Energy exchanges of veal calves in relation to body weight, food intake and air temperature

1976 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. F. Webster ◽  
J. G. Gordon ◽  
J. S. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Total Heat Loss ◽  
Direct Calorimetry ◽  
Veal Calves ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Energy Retention

SUMMARY1. Two series of energy balance trials were conducted with British Friesian veal calves. In the first, calves were given a milk replacer diet at three different planes of nutrition. In the second, calves were raised from about 80 to 180 kg at four air temperatures, 5°, 10°, 15° and 20°.2. The net efficiency of utilization of the milk replacer diet for growth was 0·72. The effect of body size on heat production in growing calves was best expressed by an exponent of body weight slightly but not significantly below W0·75.3. Measurements of heat production estimated from respiratory exchange and heat loss measured by direct calorimetry agreed exactly at all planes of nutrition. Heat production at zero energy retention was 675 kJ/kg W0·75 per 24 hr.4. Average daily live-weight gain and total heat loss were the same at all air temperatures. Changes during growth in the partition of heat loss into its sensible and evaporative components indicated that calves acclimated progressively to the air temperatures to which they were exposed.

Influence of air humidity on the partition of heat exchanges of cattle

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. McLean ◽  
D. T. Calvert
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Total Heat ◽  
Evaporative Heat Loss ◽  
Air Humidity ◽  
Total Heat Loss ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Heat Exchanges

SUMMARYThe balance between heat production and heat loss and the partition of heat exchanges of cattle in relation to air humidity has been studied at two different air temperatures using a direct (gradient-layer) calorimeter.Increasing humidity at 35 °C air temperature caused no significant change in heat production or in the level of total heat loss finally attained, but body temperature and respiratory activity were both increased.Increasing humidity at 15 °C air temperature caused a small reduction in heat loss by evaporation but had no effect on sensible heat loss, body temperature or respiratory frequency.Heat loss by evaporation amounted to 18% of the total heat loss at 15 °C and to 84% at 35 °C.Heat loss by respiratory evaporation amounted to 54% of the total evaporative heat loss at 15 °C and to 38% at 35 °C.

The cold tolerance of beef and dairy type calves in the first weeks of life

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. F. Webster ◽  
J. G. Gordon ◽  
R. McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Heat Loss ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Critical Temperatures ◽  
Total Heat Loss ◽  
External Insulation ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Tissue Insulation

ABSTRACT1. British Friesian (F) and Hereford × British Friesian (H × F) male calves were raised from about 3 days to 8 weeks of age at air temperatures of 5, 10 or 15°C. They were given a milk replacer diet supplying 950 kJ metabolizable energy/kg M0·75.24 h.2. There was no effect of environmental temperature on weight gain in calves of either type.3. Total heat loss measured in a direct calorimeter, increased by about 5 kJ/kg M0·75.24 h per °C fall in air temperature. It was the same whether calves were penned singly or in pairs. Heat loss from F calves was slightly, but not significantly, greater at all temperatures than from H × F calves.4. The proportion of heat lost by evaporation (a measure of environmental warmth) increased with increasing air temperature and was greater for H × F than for F calves at 15°C.5. Tissue insulation and external insulation values were similar for H × F and F calves. The calculated lower critical temperatures of the F and H × F calves were 10 and 8°C respectively.6. The results are discussed in relation to the housing requirements of young calves.

Light masking of circadian rhythms of heat production, heat loss, and body temperature in squirrel monkeys

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (2) ◽  
pp. R298-R307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward L. Robinson ◽  
Charles A. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Direct Calorimetry ◽  
Set Point ◽  
Subjective Night ◽  
Timing System ◽  
Circadian Timing System ◽  
Body Heat

