Studies on protein utilization by ewes during lactation

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Empirical Equations ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Four Levels

SUMMARYA total of 64 Border Leicester × Greyface ewes were offered eight diets comprising four levels of digestible crude protein and two levels of metabolizable energy (ME) intake during gestation. After parturition the ewes on each gestation treatment were offered a high or low level of ME intake at a constant level of crude protein intake. Nitrogen balances were carried out on all ewes during weeks three and four of lactation.Digestibility coefficients and output of nitrogen in the milk measured during the lactation balance periods were not significantly affected by the gestation treatments. Body nitrogen balance during lactation was significantly affected by the level of protein offered during gestation.Empirical equations relating digestible crude protein intake and ME intake to milk nitrogen production and body nitrogen balance indicated that a digestible crude protein intake of 7·9 g/kg W0·75 per day and a ME intake of 220 kcals/kg W0·75 per day resulted in the production of 0·70 g milk nitrogen per kg W0·75 or approximately 100 g of milk per kg W0·75. The corresponding level of body nitrogen retention was 0·162 g/kg W0·75 per day and showed no consistent trend due to level of protein intake during gestation.

The effect of pattern of protein intake and level of energy intake on the performance and nitrogen utilization of the ewe

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
C. Fraser ◽  
Elizabeth L. Corse ◽  
J. C. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Dietary Treatments

SUMMARYAn experiment was carried out in which each of thirty-six ewes was offered one of six dietary treatments from the 30th to the 140th day of gestation. The treatments supplied two levels of metabolizable energy (ME) intake (128 and 116 kcal/kg W0.75/day) each at three patterns of protein intake, namely equal increments at 22 day intervals, equal decrements at the same intervals and a constant daily intake throughout. The protein intake patterns supplied a mean daily intake of digestible crude protein of 3·74 g/kg W0.75/day. Nitrogen balances were carried out on four ewes from each dietary treatment during the last 10 days of each 22 day period.Thirteen ewes randomly distributed on all dietary treatments were barren. Mean rate of live-weight gain in the pregnant ewes was 123 g/day compared with 66 g/day in the non-pregnant ewes and was not significantly affected by treatments. Lamb birth weights adjusted to the basis of twins were 3·83, 4·02 and 3·56 kg for the increasing, constant and decreasing patterns of protein intake respectively.Within patterns of protein intake there were no significant differences in nitrogen retention between pregnant and non-pregnant ewes until after 90 days of gestation. Thereafter retention increased in the pregnant ewes offered the constant and increasing patterns of crude protein and remained constant in the non-pregnant ewes. During the same period the retention of both pregnant and non-pregnant ewes on the decreasing pattern decreased.The effects of both energy and protein intake on nitrogen retention in early and late pregnancy were assessed by multiple regression analysis. The results are discussed in relation to other recent findings.

A study of protein requirements of housed Scottish Blackface ewes during late pregnancy

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. McClelland ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

SUMMARYIn-lamb ewes were given 38, 58 and 82 g of digestible crude protein daily at a constant energy intake of 1600 kcal ME per head daily during the last 6 weeks of gestation. There were no significant differences between treatments in live-weight gain of the ewes, lamb birth weight or ewe net body-weight change (the difference between live-weight gain over the experimental period and live-weight loss at lambing).Digestibility coefficients for the diet components and nitrogen balances were determined on three ewes per treatment during weeks 15-16 and 19·20 of gestation. No differences in the apparent digestibility of the diet components were observed between the two periods. The apparent digestibility of crude protein increased significantly (P > 0·001) with increase in crude protein intake. A significant linear relationship (P<0·01) was found between digestible crude protein intake and nitrogen retention; daily N retention increased by 0·19 g per kg W0·73 for every 1 g per kg W0·73 of apparent digested nitrogen intake per day.

Interactions among tannins, supplementation and polyethylene glycol in goats given oak leaves: effects on digestion and food intake

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Silanikove ◽  
N. Gilboa ◽  
Z. Nitsan
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

AbstractEffects were studied on food intake and diet apparent digestibility of giving to goats once daily a basal diet rich in tannin from inclusion of leaves of Quercus calliprinos either supplemented with a high carbohydrate or a high protein food. Also interactions with polyethylene glycol (PEG) were investigated. The results of the present work confirmed our presumption that the content of tannin in some Mediterranean browse is so high that it may negatively affect the utilization of protein in supplementary foods. Neutralizing the tannins with once-daily provision of PEG proved to be an effective means of preventing the negative effect. Providing 10 g/day PEG to goats given Quercus calliprinos leaves ad libitum and supplemented with 300 g/day concentrates containing 160 g crude protein per kg DM increased digestible crude protein intake by 50 g/day. When the concentrate food was given to goats, leaf dry-matter intake decreased significantly (from 664 to 565 g/day) and the goats lost weight rapidly. Therefore, supplementing tannin-rich leaves with concentrate food is recommended only if done in combination with PEG. High protein supplementation increased leaf (from 664 to 844 g/day) and digestible protein intakes (from 4·8 to 92·3 g/day) but a considerable portion of the protein supplementation was wasted due to interaction with tannins. PEG may allow economies in the use of such high-cost foods due to the greater efficiency of protein utilization (digestible crude protein intake increased from 92·3 to 122 g/day) of the supplementary food and to increased intake and protein utilization of the basal leaf diet (from 844 to 1023 g/day).

