Soaking of complete fattening rations high in poor roughage 2. The effect of moisture content and of particle size of the roughage component on the performance of male cattle

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Holzer ◽  
H. Tagari ◽  
J. D. Levy ◽  
R. Volcani
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Consequent Reduction ◽  
Gut Fill ◽  
Friesian Cattle

SummaryTwo levels of roughage in a complete fattening diet (25 and 45%), two particle sizes of the roughage component (6 and 12 mm diameter of sieve holes), and three levels of moisture (10, 50 and 75%) were examined in a feeding trial designed in a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement.Intact male Israeli-Friesian cattle were grown from an initial weight of about 300 kg to a slaughter weight of about 520 kg. Live-weight gains were 956, 1080 and 1025 g/day, and carcass gains were 516, 584 and 563 g/day for diet moisture contents of 10, 50 and 75%, respectively. The roughage content of the diet and particle size had no significant effects. Efficiency of conversion of metabolizable energy into live weight or carcass weight was directly related to the moisture content of the diet.Weight of gut fill was directly related to the roughage content of the diet, to diet particle size and to moisture content. Animals on the moist diets had less carcass fat but more depot fat than those on the dry ration. Total volatile fatty acid concentration in the rumen liquor of animals fed on moist diets was significantly higher, and the acetate: propionate ratio was significantly lower than that of animals on the dry control diet.The improvement in performance of animals fed on moist diets may be attributed to the accumulated effect of three factors, even though the effect of each separately may not be great: (a) Increased dry-matter intake; (b) Improvement in digestibility; and (c) Increased concentration of propionic acid and consequent reduction of the acetate: propionate ratio.

Soaking of complete fattening rations high in poor roughage 3. The effect of moisture content and spontaneous fermentation on the performance of male cattle

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Holzer ◽  
D. Levy ◽  
H. Tagari ◽  
R. Volcani
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Spontaneous Fermentation ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration

SUMMARYTwo trials were conducted with two complete fattening diets contain- ing 25 and 45 % fibrous roughage, to examine the effects of three moisture levels and five soaking conditions on the performance and ruminal fermentation of fattening cattle.Differences between treatments in live-weight gain and carcass-weight gain were not significant but there were differences in the efficiency of conversion of metabolizable energy into live weight and into carcass weight and in some instances these were significant. There was a trend towards increased weight of kidney, pelvic and cod fats and a slight decrease in weight of other fat trim of the carcass (subcutaneous and intermuscular) on the treated diets, as compared with the dry control diet.The pH of the rumen liquor of animals given the soaked rations was lower and the total volatile fatty acid concentration higher than that of animals receiving the dry control diet. The propionic acid concentration in rumen liquor was significantly higher in animals receiving moistened diets.

Growth performance and body composition of wether lambs implanted at two different initial live weights with trenbolone acetate combined with oestradiol-17β

1988 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Sulieman ◽  
H. Galbraith ◽  
J. H. Topps
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Hormonal Treatment ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Trenbolone Acetate ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Body Components ◽  
Gut Fill ◽  
Main Effects

AbstractThirty-two Border Leicester ♂ × Scottish Blackface ♀ wether lambs, aged about 5 months, were divided into two groups on the basis of live weight, such that group G1 contained the 16 lightest lambs and group G2 the 16 heaviest. Lambs in group G1 were subdivided equally at random either to be sham-implanted controls (Group C1) or to be implanted with 35 mg trenbolone acetate (TBA) + 5 mg oestradiol-17β (OE) (group T1) at 24 kg initial live weight. The lambs in group G2 were also subdivided into two groups (groups C2 and T2), and similarly treated approximately 1 month later at 37 kg initial live weight. The lambs were offered ad libitum a diet containing an estimated 12·5 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) per kg dry matter (DM) and 140 g/kg DM crude protein. Comparisons were made for the main effects of hormonal treatment and initial live weight. Both hormonal treatment and initial live weight gave increases for DM intake, gut fill, empty body weight, carcass weight and, in the half carcass side weight, weights of dissected lean tissue, bone and intermuscular fat and chemically determined DM, crude protein and lipid. Weights of mm. semitendinosus, longissimus dorsi, supraspinatus and gastrocnemius were also increased due to hormonal treatment and in group G2 lambs compared with those in group G1. When expressed as a proportion of carcass side weight, hormonal treatment effects were not significant for individual muscles and dissected carcass lean, bone and fat and chemically determined lipid and ash. Variable effects on other body components were recorded for both treatments in the absence of any significant interactions. The responses to hormonal treatment were essentially similar in groups G1 and G2. The question is raised as to the contribution of the greater food intake in implanted lambs to the maintenance of fatness in these animals.