Whole body heat production (HP) and heat loss (HL) were examined to determine their relative contributions to light masking of the circadian rhythm in body temperature (Tb). Squirrel monkey metabolism ( n = 6) was monitored by both indirect and direct calorimetry, with telemetered measurement of body temperature and activity. Feeding was also measured. Responses to an entraining light-dark (LD) cycle (LD 12:12) and a masking LD cycle (LD 2:2) were compared. HP and HL contributed to both the daily rhythm and the masking changes in Tb. All variables showed phase-dependent masking responses. Masking transients at L or D transitions were generally greater during subjective day; however, L masking resulted in sustained elevation of Tb, HP, and HL during subjective night. Parallel, apparently compensatory, changes of HL and HP suggest action by both the circadian timing system and light masking on Tb set point. Furthermore, transient HL increases during subjective night suggest that gain change may supplement set point regulation of Tb.

scholarly journals Efficiency of utilization of volatile fatty acids for maintenance and energy retention by sheep

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. ØRskov ◽  
D. A. Grubb ◽  
J. S. Smith ◽  
A. J. F. Webster ◽  
W. Corrigall
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
N Retention ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Energy Retention

1. Two experiments were conducted with lambs sustained entirely by intragastric infusion of volatile fatty acids (VFA), protein, minerals and vitamins.2. In the first experiment to determine the effects of VFA on nitrogen retention four mixtures of VFA (B, C, D and E) were used containing acetic, propionic and butyric acid in the following molar proportions respectively: 45,45 and 10; 55,35 and 10; 65,25 and 10; 75, 15 and 10.The level of infusion was 836 kJ/live weight0.75 per d and the design was a 4 × 4 Latin square with 14 d periods. There were no significant differences in the N balance between the different mixtures of VFA though mixture B tended to give the highest N retention.3. Thirty-two lambs were used in the second experiment for measurements of heat production in closed- circuit respiration chambers. Six mixtures of VFA were used. These included mixtures B-E from Expt I and in addition two mixtures (A and F) containing acetic, propionic and butyric acid in the following molar proportions respectively: 35, 55 and 10; 85, 5 and 10. The heat production was measured both at 450 and 900 kJ/W0.75 per d, except for mixture F, where it was not possible to achieve a rate of infusion in excess of 675 kJ/W0.75 per d.4. The energy required for maintenance was determined to be 0.45±0.02 MJ/kg live weight0.75 per d regardless of the mixture used.5. The efficiency of utilization for fattening (kf) values for the six mixtures were 0.78, 0.64, 057, 0.61, 0.61 and 0.59 for mixtures A, B, C, D, E and F respectively. Only mixture A was significantly better utilized than the other mixtures. This mixture also gave the most efficient N utilization.6. It is concluded from this evidence that differences in k, for diets normally given to ruminants cannot be attributed to differences in utilization of volatile fatty acids.

Granadina kid goats v. Segureña lambs: food intake and performance during milk feeding from birth to 60 days

1994 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Sanz Sampelayo ◽  
I. Prieto ◽  
L. Lara ◽  
F. Gil Extremera ◽  
J. Boza
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Milk Feeding

AbstractThe morphological development of the sheep and the goat is different and this difference is manifested from early post-natal life. The main characteristic of kid goat carcasses is their low adipose tissue, and this is considered detrimental to quality. In an attempt to determine the nutritional causes of this, a study was performed with kid goats of the Granadina breed and lambs of the Segureña breed. Six kid goats and six lambs were slaughtered at birth, while a further eight kids and eight lambs were fed a milk replacer to satiety until the 60th day of life and slaughtered on the 61st day. Dry matter (DM) and metabolizable energy (ME) intakes and apparent digestibility of energy were determined in four balance periods between 8 and 60 days of life. From the intakes of ME and comparative slaughter data it was possible to calculate energy retention (ER), heat loss (HL) and energy retained as protein (ERp) and as fat (ERf) for kids and lambs. Kid goats showed a similar apparent digestibility of energy to lambs but had lower DM and ME intakes per kg metabolic body weight (M0·75) than lambs. For kids and lambs respectively these values were: 0·93 and 0·94; 45·4 and 50·1 g/kg M0·75 per day; 937 and 1033 kJ/kg M0·75 per day. Mean values for ER, HL, ERp and ERf rates were: 263, 674, 131 and 132 kJ/kg M0·75 per day for kid goats and, 343, 690, 132 and 211 kJ/kg M0·75 per day for lambs. Together with the different intake, kid goats showed a lower rate of ER and overall, a lower rate of ERf than lambs.