Experiments on the nutrition of the dairy heifer: VII. Observations on the effect of the energy intake on the utilization of protein in growth and in lactation

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Broster ◽  
Valerie J. Tuck ◽  
T. Smith ◽  
V. W. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

SUMMARYEight feeding trials on cattle showed that the response in live-weight gain was curvilinear when protein or energy level was varied independently in rations based on poor quality roughages to which cereals and groundnut were variously added to give a range of protein and energy intakes. Live-weight gain was increased by 0·12 lb/day for each 0·1 lb additional digestible crude protein/day at levels of intake below 0·7 lb/day and by 0·03 lb/day at higher levels. It was increased by 0·4 lb/day for each additional 0·1 lb starch equivalent daily/100 lb live weight at total intakes below 0·9 lb daily/ 100 lb and by 0·2 lb/day at higher levels. Over the range 0·5–2·0 lb digestible crude protein daily and 0·7–1·2 lb starch equivalent daily/100 lb live weight the effects of these nutrients were additive.A Latin square nitrogen balance trial demonstrated that a portion of the nitrogen from a protein supplement was retained in the body despite the excretion of the greater part of it in the urine and a further part in the faeces. Nitrogen retention was increased by a supplement of readily available energy through a decrease in urinary nitrogen loss. Nitrogen balance was not increased by a supplement of a fibrous energy source because this induced an increase in faecal nitrogen loss.In a further feeding trial milk yield was found to be affected in a similar manner to growth. At a yield of 30 lb/day the response per lb starch equivalent added to the diet was 0·5 lb milk including 0·05 lb solids not fat and to an increase of 0·1 lb digestible crude protein daily it was 0·25 lb milk including 0·025 lb solids not fat.

Utilization of grass-silage nitrogen by growing sheep

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Grenet
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Green Fodder

SUMMARYThe digestibility, the voluntary intake and the nitrogen balance of 108 diets corresponding to 94 silages prepared from 20 fresh crops were measured in growing sheep. Series of silages were made from the same fresh forage. Each series included two controls: a direct-cut silage without additive and a direct-cut silage with formic acid, with a variable number of experimental silages with different additives.Rumen ammonia concentration, measured on rumen-fistulated sheep, decreased when an additive was used. It increased with nitrogen intake and was inversely related to the organic-matter digestibility and the crude-fibre digestibility. It varied with the silage composition.The crude-protein digestibility of direct-cut silages without additives was similar to or slightly higher than the crude-protein digestibility of the fresh crops. The addition of formic acid depressed the digestibility, but the addition of formaldehyde decreased it even more. The urinary nitrogen loss was higher for silages without additive than for the fresh crops and was decreased by the addition of formic acid. The addition of formaldehyde to formic acid had an additive effect.Retained nitrogen was lower in silages without additives (12% of nitrogen intake) than in parent crops (15·7%). It increased when formic acid (15·8%) was added. The addition of formaldehyde at a low rate (1·5 l/t green fodder) to the formic acid did not increase the nitrogen retention whether expressed in g/day or as percentage of nitrogen intake, but the addition of formaldehyde at a high rate (3·5 l/t green fodder) to formic acid decreased nitrogen retention. The other additives based on cereals or whey did not improve the nitrogen balance compared with formic acid. Nitrogen retention differed according to plant species.Retained nitrogen increased with digestible organic-matter intake and nitrogen intake. It increased with the silage water-soluble carbohydrate content. The higher the silage fermentation product content (ammonia, lactic acid, propionic acid), the lower the retained nitrogen. It appears that the nitrogen value of silages can be high provided that the silages are well preserved and that excessive protein breakdown is avoided.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF SOURCE AND LEVEL OF NITROGEN ON THE UTILIZATION OF SORGHUM STOVER BY YANKASA RAMS

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-192
Author(s):  
F. OLALERU ◽  
T. A. ADEGBOLA
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Designed Experiment ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

The effects of cotton seed cake (CSC) or urea in supplying either 12% or 16% crude protein on sorghum stover utilization by Yankasa rams was studied for twelve weeks, using a 2 x 2 factorially designed experiment. Nutrient intake, digestibility, weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were monitored. In vitro volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia-nitrogen (NH,-N) concentrations were also determined. The result of the study indicated that the source and/or level of nitrogen (or crude protein) significantly (P<0.05) affected crude protein intake (CPI), digestible crude protein intake (DCPI) and in vitro NH,-N concentration. Total feed intake, live weight gain (LWG), FCR and DCPI were significantly (P<0.05) affected by source x level interaction. Acid detergent fibre (A DF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) intakes, CP, ADF and NDF digestibilities, digestible ADF and NDF intakes, stover intake and in vitro VFA concentration were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by either main effects of CP source and level or their interaction. The rams on the 16% CSC and 12% urea ration gained more weight and had lower FCR than those on the 12% CSC and 16% urea. The 16% CSC ration gave the best result in terms of sorghum stover supplementation. The 12% urea treatment which also had a good result in terms of weight gain and FCR could also be recommended for use.

