scholarly journals Fattening steers in confinement: Evaluation of productive performance through simulation of feeding strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-156
Author(s):  
Diego Avilio Ocampos Olmedo ◽  
◽  
Pedro Paniagua Alcaraz ◽  
Claudio Tobal ◽  
Luis Alberto Alonzo Griffith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Process Innovations ◽  
Data Tables

A simulation model was designed in order to serve as a management tool to estimate the rate of change in live weight in confined steers. The main components of the production system integrated in the model were the animal, the environment and the diet. The quantified biological interrelationships are summarized in the voluntary consumption of dry matter and nutritional balances of metabolizable energy and digestible protein. The potential consumption estimated by the physiological maturity dependent on the zebu, bullfighting or hybrid animal biotype, sex and age was corrected by indexes related to the size of the food particle and actual digestibility of the diet. This was estimated through the development and validation of indexes and correction functions considering the level of tannins, silica, crude protein and non-structural carbohydrates together with the particle size taken from data tables of the Cornell model. The confidence of the model to predict the increase rate in live weight was evaluated by means of the t student test with experimental data from 12 batches of steers of breeds of early physiological maturity, during 119 days. The daily gains of average weights of the model presented a similar trend to the observed data (P: 0.65). In addition, the regression analysis between simulated and observed variables presented a similar trend both for estimating consumption (R2 = 0.62) and for estimating daily weight gain (R2 = 0.58). The model allows evaluating process innovations to determine production functions related to live weight in different scenarios incorporating variables such as bovine biotype, modified diet quality based on its digestibility, particle size, and environmental temperature.

Late pregnancy ewe feeding and lamb performance in early life. 1. Pregnancy feeding levels and perinatal lamb mortality

1979 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Khalaf ◽  
D. L. Doxey ◽  
J. T. Baxter ◽  
W. J. M. Black ◽  
J. FitzSimons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Immunoglobulin Levels

ABSTRACTOne hundred and thirty-nine Scottish Half bred ewes were studied during the last 8 weeks of pregnancy, through parturition and early lactation. They were divided, on the basis of their metabolizable energy intake during this period, into low (483 MJ/ewe; L), medium (742 MJ/ewe; M) or high (974 MJ/ewe; H) feeding groups.Ewe weight change (from mating to 12 h post lambing) was directly related to nutritional level and the number of lambs born, e.g. L ewes with triplets lost a mean 13·8 kg, while H ewes with single lambs gained 14·3 kg.Lamb birth weight and perinatal lamb mortality levels were affected by ewe nutrition and litter size. L twins weighed 19% less at birth than H twins; L triplets weighed 26% less than H triplets. The mortality rate of L twins was 23% greater than M twins; L triplets exceeded the H triplet mortality rate by 87%.Ewe energy feeding during late pregnancy affected the mean daily weight gain of lambs for at least 3 weeks after birth. H single, twin and triplet lambs grew 12%, 15% and 16% faster than M lambs and 19%, 31 % and 31 % faster than L lambs respectively.The H group produced 33 % more lamb live weight at 3 weeks of age for every lamb born than did the L group.Lamb serum immunoglobulin levels were related to litter size but did not reflect the differences in ewe feeding during late pregnancy.

Milk-fed calves: 5. The effect of a change in milk intake upon the herbage intake and performance of grazing calves

1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. L. P. Le Du ◽  
R. D. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Reconstituted Milk

SummaryThe effect of the amount of milk consumed upon the herbage intake and performance of calves at pasture, following a standard rearing period, was investigated using 50 Hereford × Friesian calves purchased at 10–12 days ofage. All calves were offered 6 kg reconstituted milk substitute for a 58 day period indoors and for a subsequent 31 days at pasture. Ten calves were then allocated to each of five milk treatments (0, 2, 4, 6, 10 kg/day) and grazed for a further 63 days. The calves were offered a daily herbage allowance of 60 g dry matter/kg live weight.Daily weight gain was increased by 59 g for each additional kilogramme of reconstituted milk consumed, and herbage intake per unit live weight decreased by 1–24 g/g milk organic matter consumed, equivalent to a reduction in metabolizable energy intake of 9 kJ. Clear effects of both age and diet upon the consumption of herbage were demonstrated. An explanation of the mechanisms governing intake of herbage in milk–fed calves is offered.

