Amino acid requirements of growing pigs. 6. Isoleucine

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Taylor ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

ABSTRACTThe response of the growing female pig (25 to 55 kg live weight) to increasing dietary isoleucine supplies at two levels of dietary leucine was assessed by measurement of growth rate, food utilization, tissue deposition as indicated by ham dissection and changes in plasma urea concentration. A range of isoleucine concentrations from 3·7 g/kg to 5T g/kg of the diet was derived from a basal diet and seven increments of L-isoleucine. Synthetic L-leucine was added to the basal diet to increase the concentration from 12 g/kg to 15 g/kg to achieve the two levels. The basal diet was formulated using barley, maize, blood meal, yeast protein, fat and tapioca with synthetic amino acids included to maintain at least 9·5 g/kg lysine and adequate concentrations of other essential amino acids and non-essential nitrogen. The 16 diets were replicated four times and fed to 64 female growing pigs once daily according to a restricted feeding scale. Blood samples were taken from each pig at 40 kg live weight for the determination of plasma urea nitrogen.The addition of synthetic leucine to the basal diet had no consistent effect on growth performance or carcass quality, although it did result in elevated levels of plasma urea nitrogen. The response of growth performance and the composition of the ham joint to increasing dietary isoleucine concentration was interpreted by broken line functions which indicated an isoleucine requirement of 4·4 to 4·5 g/kg of the diet.

Amino acid requirements of growing pigs 4. Methionine plus cystine

1983 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Taylor ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Synthetic Amino Acids ◽  
Metabolite Concentrations ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

ABSTRACTThe response of the growing female pig (25 to 55 kg live weight) to increasing dietary methionine plus cystine concentrations was assessed by measurement of growth rate, food utilization, ham dissection and changes in blood metabolite concentrations. A range of 13 methionine plus cystine concentrations from 3·5 to 5·79 g/kg resulting from combinations of three basal diets and synthetic methionine, was studied. The diets were formulated using barley, a yeast protein, tapioca and synthetic amino acids to contain similar energy concentrations, 9·5 g lysine per kg diet, and adequate concentrations of other essential amino acids and non-essential nitrogen. They were offered once daily according to a restricted feeding scale.Responses were interpreted by broken line functions which indicated, from the growth performance experiment, a requirement between 4·5 and 4·8 g/kg of the diet, when the complete range of methionine plus cystine concentrations was studied. The influence of a range of dietary methionine plus cystine concentrations from 4·1 to 5·3 g/kg diet on changes in plasma urea, methionine, lysine and threonine concentrations indicated a requirement for methionine plus cystine of 4·5 g/kg of the diet.

Amino acid requirements of growing pigs 2. Identification of the limiting amino acid(s) in a low-protein diet supplemented with lysine

1981 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Taylor ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid

ABSTRACTA basal diet containing 120 g crude protein per kg and 9g lysine per kg, and previously shown to be limiting in one or more essential amino acids and/or non-essential nitrogen, was examined. It was fed either alone to growing female pigs from 25 kg to 55 kg live weight or in combination with four supplements of synthetic amino acids each containing three out of isoleucine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan. A control diet containing 140 g crude protein per kg and 9g lysine per kg was also included. Blood samples were collected at 40 kg live weight in order to examine the influence of dietary treatments on blood metabolites. Results for growth performance, carcass composition and blood urea indicated that threonine was the first limiting amino acid in the basal diet. Plasma free amino acids gave no clear trend. Growth performance and carcass composition were unaffected by supplementation of the diet with glycine indicating that the dietary supply of non-essential nitrogen was adequate.

scholarly journals The amino acid requirements of the preruminant calf

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Williams ◽  
D. Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Wheat Gluten ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
The Mean

1. Ten calves (50–58 kg live weight) were given a diet consisting of diluted whole milk, wheat gluten and supplemented with appropriate nutrients including amino acids but deficient in lysine. The lysine requirements of these calves, which were growing at approximately 0.25 kg/d, were estimated from responses to lysine supplementation of this diet. From plasma urea, plasma lysine, nitrogen retention and apparent digestibility of N responses the estimated lysine requirements were 8.5, 7.5, 7.2 and 7.6 g/d respectively.2. From the mean lysine requirement (7.8 g/d) and the ratio, lysine: other essential amino acids in carcasses of similar calves the estimated requirements were (g/d): methionine 2.1, cystine 1.6, threonine 4.9, valine 4.8, isoleucine 3.4, leucine 8.4, tyrosine 3.0, phenylalanine 4.4, histidine 3.0, arginine 8.5, tryptophan 1.0.