The Apparent Digestibility of Nutrients and Energy Value to Pigs of Plantains (Musa Sapientum Var. Paradisiaca Linn)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-191
Author(s):  
V. A. Oyenuga ◽  
B. L. Fetuga
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Large White ◽  
High Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract

The proximate and mineral constituents of six plantain forms, raw green plantain (RGP), cooked green plantain (CGP), raw ripe plantain (RRP), cooked ripe plantain (CRP), green plantain meal (GPM) and ripe plantain meal (RPM) were determined by chemical analysis. 24 large white barrows, weighing initially, between 40-45 kg., were used to study the apparent digestibility of nutrients, digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen retention (ME(n) and total digestible nutrients when the plantains served as the only source of nutrients. In a second experiment ME and ME(n) were measured for the plantain forms using 28 Large White barrows, with diets in which the plantains replaced 50% of maize in a basal diet. All the plantain forms had low fat, crude fibre and crude protein content but high in nitrogen-free extract, phosphorus, potassium and Iron. Identically high dry matter (D.M.) and nitrogen-free extract (N.F.E.) digestion coefficients were obtained for all the plantain forms except RPM, which had significantly lower values. Digestion coefficients for crude protein (46.9, 53.6, 51.8, 34.3,-32.7 %), crude fibre, (46.6, 49.5, 58.7, 62.6, 56.9, 39.6 %), ether extract (55.9, 56.6, 66.9, 69.2, 54.7 and 34.6 %) for RGP, CGP, RRP, CRP, GPM and RPM respectively were considerably lower than for D.M. and N.F.E. The DE, ME ME(n) and TDN values were comparable for all plantain forms except RPM, which had significantly lower values in most cases. The fresh green plantains and green plantain meals had slightly higher energy values than the ripe plantains, even though the nutrients in the ripe plantains were better digested than in the green forms. The results are discussed in relation to variations in the relative proportions of the simple and more complex carbohydrates during ripening.

A note on the apparent digestibility of energy and protein in dried poultry excreta

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Lowman ◽  
D. W. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Detailed Work

SUMMARYThe nutritional value of dried poultry excreta was investigated by determining the apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen, energy and copper in five diets containing 0 to 100% of this feed. Dried poultry excreta supplied 20·21% apparently digestible crude protein and approximately 1·57 or 1·74 Mcal of metabolizable energy per kg dry matter.The copper in dried poultry excreta was found to be less digestible than the copper in barley. It is concluded that, as far as copper levels are concerned, dried poultry excreta are safe for ruminants, and are a source ofcheap protein. More detailed work is needed to determine the metabolizable energy of the material accurately.

scholarly journals Effect of binder mineral in batchery waste based feed pellet on its proximate component and energy values

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Sulistiyanto ◽  
C.S. Utama ◽  
S. Sumarsih
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Mineral Addition ◽  
Apparent Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Egg Shells ◽  
Local Farm

The Experiment was conducted to study effects of binder mineral addition to the hatchery waste based pelletprocessingon its proximate component and energy value. The study may be beneficial to emerge a new feed resource for local farm businesses. The hatchery wastes those comprised of 30% of egg shells, 60% of un-hatched eggs, and 10% of culled DOC were blended, and mixed with 10% of cassava cake meal(W/W), then mixed well with mineral adsorbent (bentonites or zeolites) at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% (W/W). The mixture was conditioned at 80 ºC for 15 min, and extruded to make a pellet with 6 mm of diameter and 30 mm in length, and dried into warm air flow dryer. The moisture, crude protein (CP), ash, ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), apparent metabolizable energy (AME), true metabolizable energy (TME), metabolizability(MET) and nitrogen retention (NR) were observed in each pellet. Result of the experiment showed that moisture of pellet was decreased (P<0.05) by zeolites or bentonites addition. Even though the effect ofbinder mineral addition gave different patterns, concentrations of ash, crude protein, ether extract and crude fiber of pellet product were increased by increasing level of mineral adsorbent (P<0.05). Nutrient availability as was represented by AME, TME, MET, and NR were increased by zeolites and bentonites additions (P<0.05). In conclusion, supplementations of bentonites and zeolites in the hatchery waste based pelletcould improve its proximate component concentration and nutrient availability.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document