The Productivity of Labour in Roman Agriculture

Antiquity ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 39 (154) ◽  
pp. 102-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. White
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Precise Information ◽  
De Re ◽  
Ancient Agriculture ◽  
Agricultural Efficiency ◽  
Average Return ◽  
General Average ◽  
The Common

Some years ago, in a short review of some of the major questions concerning agricultural efficiency in Roman times, I pointed out that we do not possess the materials on which to base an accurate computation. In attempting to make an assessment of agricultural efficiency we should require as a minimum basis a body of statistical information on the following points: first, the numbers of persons engaged; second, average yields per acre of certain crops for comparison with average yields in other producing countries; and third, statistics of output measured in man-hours according to recognized methods of determining the productivity of labour. The type of dficulty mentioned here is not confined to research in ancient agriculture; lack of records, and paucity of precise information, make investigation difficult in almost every department of ancient economic history. But lack of precise information has not deterred historians from making rough analyses and generalizations. The evidence on wheat-yields showed, inter alia, that it is not legitimate to use Columella’s general average return on Italian wheat of four-fold as evidence of a generally low standard of productivity in cereals (De Re Rust., III, iii, 4). So far as crop-yields are concerned, the common postulate of a low level of agricultural technique cannot be upheld.

Islamic calendar and stock market behaviour in India

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 1550-1566
Author(s):  
Dharani Munusamy
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Least Square Method ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Stock Market Returns ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Average Return ◽  
Year Effect ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the behavior of the stock market returns in the different days of the week and different months of the year in accordance with the Islamic calendar. Further, the study estimates the risk-adjusted returns to test the performance of the indices during the Ramadan and non-Ramadan days. Finally, the study investigates the impact of Ramadan on the returns and the volatility of the stock market indices in India. Design/methodology/approach Initially, the study applies the Ordinary Least Square method to test the day-of-the-week and the month-of-the-year effect of the common and Shariah indices. Next, the study employs the risk-adjusted measurement to examine the underperformance and over-performance of the indices for both the periods. Finally, the study estimates the GARCH (1,1) and GJR-GARCH (1,1) models to observe the impact of Ramadan on the returns and the volatility of the Shariah indices in India. Findings The study finds that an average return of the indices during the Ramadan days are higher than non-Ramadan days. Further, the average returns of the Shariah indices are significantly higher on Wednesday than other days of the week. In addition, the highest and significant mean returns and mean risk-adjusted returns of the indices during the Ramadan days are observed. Finally, the study finds an evidence of the Ramadan effect on the returns and volatility of the indices in India. Originality/value The study observes evidence that the Ramadan effect influences the Shariah indices, but not the common indices in the stock market of the non-Muslim countries. It indicates that the Ramadan creates the positive mood and emotions in the investors buying and selling activities. The study suggests that investors can buy the shares before Ramadan period and sell them during the Ramadan days to get an abnormal return in the emerging markets.

Tail Risk Hedging: Contrasting Put and Trend Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-124
Author(s):  
Antti Ilmanen ◽  
Ashwin Thapar ◽  
Harsha Tummala ◽  
Dan Villalon
Keyword(s):  
Equity Market ◽  
Common View ◽  
Risk Hedging ◽  
Average Return ◽  
Economic Rationale ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Common ◽  
Tail Events ◽  
The Cost

We summarize key research findings on risk-mitigating strategies and offer an overview of the strengths and weaknesses of regular index put buying (“Put”) and multi-asset trend following (“Trend”) as tail hedges. The two biggest questions we address are: (1) What is the long-term average return or cost, and (2) How reliable and efficient is the hedge in equity market tail events? We present empirical answers and discuss the economic rationale for each question. The common view that Put costs more but is a more effective tail hedge contains a kernel of truth but does not capture the full story. We will give a more nuanced picture, including practicality for investors, but in the end show the cost advantage favors Trend over Put.

scholarly journals Isostatic postglacial rebound over Fennoscandia with a self-gravitating spherical visco-elastic Earth model

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 318-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Le Meur
Keyword(s):  
Present Model ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Earth Model ◽  
Postglacial Rebound ◽  
Mantle Viscosity ◽  
Surface Displacements ◽  
Grounding Line ◽  
The Common ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Sensitive Issues

Accounting for isostasy in glaciological models has always been a necessity but these models mostly use very simple parameterizations (Le Meur and Huybrechts, 1996). The need for more realistic isostatic parameterizations rapidly became apparent, especially in the treatment of bedrock-sensitive issues such as the grounding-line migration (Huybrechts, 1990a, b). To this end, a rather sophisticated Earth model, avoiding most of the common assumptions, has been developed and is presented here. The two key groups of parameters, to which the model is most sensitive, are the Earth properties and the rheological law used for the mantle. The aim of this paper is first to justify the use of Maxwell rheology for the mantle and then to tune the most sensitive Earth parameter, namely the mantle viscosity, in order to match the numerous present-day uplift data over Fennoscandia. So, in the first instance, a short review of the different available rheologies is presented and discussed. The visco-elastic theory, as well as the mathematical background used in the present model, is also briefly sketched. Secondly, a glacial scenario over Fennoscandia served as an input for the model in a calibration test on the mantle-viscosity values. The degree of agreement of the model outputs with the present-day measurements gives a reference set of Green functions, to which one can reasonably refer when modelling the isostatic response over areas where such a control is not possible (Le Meur and Huybrechts, 1996). Finally, a closer look to the time-dependent surface displacements will confirm the ability for the model to reproduce correctly the main postglacial rebound characteristic features.