scholarly journals Fattening steers in confinement: Evaluation of productive performance through simulation of feeding strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-156
Author(s):  
Diego Avilio Ocampos Olmedo ◽  
◽  
Pedro Paniagua Alcaraz ◽  
Claudio Tobal ◽  
Luis Alberto Alonzo Griffith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Process Innovations ◽  
Data Tables

A simulation model was designed in order to serve as a management tool to estimate the rate of change in live weight in confined steers. The main components of the production system integrated in the model were the animal, the environment and the diet. The quantified biological interrelationships are summarized in the voluntary consumption of dry matter and nutritional balances of metabolizable energy and digestible protein. The potential consumption estimated by the physiological maturity dependent on the zebu, bullfighting or hybrid animal biotype, sex and age was corrected by indexes related to the size of the food particle and actual digestibility of the diet. This was estimated through the development and validation of indexes and correction functions considering the level of tannins, silica, crude protein and non-structural carbohydrates together with the particle size taken from data tables of the Cornell model. The confidence of the model to predict the increase rate in live weight was evaluated by means of the t student test with experimental data from 12 batches of steers of breeds of early physiological maturity, during 119 days. The daily gains of average weights of the model presented a similar trend to the observed data (P: 0.65). In addition, the regression analysis between simulated and observed variables presented a similar trend both for estimating consumption (R2 = 0.62) and for estimating daily weight gain (R2 = 0.58). The model allows evaluating process innovations to determine production functions related to live weight in different scenarios incorporating variables such as bovine biotype, modified diet quality based on its digestibility, particle size, and environmental temperature.

A note on the effects of monensin on the performance and on rumen metabolites of intact male cattle

1979 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Holzer ◽  
D. Ilan ◽  
D. Levy
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Beef Breed ◽  
Group B

ABSTRACTTwo groups of 14 intact male weanling beef breed calves were each fed 1·45 kg oat hay daily and concentrates ad libitum, in a 158-day feeding trial. Group ‘a’ received 35 p.p.m. monensin in the concentrate. Group ‘b’ served as a control.Average daily gain was 1·28 and 1·27 kg, dressing percentage was 58·1 and 58·0, daily intake of concentrate was 8·10 and 8·79 kg and conversion ratio of metabolizable energy into live weight was 74·53 and 81·30 MJ/kg for the monensin and the control group respectively. The percentage of acetic acid in rumen liquor was reduced and that of propionic acid increased very markedly. As a result the acetic acid: propionic acid ratio was reduced from 3·2 in the control group to 1·8 in the monensin group. No peculiarity in the response of intact male cattle to monensin was observed.

Effects of rapeseed-meal and fish-meal supplementation of maize silage-based diets upon voluntary intake, live-weight gain and wool growth of store lambs

1994 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Kossaibati ◽  
M. J. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Wool Growth

AbstractThirty-six individually penned lambs (mean live weight 32·4 (s.d. 2·27) kg) were offered maize silagead libitumand one of three concentrate mixes, two of which contained extracted rapeseed meal (control and HR) and the other fish meal (FM). The concentrates were given according to live weight and in sufficient quantities to provide proportionately about 0·4 of the dry matter (DM) intake of the lambs. The dietary concentrations of nitrogen (N) g/kg DM were 22·4, 27·4 and 27·5 and of rumen undegradable N 6·6, 7·3 and 11·6 for the control, HR and FM diets respectively.Both the HR and FM diets depressed maize silage intakes compared with the control during the first 21 days (P < 0·05) and lambs given the FM diet continued to have lower intakes than control lambs (P < 0·05) throughout the experiment. The live-weight gain of HR lambs was considerably depressed in comparison with the control and FM lambs during the first 21 days of the experiment (P < 0·05). Overall HR lambs gained weight more slowly than control and FM lambs up to 45 kg live weight but the difference was not statistically significant. Food conversion ratio was better for FM than HR (P < 0·01). There were no treatment differences in wool growth.The results obtained provide little evidence that fish meal had any beneficial effects upon lamb growth compared with the control diet except a possible increase in the efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization.

