Effect of post-partum levels of nutrition on productivity of 2-year-old heifers

1988 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Whittier ◽  
D. C. Clanton ◽  
G. H. Deutscher
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Visual Condition ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Production Growth ◽  
Feeding Systems

AbstractForty crossbred heifers, mated to one sire, that calved in a 20-day period were used to study the effect of varying time and level of post-partum nutrition on productivity. Heifers were individually fed for 90 days post partum beginning at parturition: (1) proportionately 1·3 National Research Council (NRC) 1984 recommendations for 45 days followed by 0·7 NRC for 45 days (130·70); (2) 1·0 NRC for 90 days (100·100); and (3) 0·7 NRC for 45 days followed by 1·3 NRC for 45 days (70·130). Milk production, growth and body condition were estimated periodically during the lactation. The 130·70 heifers maintained their weight during the first 45 days of lactation, while the 100·100 and the 70·130 heifers lost weight (−0·33 and 0·60 kg/day, respectively). During the second 45-day period, the 100·100 and 70·130 heifers gained weight (0·24 and 0·72 kg/day, respectively) while the 130·70 heifers lost weight (−0·39 kg/day). Visual condition scores paralleled weight changes during both phases of the feeding period. Milk production varied according to nutrient intake and treatment differences were greatest at 45 days post partum (8·1, 7·3 and 6·1 kg/day for 130·70, 100·100 and 70·130, respectively). Calf weight gains were unaffected by dam nutrition. Days to first oestrus, days to conception or services per conception were not significantly different (P > 0·05) among treatment groups. Based on this experiment, neither of the alternate feeding systems resulted in decreased performance when compared with feeding at a constant level. Therefore, it appears that latitude exists in the way heifers can be fed early in their first lactation, without adversely affecting production.

THE NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL'S REPORT ON A STUDY OF MILK REGULATIONS AND SANITARY MILK CONTROL*

1954 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 139-143
Author(s):  
Harold S. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Research Council ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Field Work ◽  
American City ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Production Distribution ◽  
Quality Of Milk ◽  
Control Work

This article reports upon research performed under the direction of the Committee on Milk Production Distribution and Quality of the National Research Council. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of milk regulations and their enforcement on the sanitary quality of milk. Eight large American city milk supplies were studied in detail. The field work included an inspection of a representative group of farms and milk plants and the examination of milk samples representative of each supply. Certain regulations governing the production and handling of milk were found to be definitely reflected in the bacteriological quality of both the raw and finished product. Several significant conclusions are drawn which should be of particular value to those engaged in milk control work.

INFLUENCE OF LEVEL OF ENERGY AND NUTRIENT INTAKE BY MARES ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE AND ON BLOOD SERUM COMPOSITION OF THE MARES AND FOALS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. I. SUTTON ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND ◽  
W. D. RATCLIFF
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Dietary Regimen ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Energy And Nutrient Intake ◽  
Group 1

An experiment, conducted at Olds College, involving seven pregnant and five open half-Arabian (half-sib) mares had the primary objective of evaluating the adequacy of National Academy of Sciences–National Research Council (NAS–NRC 1973) nutrient requirements of horses as they applied to mares receiving minimal shelter under central Alberta winter conditions. Mares were randomly assigned to two groups, the first receiving a diet formulated to meet NAS–NRC requirements and the second the same diet at a level of 85% of the former by weight. The dietary regimen was maintained from mid-gestation until 30-days post-partum. No significant (P < 0.05) differences were found for weight losses during pregnancy or for apparent digestibility of energy or nitrogen in mares, or for birth weight and 30-day weight of foals. Of the 12 blood serum constituents measured in both mares and foals, only three constituents varied significantly (P < 0.05) between groups. Blood urea nitrogen and cholesterol concentrations were higher for group 2 than for group 1 foals. Serum protein concentration was higher in group 1 than in group 2 mares. Colostrum and milk samples differed only in milk protein level which was higher (P < 0.05) for group 2 than for group 1 mares. During the phases of reproduction measured it was concluded that the lower level of energy and nutrient intake (85% of NAS–NRC recommended requirements) did not influence performance of pregnant mares and their foals.