Soaking of complete fattening rations high in poor roughage 2. The effect of moisture content and of particle size of the roughage component on the performance of male cattle

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Holzer ◽  
H. Tagari ◽  
J. D. Levy ◽  
R. Volcani
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Consequent Reduction ◽  
Gut Fill ◽  
Friesian Cattle

SummaryTwo levels of roughage in a complete fattening diet (25 and 45%), two particle sizes of the roughage component (6 and 12 mm diameter of sieve holes), and three levels of moisture (10, 50 and 75%) were examined in a feeding trial designed in a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement.Intact male Israeli-Friesian cattle were grown from an initial weight of about 300 kg to a slaughter weight of about 520 kg. Live-weight gains were 956, 1080 and 1025 g/day, and carcass gains were 516, 584 and 563 g/day for diet moisture contents of 10, 50 and 75%, respectively. The roughage content of the diet and particle size had no significant effects. Efficiency of conversion of metabolizable energy into live weight or carcass weight was directly related to the moisture content of the diet.Weight of gut fill was directly related to the roughage content of the diet, to diet particle size and to moisture content. Animals on the moist diets had less carcass fat but more depot fat than those on the dry ration. Total volatile fatty acid concentration in the rumen liquor of animals fed on moist diets was significantly higher, and the acetate: propionate ratio was significantly lower than that of animals on the dry control diet.The improvement in performance of animals fed on moist diets may be attributed to the accumulated effect of three factors, even though the effect of each separately may not be great: (a) Increased dry-matter intake; (b) Improvement in digestibility; and (c) Increased concentration of propionic acid and consequent reduction of the acetate: propionate ratio.

scholarly journals Effects of winter feeding strategies with alternative feeds on the performance of mature suckler cows and their progeny

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 348 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. MANNINEN ◽  
K. SAARIJÄRVI ◽  
H. HUHTA
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Reproduction Strategy ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Alternative Feeds ◽  
Barley Silage

The present study evaluated the effects of feeding strategies with alternative feeds on the performance of mature suckler cows and their progeny during indoor feeding and subsequent grazing. In both experiments, a 2 × 2 factorially arranged design consisted of two feeding strategies (Step-up, Sas offered on Strategy S, but at a constant daily level. In Experiment 1, cows on Diet C were offered grass silage and straw and on Diet A grass silage and a fl our-mill industry by-product. On Strategy S, feeding was stepped with barley (0, 1.5 and 3.5 kg d-1). On Strategy F, barley was offered 1.43 kg per head daily. In Experiment 2, cows were offered either grass silage (C) or whole-crop barley silage (A) as a sole feed. Strategy S was carried out by offering 68, 95 and 119 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) per cow daily. On Strategy F, roughage was given daily 97 MJ ME. In both experiments, there were no signifi cant differences between treatments in the cow live weight, body condition score, calf pre-weaning live weight gain and cow reproduction. Strategy F can be practised in the nutrition of mature suckler cows in marginal circumstances. Flour-mill industry by-product can partly replace grass silage and straw in the winter diet. Wholecrop barley silage can be offered as a sole feed to suckler cows with good body condition score in autumn.;

scholarly journals Effect of differently processed shea butter (Vitellaria paradoxa) cake on growth and haematological parameters of broiler starter chicks