Further studies on the energy and protein metabolism of pigs growing at a high ambient temperature, including measurements with fasting pigs

1974 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Ambient Temperature ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

SUMMARY1. The experiment was designed to compare the protein and energy metabolism of pigs growing at 25°c or 34°C. The pigs were given two levels of feeding while growing between 25 and 75 kg live weight.2. The high temperature was associated with increases in rectal temperature of 1·2 to 20°C. Both pigs on the higher level of feeding at 34°C became lame in their hind legs.3. The high temperature was also associated with increases in heat production and in urinary nitrogen and energy losses for pigs fed at the higher level of feeding only; however fasting heat production was not affected significantly by temperature. The high temperature had no effect on the apparent digestibility of the diet.4. It was calculated from data for pigs at both levels of feeding kept at 25°C, that efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy (ME) above maintenance was 71%, and the maintenance requirement for ME was 100 kcal/kg0·75 day. Energy retention was reduced at 34°C in pigs fed on the higher level of feeding.

ÉTUDE DE L'ACCLIMATION THERMIQUE CHEZ LA LIMACE ARION CIRCUMSCRIPTUS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 671-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adolphe Roy
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Experimental Temperature ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Direct Calorimetry

Slugs of the species Arion circumscriptus were acclimated to temperatures of 5°, 8° 10°, 20°, and 25 °C respectively. After acclimation, metabolic rate was determined, either as oxygen consumption, at 30° and 20°, or by direct calorimetry, at 25° and 12.5°, At all given exposure temperatures, the average metabolic rate was lower, by 1% to 1.5%, for each degree of increase in the acclimation temperature. When the logarithms of total O2 consumption or heat production per hour are plotted against the logarithms of body weight, the regression line obtained for slugs acclimated to heat stands below that obtained for slugs acclimated to cold; the slope is also slighter for the warm-acclimated slugs than for the cold-acclimated, so that the distance between corresponding points of two such curves is larger in the righthand side of the graph, where the large specimens are represented, than in the lefthand side where the small specimens are shown. This would imply that an increase in the acclimation temperature reduces metabolic rate to a proportionately greater extent in the larger specimens than it does in the smaller ones. The value of the slope, which is inversely correlated with acclimation temperature, is also inversely correlated with the experimental temperature at which metabolism is determined.

scholarly journals The effects of environmental temperature and plane of nutrition on heat loss, energy retention and deposition of protein and fat in groups of growing pigs

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. A. Verstegen ◽  
W. H. Close ◽  
I. B. Start ◽  
L. E. Mount
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Energy Retention

1. Eight groups each of four castrated male pigs, 25–30 kg initial body-weight, were kept for periods of 3 weeks in a calorimeter equipped as a pig pen and maintained at either 8° or 20°. At each temperature two feeding levels (g food/kg body-weight per d) were used, 45 and 52 at 8°, and 39 and 45 at 20°. Metabolizable energy, heat loss and nitrogen balance were measured.2. Heat loss was higher at 8° than at 20° and was independent of plane of nutrition, whereas at 20° the higher heat loss occurred at the higher plane of nutrition. Energy retention depended on both temperature and feeding level, and was highest at the 52 g feeding level at 8°.3. N retention was not influenced by environmental temperature but varied with plane of nutrition (correlation coefficient = 0·94), the increase being 9·98 (± 0·8) mg N per g food increase. The correlation coefficient between N retention and body-weight gain was also 0·94; body-weight gain was correlated with N retention rather than with fat deposition. Fat gain was reduced at the lower feeding levels and at the lower environmental temperature at the feeding level of 45 g/kg.4. The partial efficiency of energy retention at 20° was 66·5%. From this efficiency the maintenance requirement (at zero energy retention) at 20° was calculated to be 418 kJ/kg0·75. At 8° the partial efficiency of energy retention was 99·4%.