Implications of genotype X nutrition interactions for efficiency of milk production systems

1995 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Mayne ◽  
F. J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
High Forage ◽  
Feeding Systems

AbstractMajor increases in the rate of genetic improvement in the dairy herd have been obtained in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland since the mid 1980s. The implications of increases in genetic merit and the possible consequences of genotype X nutrition interactions on the efficiency of milk production systems are reviewed. The majority of previous studies with dairy cattle of moderate genetic merit suggest little evidence of genotype X nutrition interactions across a range of nutritional and management regimes, with higher milk production of high merit cows largely accounted for by effects on nutrient partitioning. However, more recent results suggest a significant re-ranking of sires when evaluated under either intensive feeding systems or in systems with a high reliance on grazed pasture.Under intensive feeding systems higher animal performance has been obtained with high merit cows across a range of concentrate inputs and feeding systems. However, recent results from the Langhill studies provide the first tentative evidence of a genotype X nutrition interaction, with significantly different regression coefficients between genetic merit (as assessed by pedigree index) and milk production, under either low or high forage diets. The implications of these results are that high merit cows may be unable to express their full genetic potential for milk production when offered a high forage (or low energy density) diet. Consequently, the influence of other factors which have a major effect on voluntary food intake, and hence nutrient intake, e.g. forage dry matter content and forage digestibility, may be relatively more important with high genetic merit dairy cows.It is concluded that higher milk production in high merit cows is largely attributable to variation in partitioning of nutrients, rather than to changes in food intake or digestive efficiency. Consequently, it is important fully to assess the animal performance and welfare implications of maintaining high genetic merit dairy cows under systems which may limit nutrient intake, e.g. under high forage regimes involving a high reliance on grazed or conserved forage. The major challenge for research and dairy herd management is to increase food intake with grass- and/or grass silage-based diets, thereby reducing the need for high levels of concentrates input to prevent excessive body condition loss with high genetic merit dairy cows in early lactation.

Reproductive and lactational responses and serum growth hormone and insulin in fine-wool ewes treated with ovine growth hormone

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Holcombe ◽  
D. M. Hallford ◽  
W. C. Hoefler
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Serum Growth Hormone ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Serum Gh

AbstractEighteen mature (3 to 6 years) Debouillet × Rambouillet ewes (mean weight 79·2 (s.e. 21) kg) producing and nursing single offspring were randomly allotted to one of three groups to examine the influence of ovine growth hormone (oGH) on reproductive, hormonal and lactational responses of springlambing ewes. Each ewe received a daily subcutaneous injection of either 0, 5 or 10 mg oGH from day 11 through to day 20 post partum (day 0 = parturition). Treatment groups were subdivided into two pens (three ewes per pen) and food intake was monitored from day 1 through to day 20 post partum. On days 11 and 20 post partum, jugular blood samples were collected before and hourly for 8 h after treatment. Blood samples were also collected daily from day 10 through to day 21 post partum and on alternate days through to day 40 post partum. Milk production (oxytocin-induced hand milking) and fat and protein concentrations were determined 21 days post partum. Food intake did not differ before or during the treatment period (P > 0·05). Likewise, ewe and lamb weights were similar among treatment groups through to day 60 post partum (P > 0·05). Serum insulin did not differ before or after treatment on day 11 (P > 0·05); however, on day 20 before treatment, serum insulin was significantly higher in ewes receiving 5 (2·3 (s.e. 0·3) μg/I) and 10 (2·4 (s.e. 0·3) μg/1) mg oGH than in controls (1·2 (s.e. 0·3) μg/1) (P < 0·05). After treatment, no differences were detected in serum insulin among treatments on day 20 post partum (P > 0·05). Serum growth hormone (GH) was similar among groups before treatment on day 11 post partum; but by 8 h after treatment, serum GH was significantly elevated in ewes receiving 10 mg oGH (32·4 (s.e. 1·9) μg/1) compared with ewes receiving 5 (13·9 (s.e. 1·9) μg/1) or 0 (4·5 (s.e. 1·9) μg/1) mg oGH (P < 0·01). By 20 days after lambing, serum GH differed significantly among groups both before and after administration of exogenous oGH (P < 0·01). Ewes receiving 5 or 10 mg oGH produced 2·3 (s.e. 0·2) kg milk per day compared with 1·9 (s.e. 0·2) kg/day for controls (P < 0·10). Milk fat and protein concentrations did not differ significantly among treatments (P > 0·05), but total fat yield was higher in ewes receiving either dose of oGH (206 (s.e. 20) g/day) compared with control ewes (141 (s.e. 20) g/day) (P < 005). Serum progesterone remained less than 0·5 μg/1 in ewes through to day 40 post partum. A linear decrease was observed in interval from parturition to first observed oestrus as dosage of oGH increased (116, 108 and 102 (s.e. 6) days for ewes receiving 0, 5 and 10 mg oGH, respectively; P = 0·10). Administration of exogenous oGH to lactating. anoestrous ewes between days 11 and 20 post partum enhances milk production and may influence the interval to oestrus.