Growth performance and body composition of early weaned wether lambs treated with trenbolone acetate combined with oestradiol–17β

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Sulieman ◽  
H. Galbraith ◽  
J. H. Topps
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Hormonal Treatment ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Trenbolone Acetate ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Gut Fill

ABSTRACTTwenty-eight Border Leicester ♂ × Scottish Blackface ♀ wether lambs aged 47 days and weighing 17 kg on average were allocated to be sham-implanted controls (group C) or implanted with trenbolone acetate (TBA) combined with oestradiol-17β (OE) as follows: 17·5 mg TBA + 2·5 mg OE (group TO1); 35 mg TBA + 5 mg OE (TO2); 52·5 mg TBA + 7·5 mg OE (TO3). The lambs were offered ad libitum a diet containing (per kg dry matter) an estimated 12·5 MJ metabolizable energy and 0·16 kg crude protein. They were slaughtered 60 days following implantation.On average hormonal treatment resulted in significant increases in (a) live-weight gain, food intake and gut fill, (b) proportions of perinephric and retroperitoneal fat in empty body, (c) carcass lean proportion, and (d) proportion of lean in shoulder and rib joints. Variable changes in the weights of m. semitendinosus, m. gastrocnemius and m. supraspinatus were recorded.Hormonal treatment, on average resulted in significant reductions in (a) killing-out proportion, (b) proportions of total fat and subcutaneous fat in carcass and (c) proportions of fat in the shoulder, rib and hind leg joints. Treated lambs had smaller thymus glands but larger accessory vesicular glands. Penile tissue was also increased in treated lambs. The proportional differences in live-weight gain and carcass fat content were 0·15 and 0·12 respectively.Differences in dose level had little effect on growth and carcass characteristics.

Poultry litter for intensive beef production

1976 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Tagari ◽  
D. Levy ◽  
Z. Holzer ◽  
D. Ilan
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Concentrate Mixture

SUMMARYThe nutritional value of a pelleted fattening concentrate mixture, in which heat-sterilized poultry litter (PL) was included at rates of 0, 15, 25 and 35%, was studied. A digestion and nitrogen balance trial was carried out with rams, and a feeding trial was carried out with intact male cattle from the age of 8 mo to slaughter at 14 mo.Digestibility of crude protein was related inversely to PL content of the diet. This decrease in digestibility was not accompanied by a decrease in the quality of the protein digested.Gross and digestible energy contents of the diets were related inversely to their PL content. There were no significant differences in blood urea concentration. A concentrate mixture containing 1% urea but otherwise similar to the control, was included in the feeding trial.There were no significant differences in rate of live-weight or carcass gain between treatments. The differences in degree of fatness of the carcasses tended to be related inversely to PL% in the diet, but they were small and reached significance only with the extreme treatments. Feed intake on PL-containing diets was higher than on the control diet, but feed conversion efficiency was impaired when the proportion of PL exceeded 25%. No significant correlations were found between total volatile fatty acids in rumen liquor and daily live-weight gain.

scholarly journals Effect of different levels of dietary energy on growth and carcass traits of Black Bengal goat

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
ME Kabir ◽  
MB Sarker ◽  
BK Saha ◽  
MAMY Khandoker ◽  
M Moniruzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Levels ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Dressing Percentage ◽  
Gut Fill ◽  
Black Bengal Goat ◽  
Different Levels