Amino acid requirements of growing pigs 5. The interaction between isoleucine and leucine

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Taylor ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Food Conversion Efficiency

ABSTRACTThirty-two female growing pigs (25 to 55 kg live weight) were subjected to four dietary treatments combining two levels of isoleucine and two levels of leucine to investigate the effects of leucine supply on the requirement for isoleucine.Results for daily live-weight gain, food conversion efficiency and carcass quality judged by ham dissection indicated that 3·8 g isoleucine per kg diet was marginally adequate for the growing pig in diets containing 13·4 g leucine per kg. An interaction between dietary leucine and isoleucine was demonstrated. Increasing the dietary leucine concentration to 20·4 g/kg clearly resulted in a deficiency of isoleucine in the basal diet, as daily gain, food conversion efficiency and carcass quality were significantly improved by increasing the isoleucine concentration from 3·8 g to 4·5 g/kg diet. Dietary leucine concentration did not influence performance at the higher level of isoleucine supply. Changes in plasma urea and amino acid concentrations confirmed the findings from the growth experiment of the interaction between isoleucine, leucine and valine.

scholarly journals Effects on nitrogen balance and metabolism of branched-chain amino acids by growing pigs of supplementing isoleucine and valine to diets with adequate or excess concentrations of dietary leucine

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Woong B Kwon ◽  
Jose A Soto ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract Diets based on high levels of corn protein have elevated concentrations of Leu, which may negatively affect N retention in pigs. An experiment was, therefore, conducted to test the hypothesis that Ile and Val supplementation may overcome the detrimental effects of excess dietary Leu on N balance and metabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) in growing pigs. A total of 144 barrows (initial body weight: 28.5 kg) were housed in metabolism crates and randomly assigned to 1 of 18 dietary treatments. The basal diet contained 0.98% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys and had SID Leu, Val, and Ile ratios to SID Lys of 100%, 60%, and 43%, respectively. Crystalline l-Leu (0% or 2.0%), l-Ile (0%, 0.1%, or 0.2%), and l-Val (0%, 0.1%, or 0.2%) were added to the basal diet resulting in a total of 18 dietary treatments that were arranged in a 2 × 3 × 3 factorial. Urine and fecal samples were collected for 5 d after 7 d of adaptation. Blood, skeletal muscle, and liver samples were collected at the conclusion of the experiment. There were no three-way interactions among the main effects. Excess Leu in diets reduced (P < 0.05) N retention and biological value of protein and increased (P < 0.001) plasma urea N (PUN), but PUN was reduced (P < 0.05) as dietary Val increased. Concentrations of Leu in the liver were greater (P < 0.001) in pigs fed excess Leu diets than in pigs fed adequate Leu diets, but concentrations of BCAA in muscle were greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed low-Leu diets. Increasing dietary Ile increased (P < 0.001) plasma-free Ile and plasma concentration of the Ile metabolite, α-keto-β-methylvalerate, but the increase was greater in diets without excess Leu than in diets with excess Leu (interaction, P < 0.001). Plasma concentrations of Val and the Val metabolite α-keto isovalerate increased (P < 0.001) with increasing dietary Val in diets with adequate Leu, but not in diets with excess Leu (interaction, P < 0.001). Increasing dietary Leu increased (P < 0.001) plasma-free Leu and plasma concentration of the Leu metabolite, α-keto isocaproate (KIC). In contrast, increased dietary Val reduced (P < 0.05) the plasma concentration of KIC. In conclusion, excess dietary Leu reduced N retention and increased PUN in growing pigs, but Val supplementation to excess Leu diets may increase the efficiency of amino acid utilization for protein synthesis as indicated by reduced PUN.

Amino acid requirements of growing pigs. 7. The response of pigs from 25 to 55 kg live weight to dietary ideal protein

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Yen ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Good Support

ABSTRACTOne hundred and twenty pigs were used in a 3 × 8 factorial design. The factors were sex, 40 trios of littermate boars, castrated males and gilts, and dietary lysine, eight concentrations from 7×5 to 14×5 g/kg diet with 1 g/kg diet intervals of lysine with corresponding crude protein (CP) concentrations from 114 to 226 g/kg diet. Increases in dietary lysine were associated with concomitant increases in the other essential amino acids so as to provide an ideal protein. All diets had similar digestible energy values (13·65 MJ/kg). Pigs were fed once daily on a restricted scale from 25 to 55 kg live weight. For growth and carcass characteristics there was a range of linear response followed by a plateau. The inflexion points of dietary lysine for growth characteristics were at 11·1, 10·2 and 10·9 g/kg diet (171, 157 and 168 g CP per kg diet) together with daily intakes of 18·0, 16·7 and 17·6 g (daily intake of 277, 257 and 271 g CP) for boars, castrated males and gilts respectively. The equivalent points for carcass characteristics were 10·4, 9·7 and 10·1 g/kg (160, 149 and 156 g CP per kg diet) with daily intakes of 16·9, 15·9 and 16·4 g lysine (daily intakes of 260, 245 and 252 g CP). Blood urea data gave good support for these observations.