The effect of different levels of nutrition during late pregnancy on the subsequent milk production of Blackface ewes and on the growth of their lambs

1967 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Peart
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Plasma Ffa ◽  
Pelleted Food ◽  
Lamb Growth ◽  
Different Levels

1. Using blood plasma FFA and ketone values to assess the nutritional state of individual ewes, high (H), medium (M) and low (L) planes of nutrition were imposed on 3 groups of Blackface ewes during pregnancy. By this method, ewes bearing single or twin foetuses were equally well or severely undernourished within treatment groups. The effects of these planes of nutrition during pregnancy have been assessed in terms of milk production, lamb growth, and live-weight changes by the ewes duriug their subsequent lactation. Immediately after parturition all ewes were individually fed a pelleted food ad lib. and their voluntary food intakes recorded. From 5 weeks of age individual voluntary intakes of solid food by the lambs were also recorded. Because of insufficient pen accommodation group-M ewes and lambs were discarded after 5 weeks of lactation.

Protein and energy requirements and responses : a United States perspective

1995 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
L. D. Satter ◽  
T. R. Dhiman
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Agricultural Research Council

AbstractA comparison of UK (Agricultural Research Council; ARC) and USA (National Research Council; NRC) feeding standards for dairy cows is made. The two standards appear similar in terms of food energy required for milk production, even though the ARC uses metabolizable energy and the NRC uses net energy. The two systems have the same basic approach to calculating protein supply, although ARC incorporates information on level of food intake in calculating rumen microbial protein synthesis and in estimating undegraded food protein. The maintenance requirement for protein is much less with the ARC system because NRC assigns a large maintenance charge to metabolic faecal nitrogen. The result is that ARC has lower dietary protein recommendations than NRC. Milk production response to incremental additions of energy (grain) or protein diminishes as the point of maximum response is approached. The most profitable level of energy and/or protein supplementation is often below the supplementation level required for maximum milk production. More emphasis must be given to lactation studies for information to improve accuracy of the feeding standards and for construction of milk response curves to incremental additions of supplements.

scholarly journals Breast-milk production and energy exchange in human lactation

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. English
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Male Infant ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Food Energy ◽  
Human Lactation ◽  
Breast Milk Production ◽  
Daily Milk Production ◽  
Daily Milk

1. The milk production of one mother was determined post-partum for a period of 13 weeks, during which time breast milk was her infant's only source of food energy. The weight changes of both the mother and the male infant were recorded during this period.2. The food intake and activity pattern of the mother were also recorded for 4-week periods: at 2, 6, 10 weeks after birth and 2 weeks after the cessation of lactation, which was maintained for a period of 27 weeks.3. The infant regained his birth weight of 3310 g on the 14th day of life. His weight gain for the duration of the study, which averaged 233 g/week, was considered satisfactory.4. The daily milk production increased gradually from an average of 241 g during the 1st week post-partum to 995 g during the 12th week. The infant's maximum milk intake and hence food energy intake per kg body-weight was (range) 198–204 g milk and 550–560kJ/kg respectively during the 3rd to the 7th week, followed by a gradual decrease from the 8th to the 13th week after birth.5. The estimated efficiency of energy coversion for breast-milk production was consistent with other values reported in the literature.

