It is concluded that the best explanation for the poor utilization of acetate in the comparative slaughter experiment is that acetate was poorly utilized for lipogenesis. The calorimetry experiment contained relatively large errors, but the results suggest that acetate may be utilized efficiently in some circumstances. It is suggested that these results and apparently conflicting results in the literature may be explained by the concept that the efficient utilization of acetate is dependent upon the supply of glucose or glucose precursor.

Interrelationships between dietary ractopamine,energy intake, and sex in pigs

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 565 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Dunshea ◽  
P. J. Eason ◽  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
R. H. King
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Crossbred Pigs ◽  
Daily Gain

A major constraint to protein deposition in the pig is energy intake. Ractopamine (RAC) isa b-agonist which has been shown to increase protein deposition under both ad libitum and restrictive feeding regimes. To assess the interactions between energy intake, sex, and dietary RAC, 104 crossbred pigs (52 boars and 52 gilts) were used in a slaughter-balance experiment conducted over the growth phase of 60-90 kg liveweight. To obtain initial body composition, 4 pigs of each sex were slaughtered at 60 kg. The remaining 96 pigs were allocated to a 2 6 2 factorial experiment. The respective factors were sex (boar or gilt), dietary digestible energy (DE) intake (21·2, 24·7, 28·2, 32·7, 36·7MJ DE/day and ad libitum), and dietary RAC (0 and 20 mg/kg of ractopamine.HCl). Average daily gain increased with DE intake and was faster for boars than gilts. Dietary RAC increased averagedaily gain in both boars and gilts independent of DE intake. Neither dietary RAC nor sex had any effect on ad libitum feed intakes while effects on feed : gain ratio reciprocated growth rates. Protein deposition increased with DE intake and was higher in boars than in gilts. Although protein deposition was increased by dietary RAC in both boars and gilts across the range of DE intakes investigated,ad libitum feed intakes were necessary to maximise protein deposition. Fat deposition increased with DE intake and was greater in gilts than in boars. Whereas dietary RAC had no effect on the rateof fat deposition or backfat depths, the fat content of the empty body was lower due to increased protein deposition and lower fat : protein ratio. Dietary RAC improves growth performance and carcass composition in both boars and gilts independent of DE intake. However, ad libitum feed intakes maybe necessary if responses are to be maximised.

scholarly journals Effect of Manual Data Cleaning on Nutrient Intakes using the Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Assessment Tool (ASA24)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmine Y Bouzid ◽  
Joanne E Arsenault ◽  
Ellen L Bonnel ◽  
Eduardo Cervantes ◽  
Annie Kan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Data Cleaning ◽  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Total Fat

Abstract Background Automated dietary assessment tools such as ASA24® are useful for collecting 24-hour recall data in large-scale studies. Modifications made during manual data cleaning may affect nutrient intakes. Objectives We evaluated the effects of modifications made during manual data cleaning on nutrients intakes of interest: energy, carbohydrate, total fat, protein, and fiber. Methods Differences in mean intake before and after data cleaning modifications for all recalls and average intakes per subject were analyzed by paired t-tests. Chi-squared test was used to determine whether unsupervised recalls had more open-ended text responses that required modification than supervised recalls. We characterized food types of text response modifications. Correlations between predictive energy requirements, measured total energy expenditure (TEE), and mean energy intake from raw and modified data were examined. Results After excluding 11 recalls with invalidating technical errors, 1499 valid recalls completed by 393 subjects were included in this analysis. We found significant differences before and after modifications for energy, carbohydrate, total fat, and protein intakes for all recalls (p &lt; 0.05). Limiting to modified recalls, there were significant differences for all nutrients of interest, including fiber (p &lt; 0.02). There was not a significantly greater proportion of text responses requiring modification for home compared to supervised recalls (p = 0.271). Predicted energy requirements correlated highly with TEE. There was no significant difference in correlation of mean energy intake with TEE for modified compared to raw data. Mean intake for individual subjects was significantly different for energy, protein, and fat intakes following cleaning modifications (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions Manual modifications can change mean nutrient intakes for an entire cohort and individuals. However, modifications did not significantly affect correlation of energy intake with predictive requirements and measured expenditure. Investigators can consider their research question and nutrients of interest when deciding to make cleaning modifications.

Lysine maintenance requirement and efficiency of its utilisation in young pigs as estimated by comparative slaughter technique

2008 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 182-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Heger ◽  
Peter Patráš ◽  
Soňa Nitrayová ◽  
Juraj Karcol ◽  
Patricia Dolešová
Keyword(s):  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Comparative Slaughter

Effect of feeding level and dietary protein content on the growth, body composition and rate of protein deposition in pigs growing from 45 to 90 kg

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
D. M. Curic
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

ABSTRACT1. Eight diets of similar energy content, ranging in crude protein concentration from 95 to 256 g/kg, were given at either 2·5 or 3·2 times the energy level for maintenance to entire male pigs growing from 45 to 90 kg live weight.2. Growth rate improved with increase in feeding level and with increasing dietary crude protein up to 164 g/kg (P < 0·05). The food conversion ratio improved with each increase in dietary CP up to 186 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 0·05). It was also improved with increase in level of feeding of the lower-protein diets but deteriorated with increase in level of intake of the higher-protein diets (P < 005).3. Rate of protein deposition improved with increasing dietary crude protein up to 186 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 005). The results showed that, for pigs given diets deficient in crude protein, rate of protein deposition was linearly related to protein intake (P < 0·001) but independent of energy intake. For pigs given a diet adequate in crude protein, rate of protein deposition was related to energy intake and independent of crude protein intake.4. Body fat content at 90 kg decreased with increasing dietary crude protein up to 210 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 0·05), and was increased by raising the level of intake of the higher-crude protein diets (P < 0·05). However, the influence of feeding level on body fat diminished as dietary crude protein was reduced.

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