scholarly journals Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID–19): A Short Review on Hematological Manifestations

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Słomka ◽  
Mariusz Kowalewski ◽  
Ewa Żekanowska
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The Common ◽  
Hematological Manifestations ◽  
Effective Treatments

Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS–CoV–2) is a rapidly spreading and devastating global pandemic. Many researchers are attempting to clarify the mechanisms of infection and to develop a drug or vaccine against the virus, but there are still no proven effective treatments. The present article reviews the common presenting hematological manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID–19). Elucidating the changes in hematological parameters in SARS–CoV–2 infected patients could help to understand the pathophysiology of the disease and may provide early clues to diagnosis. Several studies have shown that hematological parameters are markers of disease severity and suggest that they mediate disease progression.

scholarly journals ELECTIONS TO THE KYIV CITY THOUGHT ON JULY, 23 1917: PREPARATION, CONDUCTING AND RESULTS

2016 ◽  
pp. 38-42
Author(s):  
Ya. Kupchik
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Professional Organizations ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Social Origin ◽  
Municipal Elections ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Right ◽  
Electoral Law

In the article on the basis of analysis of the archived materials and magazine municipal elections are reflected to Kiev city thought, that happened on July, 23 1917. By Author the opinion is expressed, that experience of these elections may need during election in local advices in modern Ukraine. At the same time the short review of scientific development of problem is carried out. It is found out, that the Ukrainian historian until now examined only the separate aspects of elections to Kiev city thought in 1917 the electoral legislation which regulated organization and conducting of city elections is analysed. It is found out, that elections took place on the basis of electoral law common, direct, even and secret. According to the proportional system of elections (slates from political parties, public associations, professional organizations or their blocks) elected 120 vowel, plenary powers of which were to be halted the quantity of electors, their social origin and appearance, is on January, 1 of 1919. Set on elections. It is certain, that in elections 65% from the common amount of the persons conferred the right the choice took part. In the article it is indicated about more political of election company. It is noticed, that candidates accented attention on the "matter of revolution", instead of improvement of city economy. The electorate of political parties and blocks which conducted to city thought of the vowel is explored. It is marked, that a "socialistic block" was supported by poor layers which lived on the outskirts of city. The results of city elections and new composition of Kiev city thought are found out. Won over a "socialistic block" (44 delegates) on elections, the "Ukrainian block" (USDRP-UPSR) which conducted in advice 24 delegates went farther. The third place was occupied by monarchists (18 delegates). Represented bolshevists in advice only 7 delegates.

scholarly journals Isostatic postglacial rebound over Fennoscandia with a self-gravitating spherical visco-elastic Earth model

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 318-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Le Meur
Keyword(s):  
Present Model ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Earth Model ◽  
Postglacial Rebound ◽  
Mantle Viscosity ◽  
Surface Displacements ◽  
Grounding Line ◽  
The Common ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Sensitive Issues

Accounting for isostasy in glaciological models has always been a necessity but these models mostly use very simple parameterizations (Le Meur and Huybrechts, 1996). The need for more realistic isostatic parameterizations rapidly became apparent, especially in the treatment of bedrock-sensitive issues such as the grounding-line migration (Huybrechts, 1990a, b). To this end, a rather sophisticated Earth model, avoiding most of the common assumptions, has been developed and is presented here. The two key groups of parameters, to which the model is most sensitive, are the Earth properties and the rheological law used for the mantle. The aim of this paper is first to justify the use of Maxwell rheology for the mantle and then to tune the most sensitive Earth parameter, namely the mantle viscosity, in order to match the numerous present-day uplift data over Fennoscandia. So, in the first instance, a short review of the different available rheologies is presented and discussed. The visco-elastic theory, as well as the mathematical background used in the present model, is also briefly sketched. Secondly, a glacial scenario over Fennoscandia served as an input for the model in a calibration test on the mantle-viscosity values. The degree of agreement of the model outputs with the present-day measurements gives a reference set of Green functions, to which one can reasonably refer when modelling the isostatic response over areas where such a control is not possible (Le Meur and Huybrechts, 1996). Finally, a closer look to the time-dependent surface displacements will confirm the ability for the model to reproduce correctly the main postglacial rebound characteristic features.