scholarly journals Nutrient intakes during pregnancy, lactation and after the cessation of lactation in a group of Australian women

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth M. English ◽  
Nancy E. Hitchcock
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Medical Research Council ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Dietary Advice ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
The Third ◽  
Breast Fed

1. The dietary intakes of twenty-six women were investigated during their first pregnancy, at 6–8 weeks post-partum and at 6 months post-partum or after the cessation of breast-feeding.2. Of this group, sixteen subjects were apparently breast-feeding satisfactorily at 6–8 weeks post-partum, as judged by the average weekly weight gain of their infants (202 g).3. Changes in food consumption and nutrient intake were studied, together with changes in body-weight and activity. The subjects did not consume more calories during pregnancy. It appeared that this was a result of dietary advice received plus some curtailment of activity during pregnancy. There was an increase in intake of nutrients during lactation.4. Intakes of iron during the third trimester of pregnancy and of ascorbic acid during lactation were 1.9 ± 0.3 mg (16%) and 26 ± 7.3 mg (26%) respectively below the allowances recommended by the (Australian) National Health and Medical Research Council. The significance of these intakes is discussed.5. No difference was detected in the diets during pregnancy of women who breast-fed compared with those who did not.

Verlauf der nach 3 unterschiedlichen Formeln berechneten Energiebilanz bei Holstein-Friesian-Kühen in der Frühlaktation

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (06) ◽  
pp. 346-354
Author(s):  
Kilian Peisker ◽  
Rudolf Staufenbiel ◽  
Thomas Engelhard ◽  
Laura Pieper
Keyword(s):  
Research Council ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Klinische Relevanz ◽  
Holstein Friesian

Zusammenfassung Ziel Das Ziel der Studie war ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse der mit 3 unterschiedlichen Formeln kalkulierten Werte zur Energiebilanz von Milchkühen. Beschrieben werden sollte der Verlauf der Energiebilanz bis zum 100. Laktationstag bei Holstein-Friesian-Milchkühen aus einer Herde mit einer mittleren 305-Tage-Milchleistung von 11 761 kg. Material und Methoden Zur Datenerhebung standen innerhalb von 2 Untersuchungszeiträumen insgesamt 193 Milchkühe zur Verfügung. Zu festgelegten Untersuchungszeitpunkten erfolgten Messungen der Lebendmasse. Die Futteraufnahme wurde mittels transpondergestützter Wiegetröge ermittelt. Die Milchdaten stammten aus den entsprechenden Milchleistungskontrollen. Die Energiebilanz wurde durch die Berechnung nach der Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie (GfE), Jans und Kessler sowie nach dem National Research Council (NRC) modifiziert nach Collard bestimmt. Ergebnisse Die 3 mathematischen Modelle ergeben sehr ähnliche Werte. Die modifizierte Berechnung nach Collard lieferte systematisch geringere Werte der Energiebilanz. Minimalwerte der Energiebilanz traten in der Kolostralphase auf. Der Übergang von der negativen zur positiven Energiebilanz zeigte sich im Mittel 53 Tage nach der Kalbung. Schlussfolgerungen und klinische Relevanz Alle 3 Berechnungsmethoden sind geeignet, die Energiebilanz der Milchkühe post partum mit ähnlichen Ergebnissen darzustellen. Über 50 % der untersuchten Kühe erreichten vor dem 60. Laktationstag eine positive Energiebilanz. Demnach ist der aus der Literatur zu erwartende Verlauf der Energiebilanz mit einem Tiefpunkt um den 60. Tag post partum nicht prinzipiell für jede Herde anzunehmen. Strategien zur Verbesserung bei negativer Energiebilanz hinsichtlich Zeitpunkt, Ausmaß und Dauer in der Frühlaktation müssen individuell für jede Herde erarbeitet werden und erfordern weitere Forschung.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document