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-274
Author(s):  
U. D. Matthew ◽  
S. E. Alu ◽  
M. B. Maimako
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
Shea Butter ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Dietary effects of differently processed Shea Butter Cake (SBC) on growth and haematological parameters of broiler chicks were evaluated in this study lasting 28 days. Six iso-nitrogenous (23% crude protein) and isocaloric (2871.31kcal/kg metabolizable energy) diets tagged T1, T2, T3, T4 T5 and T6 were compounded such that T1 served as the contro while the remaining treatments had 15% inclusion of the differently processed SBC. Two hundred and seventy day old chicks were randomly allocated to the six diets and each treatment was replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. Dietary inclusion of SBC reduced final live weight significantly (P<0.05). Chicks fed T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 had higher final live weights of 223.89 vs. 265.00 vs. 253.33 and 233.33 g/b, respectively than those fed the T6 (226.67 g/b) which however, were lower than the control (602.22 g/b). Similarly, birds fed T3, T4 and T6 had significantly higher (P<0.05) daily weight gain than those fed the T5 although highest in birds on control (19.90 g/b/d); similar trend was recorded in feed intake and feed cost per kg diet. Birds fed diets T1, T2 and T4 had lower (P<0.05) FCR of 2.01, 2.91 and 2.98, respectively. The RBC increased significantly (P<0.05) in birds fed T4 (2.58 x106 /µl) and T5 (2.41 x106 /µl) compared to other treatments. Broiler chicken producers can therefore, include up to 15% processed Shea butter cake in the diets of broiler chicks without affecting their growth performance as well as wellbeing.

scholarly journals The Improvement of protein diet standards for breeding bulls

2019 ◽  
pp. 84-94
Author(s):  
N. Razumovski ◽  
D. Bogdanovich
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Group I ◽  
Accepted Standard ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Degradable Protein

The research was conducted in 3 groups of rearing bulls aged 12–18 months, with an average initial live weight of 363–367 kg. The amount of non-degradable protein in diet of rearing bulls of the control group was lower by 10 % of the accepted standard. The second experimental group corresponded to the accepted standard due to extruded peas, lupine and flax meal.The level of non-degradable protein in III experimental group was above the standard by 10 %. The research helped to determine that experimental groups of bulls that consumed food with the level of non-degradable protein according to the standard and 10 % higher in the rumen contenthas an increased level of total nitrogen by 5.1 % and 5.5 % and protein – by 7.5 and 8.2 % respectively. A significant reduction in the amount of ammonia in the rumen of experimental animals was determined by 21 (P<0.05) and 24.0 % (P<0.05), respectively, which indicates the decrease in protein degradability and improvement of its use by microorganisms for protein synthesis. Animals of II and III experimental groups consuming food with higher levels of non-degradable protein digested feed nutrients better. Thus, digestibility of dry and organic substances and protein significantly increased by 6.4 and 6.9; 6.4 and 7.1; 5.6 and 5.5 %. There is a tendency to increase of digestibility of fat, fiber and BEV. As a result of the analysis of the morphological and biochemical composition of blood, it was determined that there were no significant differences in all of the studied parameters, they all ranged within the physiological standard. However, there was an increase of total protein by 4.0 %, total and protein nitrogen – by 4.0–5.0 % in bulls’ blood of the II experimental group, while in young animals of III experimental group these indicators increased respectively by 6.5 and 7.0 %. The research has shown that the average daily weight gain of the bulls in control group was 980 g, and in the experimental ones it increased to 1009–1029 g or by 3.0 and 5.0 %. As for the volume of ejaculate, bulls of II and III groups surpassed their coevals of group I by 11.0–14.0 %, and by semen concentrations – by 9.0–12.0 %. The energy in weight gain of bulls of II and III experimental groups ranged 19.9–20.8 MJ, or 4.1–9.0 % and was higher compared to group I. The transformation of metabolizable energy of diet into body weight gain increased from 21.6 % (control) to 22.4– 22.6 %. The energy spent on diet per 1 MJ for weight gain decreased from 4.6 MJ (control) to 4.4–4.5 MJ or by 4.0–5.0 %. However, the best results were observed in young animals of III experimental group, who received diets with the level of non-degradable protein in the amount of 10 % above the standard. Key words: calves, diet, feed, degradable protein, non-degradable protein, rumen digestion, performance.

ПРОДОЛЖИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ И ИНТЕНСИВНОСТЬ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ КОРОВ С РАЗНЫМ ВОЗРАСТОМ И ЖИВОЙ МАССОЙ ПРИ ПЕРВОМ ОТЕЛЕ

2019 ◽  
pp. 42-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.G. KOMKOV ◽  
R.M. KERTIEV ◽  
N.M. KERTIEVA
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Entire Life ◽  
Economic Use

Приведены результаты исследований продолжительности и интенсивности использования коров голштинской породы с разным возрастом и живой массой при первом отеле, являющиеся показателями физиологической зрелости и готовности организма к последующему продуктивному периоду жизни. Наиболее продолжительный продуктивный период выявлен у коров с возрастом первого отела 2427 мес., средние значения которых составляют 3,33,4 отела. Указанные группы коров отличаются более высоким уровнем пожизненной продуктивности и интенсивностью использования на единицу времени всей жизни и продуктивного периода. Продуктивное долголетие коров имеет тенденцию к повышению с увеличением массы тела при первом отеле. Наиболее продолжительные сроки хозяйственного использования выявлены у животных с живой массой при первом отеле 450500 кг, продуктивный период которых на 115234 дня, или на 0,40,6 лактаций выше, чем в других анализируемых группах скота. Высокую пожизненную продуктивность (3135 тыс. кг) имеют животные с массой тела более 500 кг при первом отеле. Вместе с тем интенсивный раздой наиболее крупных первотелок с массой тела выше 550 кг сопровождается снижением продолжительности жизни и продуктивного периода использования коров.The article presents the results of studies on the duration and intensity of use of Holstein cows with different age and body weight at the first calving, which are an indicator of physiological maturity and readiness of the organism for the subsequent productive period of life. The longest productive period was revealed in cows with the first calving age of 2427 months, the average values of which are 3.33.4 calving. These groups of cows are distinguished by a higher level of lifelong production and the intensity of use per unit of time of their entire life and productive period. Productive longevity of cows tends to increase with an increase in body weight at the first calving. The longest periods of economic use were found in animals with a live weight at the first calving with in 450500 kg, in which the productive period is 115234 days or 0.40.6 lactations higher than in other analyzed groups of animals. High lifelong productivity (3135 thousand kg) have animals weighing more than 500 kg at the first calving. At the same time, intensive stripping of the largest heifers with a body weight above 550 kg is accompanied by a decrease in the lifespan and productive period of using cows.

scholarly journals Impact of Dietary Supplementation with Moringa oleifera Leaves on Performance, Meat Characteristics, Oxidative Stability, and Fatty Acid Profile in Growing Rabbits

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Shaimaa Selim ◽  
Mahmoud F. Seleiman ◽  
Mohamed M. Hassan ◽  
Ahmed A. Saleh ◽  
Mohamed A. Mousa
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Relative Content ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Moringa Oleifera Leaves

Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL) have gained great interest as a non-traditional feed ingredient due to their unique nutritional value. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of graded dietary supplementation levels with MOL on performance, carcass characteristics, antioxidant capacity, blood biochemical constituents, meat quality, and fatty acids profile of growing rabbits. A total of 120 weaned New Zealand white rabbits (6 weeks old) were randomly allotted into 4 dietary groups with 5 replicates each (n = 6), which were fed for 42 days with a basal diet as control or 3 experimental diets supplemented with 5, 10, or 15 g/kg MOL. The results showed that, compared to the control group, the dietary inclusion of MOL at a level of 10 and 15 g/kg DM linearly increased (p < 0.01) final live weight (2403.3 and 2498.2 vs. 2166.6) and average daily weight gain (36.5 and 35.51 g/d vs. 28.72 g/d), and enhanced feed conversion ratio (2.49 and 2.50 vs. 3.14). The dietary supplementation with MOL linearly increased dressing out percentage, spleen index, intestinal length, and decreased abdominal fat index (p < 0.01). Greater serum levels of total protein and globulin, but lower alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were observed in the MOL-fed rabbits (p < 0.01). Serum levels of total triglycerides, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (p < 0.05) were decreased linearly and quadratically in the MOL groups compared with the control. Glutathione peroxidase activity increased (p < 0.01), whereas malondialdehyde decreased (p < 0.01) linearly and quadratically in both serum and meat, in response to dietary MOL supplementation. Dietary MOL supplementation increased the meat crude protein content but lowered the relative content of ether extract in the meat (p < 0.05). The relative content of the meat n-3 PUFA was increased by about 33.71%, 29.46%, and 24.36% for the MOL0.5%, MOL1%, and MOL1.5% groups compared to control. In conclusion, MOL could be used at a level of 1.5g/kg of the growing rabbits’ diets with beneficial impacts on performance, antioxidant capacity, and the nutritional value of the meat.