Development of Smart Librarian with the Virtual Assistant (PRIMO)

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-65
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Voice Recognition ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
Voice Service ◽  
Personal Assistant ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Right

In modern life, with the ability to perform tasks, the virtual assistant (VA) can make our lives easier and smart. The virtual assistant can perform as a librarian, very smartly, and effectively. We build our VA with Raspberry Pi and Alexa Voice Service. As a result, few discussions that occur in library environments such as find books, short review books, university notice are accurately performed. The common way of communication used by people in day to day life is through speech. If the assistant system can be heard to the customer for the handle of the day to day affairs, then grant the right reply, it will be much simple for customers to transmit with their assistant system, and the assistant will be much better “Smart” as a personal assistant. We heard a very old story “Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves”, where the mouth of a treasure cave secured by magic. It unrolls on the words "unroll sesame" and seals itself on the words "near sesame". The magic is a VA in the modern world. The VA system built on artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, natural language processing, and voice recognition technology.

Fuzzy Rock Mass Rating

2018 ◽  
pp. 97-131
Author(s):  
Ahmet Gunes Yardimci ◽  
Celal Karpuz
Keyword(s):  
Rock Mass ◽  
Slope Angle ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Rock Slopes ◽  
Weak Rocks ◽  
Mass Properties ◽  
Mass Classification ◽  
The Common ◽  
Graphical Presentation

Rock mass classification systems are the most commonly used empirical tools in preliminary design of rock slopes. In spite of numerous advantages, these systems lack the common drawbacks of classification systems originated from uncertainties. These drawbacks may lead to similar or so close quality scores for different rock mass properties. Fuzzy Sets is a rising trend in describing Geomechanical problems by including the expert opinion. Especially in the case of weak rocks it allows prediction of more realistic rock mass quality scores. Although the empirical systems form a basis for the preliminary slope stability investigation, slope height and overall slope angle are still two missing important characteristic slope parameters. However, there have been some attempts to describe the graphical presentation of rock quality score, slope height and overall slope angle relation. These charts are called as slope performance charts. This chapter presents a short review on integration of Fuzzy RMR with these charts to provide a useful modification for the case of weak rock slopes.

1952: Justification by Works

PMLA ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 115 (7) ◽  
pp. 1855-1855
Author(s):  
Albert C. Baugh
Keyword(s):  
Literary History ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
New Criticism ◽  
True Source ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Proper Perspective ◽  
New Critics ◽  
History Of Literature

Some of the writers whose remarks I have quoted may belong to the school often referred to as the New Critics. At any rate, if we can trust their frequently expressed disapproval of current scholarship, the New Critics would not disagree with those remarks. I do not wish to be intolerant of those whose intolerance I deprecate. There is more than one fruitful approach to a work of literature, and while some of the New Criticism seems to me to be quite sterile I am ready to welcome any method of interpretation which leads to the fuller understanding and enjoyment of a work of literature. What I am not willing to admit is that the New Criticism is the only true source of illumination. Behind the poem is the poet, and whatever in his own life or in the life of his time helps us to understand the man helps us to understand his work. Literary history is a frame which enhances the work of art, or, if I may change the figure, a means of displaying it, a setting which permits us to view it in proper perspective. Without it we should be like the historian who would interpret Magna Carta or the Declaration of Independence without reference to the conditions which called these documents into being. Besides this, literary history as a part of the history of man is as legitimate an object of interest and as worthy of study as political or economic history, or the history of science or art. And the history of literature has been made possible only by the patient labors of scholars who have quarried and shaped the stone out of which the edifice has been built. We need criticism and we need the historical perspective which investigation makes possible. Let us seek for a fruitful union of the two without disparaging the share which each contributes to the common end.

Manor Court Procedures, Debt Litigation Levels, and Rural Credit Provision in England, c.1290—c.1380

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Legal History ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Rural Credit ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Common ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Methodological Debate

In the last two decades or so, questions of law have moved back to the top of the research agenda in work on medieval English manor courts. This marks a shift away from the 1960s to the mid-1980s, when the historians on both sides of the Atlantic who established the court roll as the pre-eminent source for everyday life in the countryside sought inspiration from the social sciences rather than legal history. The court roll studies published in that period generated much methodological debate about use of these records to study peasants and their communities. Nonetheless, in most of those studies, consideration of the manor court as a legal forum first and foremost, or of the implications of reliance on a legal source to study social and economic history, was secondary to analysis of the data in the rolls. More recently, though, scholars have started once again to look at the court roll from the perspective adopted by Maitland in hisSelect Pleas in Manorial and Other Seigniorial Courts. These historians are concerned with defining and characterizing “customary law”: that is, with the nature and principles of the law applied in manor courts; the extent to which those principles were malleable or unchanging; the relationship between the rulings pronounced in the manor courts and those recorded in other areas of the legal system, most importantly the common law courts; and the machinery of manor courts with respect to procedures, personnel, and record keeping.

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