The present study was aimed to know the effect of dietary energy levels on growth and carcass characteristics in Black Bengal goats. Nine female Black Bengal goats were divided into three groups having three goats in each group. Three iso-nitrogenous diets containing three levels of metabolizable energy (9.17, 10.40 and 11.63 MJ/kg DM) were randomly assigned to three groups. Goats were stall fed and slaughtered after 150 days of trial. Results showed that live weight gain was higher (28.3 ± 1.7 g/day) in high energy fed goats than others. There were no significant differences on total and daily average dry matter intake in different groups of goats. Body length was significantly higher in high energy fed group than others. Carcass weight and dressing percentage were also higher (p<0.05) in high energy fed goats. Caul fat and gut fill weight differed significantly (p<0.05) among the treatment groups, and higher caul fat and lower gut fill were obtained in high energy fed goats than others. In conclusion, high energy diet enhanced the growth, dressing percentage and carcass gain of female goats.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v43i2.20719 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2014. 43 (2): 159-165 

scholarly journals Effects of Supplementing Crude Glycerin in Concentrated Diet and Castration on Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Thai Native x Anglo Nubian Goats

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 477-486
Author(s):  
Anneke ANNEKE ◽  
Chaiyawan WATTANACHANT ◽  
Saowakon WATTANACHANT
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Crude Glycerin ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Randomized Design

The effects of feeding concentrate diet containing crude glycerin supplementation and castration on carcass composition and meat quality of Thai Native x Anglo-Nubian (TN-AN) goats were investigated. Twenty TN-AN goats at the age of 12 months old with 24.75±1.33 kg initial live weight were allotted into a 2x2 factorial arrangement in completely randomized design when factor A was assigned for sexes (intact and castrated male) and factor B was assigned for 2 types of concentrate diet (control diet and diet supplemented with 10 % crude glycerin). Goats were intensively raised in individual pens with ad libitum water and Atratum grass (Paspalum atratum), while 2 % of concentrate diets was provided. After 90 days of feeding, 3 goats from each treatment combination were randomly sampled and sacrificed for further examination. From the study, castrated male goats had significantly higher slaughter and carcass weight, carcass fat percentage and chemical fat percentage than those of the intact males (P < 0.01). In addition, muscle from castrated male goats was more tender and lighter in color as compared with intact male goats (P < 0.01). Goats receiving a diet with extra glycerin had significantly higher weight at slaughter, warm carcass weight, carcass fat, and chemical fat percentages than those on the control diet. Therefore, it could be concluded that feeding goats with a diet of 10 % supplementary glycerin and castration could lead to better slaughter and warm weight, whereas a higher fat content in the carcass and muscle are observed.

Effects of rapeseed-meal and fish-meal supplementation of maize silage-based diets upon the tissue growth and body composition of store lambs

1994 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Kossaibati ◽  
M. J. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Dietary Treatments

AbstractThirty-six individually penned lambs (mean live weight 32·4 (s.d. 2·27) kg) were offered maize silage ad libitum and one of three concentrate mixes, two of which contained extracted rapeseed meal (control and HR) and the other fish meal (FM). The concentrates were given according to live weight and in sufficient quantities to provide proportionately about 0·4 of the dry matter (DM) intake of the lambs. The dietary concentrations of the nitrogen (N) g/kg DM were 22·4, 27·4 and 27·5 and of the rumen undegradable N 6·6, 7·3 and 11·6 for the control, HR and FM diets, respectively. All lambs were slaughtered at 45 kg live weight and chemical composition of the empty body and some of the component parts determined. A further 12 lambs were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment to establish body composition before the dietary treatments were imposed.The HR lambs had lower fleece.free empty body (FFEB) gains than either control or FM lambs (P < 0·05). This reduced gain of HR lambs was particularly associated with a reduction in fat deposition (P < 0·01) such that the FFEBs contained less fat than control and FM lambs (P < 0·01). The efficiency of conversion of metabolizable energy for growth (kg) was worse than both the control (P < 0·01) and the FM (P < 0·001) diets. The FFEBs of HR lambs also contained more ash (P < 0·05) than the lambs receiving the other diets.The FM diet was associated with greater gains of fat and energy in the guts compared with the control diet (P < 0·05) and FM lambs had a better kg, value than control lambs (P < 0·05). There was no evidence that FM lambs had better N retention than lambs on the other two treatments.

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