scholarly journals The Deviation between Dairy Cow Metabolizable Energy Requirements and Pasture Supply on a Dairy Farm Using Proximal Hyperspectral Sensing

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 240
Author(s):  
Federico Duranovich ◽  
Nicolás López-Villalobos ◽  
Nicola Shadbolt ◽  
Ina Draganova ◽  
Ian Yule ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Canopy Reflectance ◽  
Estimate Variance ◽  
Hyperspectral Sensing ◽  
Daily Total

This study aimed at determining the extent to which the deviation of daily total metabolizable energy (MEt) requirements of individual cows from the metabolizable energy (ME) supplied per cow (DME) varied throughout the production season in a pasture-based dairy farm using proximal hyperspectral sensing (PHS). Herd tests, milk production, herbage and feed allocation data were collected during the 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 production seasons at Dairy 1, Massey University, New Zealand. Herbage ME was determined from canopy reflectance acquired using PHS. Orthogonal polynomials were used to model lactation curves for yields of milk, fat, protein and live weights of cows. Daily dietary ME supplied per cow to the herd and ME requirements of cows were calculated using the Agricultural Food and Research Council (AFRC) energy system of 1993. A linear model including the random effects of breed and cow was used to estimate variance components for DME. Daily herd MEt estimated requirements oscillated between a fifth above or below the ME supplied throughout the production seasons. DME was mostly explained by observations made within a cow rather than between cows or breeds. Having daily estimates of individual cow requirements for MEt in addition to ME dietary supply can potentially contribute to achieving a more precise fit between supply and demand for feed in a pasture-based dairy farm by devising feeding strategies aimed at reducing DME.

scholarly journals Cost-Effectiveness of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal as Substitute of Fishmeal in Diets for Layer Chicks and Growers

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6074
Author(s):  
Esther Khayanga Sumbule ◽  
Mary Kivali Ambula ◽  
Isaac Maina Osuga ◽  
Janice Ghemoh Changeh ◽  
David Miano Mwangi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
The Impact

The acceptance of eco-friendly black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) as sustainable alternative protein ingredient in poultry feeds continues to gain momentum worldwide. This study evaluates the impact of BSFLM in layer chick and grower diets on the growth, carcass quality and economic returns. Mean weekly weight gain and total live weight per chick and grower varied significantly. The highest final weight gain was achieved when birds were provided diet with 25.6% BSFLM. Average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily weight gain (ADG) and overall weight gain of the chick varied significantly, except for the feed conversion ratio (FCR). For grower birds, ADFI, ADG, FCR and overall weight gain did not vary significantly across the various feeding regimes. The weight of the wings and drumsticks had a quadratic response with a maximum weight obtained at 33% inclusion of BSFLM. The weight of the internal organs were not significantly affected by dietary types. Positive cost–benefit ratio and return on investment was recorded for diet types with higher BSFLM inclusion levels (>75%). Diets with 25% and 100% BSFLM inclusion were the most suitable and cost-effective, respectively. Thus, BSFLM represents a promising alternative source of protein that could be sustainably used in the poultry industries.

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