Amino acid requirements of growing pigs 3. Threonine

1982 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Taylor ◽  
D J. A. Cole ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Dry Diet ◽  
Plasma Free Amino Acids

ABSTRACTEight dietary levels of threonine ranging from 4·8 to 6·6 g/kg air-dry diet were given to 64 growing female pigs from 25 to 55 kg live weight. Results for daily live-weight gain and food conversion ratio indicated a requirement value for dietary threonine of 5·6 g/kg. The pattern of response exhibited by blood urea suggested a requirement of 5·4 g/kg. No clear trends were found for carcass composition or plasma free amino acids

scholarly journals Nitrogen metabolism in calves: Effect of giving different amounts of dietary casein with and without formaldehyde treatment

1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-209
Author(s):  
A. P. Williams ◽  
R. H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Total N ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Dietary Casein

1. Calves were given a basal diet of straw and flaked maize (12 g nitrogen/kg dry matter (DM)) or diets with some flaked maize replaced by untreated (UT) casein or formaldehyde-treated (FT) casein to give 19, 26 or 34 g N/kg DM.2. At all intakes rumen ammonia concentrations were lower and amounts of total-N, non-ammonia-N and amino acid-N entering the duodenum were higher when FT-rather than UT-casein supplements were given.3. Direct measurement of casein entering the duodenum indicated that giving FT rather than UT casein led to much greater amounts of dietary casein escaping degradation in the rumen (70–90% compared to 10–20%). Calculated values for fermentable N indicated that with this low degradability diets containing FT-casein would have provided inadequate N for maximum microbial synthesis in the rumen, and this probably accounted for the marked reduction in amounts of non-casein-N entering the duodenum when FT rather than UT casein was given.4. Amino acid patterns in duodenal digesta samples after giving the basal diet or diets containing UT-casein were similar. Giving diets containing FT-casein led to changes in this pattern which could sometimes, although not always, be accounted for by estimated differences in proportions of dietary and microbial proteins.5. At the highest level of N intake FT-casein-supplemented diets led to significantly higher concentrations of most essential amino acids and lower concentrations of most non-essential amino acids in plasma than did UT-casein-supplemented diets. Plasma urea concentrations increased with increasing N intake but were not significantly different for UT- and FT-casein-supplemented diets.

Threonine requirement of growing pigs (50 to 95 kg) in relation to diet composition

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Schutte ◽  
J. de Jong ◽  
W. Smink ◽  
F. Koch
Keyword(s):  
Diet Composition ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Food Ingredients

AbstractA study was conducted to evaluate increasing dietary levels of threonine on performance and carcass quality of growing gilt pigs (live-weight period of 50 to 95 kg; no. = 384) by using two different types of basal diets. One basal diet (basal A) was composed of highly digestible food ingredients and the other diet (basal B) of less well digested food ingredients. Before starting the growth trial, Heal apparent digestibility ofamino acids of both basal diets was determined in an in vivo digestibility trial with pigs. Both basal diets were composed in such a way as to obtain equal contents for net energy and Heal digestible threonine, lysine, methionine + cystine and tryptophan. The content of Heal digestible threonine in both basal diets was approximately 3·3 g/kg, corresponding with a total threonine content of 4·8 g/kg in basal diet A and 5·4 g/kg in basal diet B. To both diets three graded dose levels (0·4, 0·8 and 1·2 g/kg) of L-threonine were added, providing at the highest supplemented level 4·5 g/kg Heal digestible threonine. The requirement for Heal digestible threonine was estimated to be 4·1 g/kg regardless of diet composition. This estimated requirement was mainly based on the results for food conversion efficiency. For obtaining maximum weight gain, the requirement for Heal digestible threonine was found to be somewhat higher than for maximum efficiency of food utilization. The estimated requirement figure of 4·1 g Heal digestible threonine corresponded with approximately 5·6 g total threonine per kg in basal diet A and 6·2 g/kg in basal diet B. Carcass quality was not affected by the content of threonine in the diets.

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