scholarly journals Effect of mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) and inulin supplementation on the performance of calves reared on milk replacer

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 81-84
Author(s):  
Szandra Tóth
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Live Body Weight ◽  
The Individual

The objective of the current study was to examine the effects of mannan-oligosaccharides or inulin on HF dairy heifers’ starter feed intake and daily weight gain in farm situations. We measured these parameters across two experiments. In Trial 1 (T1), next to the control group, 15-15 HF heifers received MOS or inulin supplementation from 1st day of age to weaning. The amount of the supplementations changed according the calves’ age and the amount of milk replacer from 12 g to 24 g/calf/day. We measured the individual feed intake daily, the live weight at 0, 14, 21 and 60 days. In the second experiment (T2) we used 30 HF heifers also in three group (Control, MOS, Inulin) but we gave more from the experiment materials (28 g/calf/day MOS or Inulin). We started dosing the supplements with the colostrums feeding, and gave up on 14th day of age. We also measured the individual feed intake daily and the live body weight (BW) at 0, 14, 28, 42 and 56 days. The treatments in T1 did not cause significant differences in average feed intake, body weight and average daily weight gain. When the calves got the supplementation with colostrum too, the ADWG was significant lower in the group fed inulin than control and group fed MOS (P<0.05). We calculate the ADWG all of the experimental periods. From 0 to 14 day, and from 0 to 56 day the ADWG in inulin group was lower than control group, but the datas of group MOS did not differ from the others. Due to the distribution of the birth weights, the lower ADWG did not manifest in differences in body weight in other points of the experiments. We did not find an interaction between the treatments and the daily feed intake of calves. According with our measurements,

scholarly journals Metabolic effects of altering the 24 h energy intake in man, using direct and indirect calorimetry

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Dauncey
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Evaporative Heat Loss ◽  
High Intake ◽  
Total Heat Loss

1. The metabolic effects of increasing or decreasing the usual energy intake for only 1 d were assessed in eight adult volunteers. Each subject lived for 28 h in a whole-body calorimeter at 26° on three separate occasions of high, medium or low energy intake. Intakes (mean±SEM) of 13830 ± 475 (high), 8400 ± 510 (medium) and 3700 ± 359 (low) kJ/24 h were eaten in three meals of identical nutrient composition.2. Energy expenditure was measured continuously by two methods: direct calorimetry, as total heat loss partitioned into its evaporative and sensible components; and indirect calorimetry, as heat production calculated from oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. For the twenty-four sessions there was a mean difference of only 1.2 ± 0.14 (SEM)% between the two estimates of 24 h energy expenditure, with heat loss being less than heat production. Since experimental error was involved in both estimates it would be wrong to ascribe greater accuracy to either one of the measures of energy expenditure.3. Despite the wide variation in the metabolic responses of the subjects to over-eating and under-eating, in comparison with the medium intake the 24 h heat production increased significantly by 10% on the high intake and decreased by 6% on the low intake. Mean (± SEM) values for 24 h heat production were 8770 ± 288, 7896 ± 297 and 7495 ± 253 kJ on the high, medium and low intakes respectively. The effects of over-eating were greatest at night and the resting metabolic rate remained elevated by 12% 14 h after the last meal. By contrast, during under-eating the metabolic rate at night decreased by only 1%.4. Evaporative heat loss accounted for an average of 25% of the total heat loss at each level of intake. Changes in evaporative heat loss were +14% on the high intake and −10% on the low intake. Sensible heat loss altered by +9% and −5% on the high and low intakes respectively.5. It is concluded that (a) the effects on 24 h energy expenditure of over-feeding for only 1 d do not differ markedly from those estimated by some other workers after several weeks of increasing the energy intake; (b) the resting metabolic rate, measured at least 14 h after the last meal, can be affected by the previous day's energy intake; (c) the zone of ambient temperature within which metabolism is minimal is probably altered by the level of energy intake.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document