scholarly journals Effect of reduced heifer nutrition during in utero and post-weaning development on glucose and acetate kinetics

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 1702-1712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Waterman ◽  
Andrew J. Roberts ◽  
Thomas W. Geary ◽  
Elaine E. Grings ◽  
Leeson J. Alexander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Acetate Incorporation ◽  
Baseline Serum ◽  
Development Period ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Heifer Development ◽  
Winter Supplementation

Energetic efficiency was evaluated in composite bred heifers born from dams receiving 1·8 or 1·2 kg/d winter supplementation for approximately 80 d before parturition. Heifers were then developed post-weaning and randomly assigned to heifer development treatments of either control (100 %; ad libitum; n 8/year) or restricted (80 %; fed 80 % of supplementation fed to controls adjusted to a common body weight: n 8/year) in a 2-year study. A glucose tolerance test (GTT) and acetate irreversible loss test (AILT) were administered to heifers at the termination of a 140 d development period when the heifers were approximately 403 d of age and consumed a silage-based diet, and again at 940 d of age when pregnant with their second calf and grazing dormant forage. No differences were measured (P>0·08) for dam winter nutrition or heifer development treatment for baseline serum metabolites or measures in either the GTT or the AILT. However, changes in baseline serum concentrations (P>0·05) were different between metabolic challenges, which occurred at different stages of development. No difference in acetate disappearance (P = 0·18) and half-life (P = 0·66) was measured between the two metabolic challenges. A trend for glucose half-life to be shorter in heifers born from dams receiving in utero winter treatments that supplied 1·2 kg/d of winter supplementation was observed (P = 0·083). Heifers developed with lower total DM intake during a 140 d development period had similar glucose and acetate incorporation rates as ad libitum-fed heifers when evaluated at two different production stages.

scholarly journals PSXI-6 Calculating energy efficiency use for Nellore bulls divergent in residual feed intake

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 393-394
Author(s):  
Camila D A Batalha ◽  
Fabiana L De Araújo ◽  
Renata H Branco ◽  
Luis O Tedeschi ◽  
Sarah F Bonilha
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Efficiency Index ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Ad Libitum

Abstract Retained energy (RE) and energetic efficiency index were measured in Nellore bulls from divergent classes of residual feed intake (RFI). Thirty-four Nellore bulls (15 low RFI-LRFI and 19 high RFI-HRFI) were feedlot finished and slaughtered with 385 ± 40 kg of body weight (BW) and 520 ± 26.2 days of age. At the beginning of the experiment, five LRFI and three HRFI were slaughtered and used as base line. Individual dry matter intake was recorded daily; initial and final BW were recorded after 16 h of fasting. Eight bulls, four LRFI and four HRFI, were fed at maintenance, receiving 65 g of DM/kg0.75 BW, and 18 bulls (10 LRFI and eight HRFI) were fed ad libitum. Diet had 19:81 roughage:concentrate, 88% of DM and 15% of crude protein. Ultrasound measurements on the Longissimus muscle were performed at intervals of 28 days. When two ad libitum bulls reached 4 mm of subcutaneous fat thickness, one maintenance bull was randomly chosen and slaughtered on the same day. After slaughter, the centesimal composition of the empty body and carcass was measured. Data were analyzed using a random coefficients model, and RFI class was included as a fixed effect. Least-square means were used to compare the means, and significance was declared for P ≤ 0.05. The LRFI had greater protein retention than HRFI (248 vs. 142 g/d; P = 0.009), and same fat and energy retention (313 g/d and 4.12 Mcal/d, respectively). The energy efficiency indexes, heat production per metabolic energy intake (Mcal/Mcal) and gain-to-feed (kg/kg) ratio, did not differ between RFI classes. Though LRFI had the same energy efficiency index, they were leaner. These results indicated an association of RFI and maturity patterns. Further research is needed to estimate the net energy requirements of Nellore bulls classified according to RFI. Acknowledgments: FAPESP Processes 2017/06709-2, 2018/20080–2 and 2019/17714-2.

scholarly journals Intrauterine growth-restricted Yucatan miniature pigs experience early catch-up growth, leading to greater adiposity and impaired lipid metabolism as young adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 1322-1329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Semone B. Myrie ◽  
Leslie L. McKnight ◽  
J. Christopher King ◽  
John J. McGuire ◽  
Bruce N. Van Vliet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Abdominal Circumference ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Miniature Pigs ◽  
Postprandial Triglyceride ◽  
Fat Tolerance Test ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Impact

Early nutrition has critical influences on cardiovascular disease risk in adulthood. The study objectives were to evaluate the impact of low birth weight on fasting and postprandial lipid metabolism and endothelium function in Yucatan miniature pigs. Intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) piglets (n = 6; 3 days old, 0.73 ± 0.04 kg) were paired with normal-weight (NW) same-sex littermates (n = 6; 1.11 ± 0.05 kg) and fed milk replacer ad libitum for 4 weeks. Thereafter, all pigs were fed a standard diet ad libitum for 5 h/day with growth, intakes, and blood samples collected for 8 months. At 9 months old, pigs were surgically fitted with venous catheters and an oral fat tolerance test was performed. At 10 months old, pigs were killed and endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilations of isolated coronary arteries were measured using wire-myographs. IUGR pigs demonstrated catch-up growth (P < 0.05) in body weight and abdominal circumference prior to sexual maturity (<7 months old) and had more (P < 0.05) subcutaneous fat at 10 months old compared with NW pigs. IUGR pigs had consistently higher fasting plasma triglyceride concentrations from 5 to 10 months old and higher liver triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations at 10 months old (P < 0.05). The fat tolerance test revealed delayed postprandial triglyceride clearance in IUGR pigs, but no differences in plaque formation or vascular reactivity. To conclude, IUGR and early postnatal catch-up growth are associated with increased overall body fat deposition and altered triglyceride metabolism in adult Yucatan miniature swine.

scholarly journals Programming of Hypertonicity in Neonatal Lambs: Resetting of the Threshold for Vasopressin Secretion

Endocrinology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 144 (10) ◽  
pp. 4332-4337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mina Desai ◽  
Catalina Guerra ◽  
Shengbiao Wang ◽  
Michael G. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Neonatal Lambs ◽  
And Control

Lambs exposed in utero to maternal hypertonicity demonstrate plasma hypertonicity and arterial hypertension. To determine whether hypertonicity is due to an altered osmoregulatory set point, we examined arginine-vasopressin and cardiovascular responses to hypertonic saline infusion in these offspring. Study lambs [dehydrated (Dehy)] were exposed to maternal hypernatremia (8–10 mEq/liter increase; 110–150 d gestation) induced by water restriction. Control singleton and Control twins were born to ewes provided ad libitum water. We anticipated reduced birth weight due to maternal dehydration-induced anorexia and therefore included a Control group of twin gestations to approach a similar birth weight near term. After delivery, ewes from all three groups were provided ad libitum water, and their newborns were allowed ad libitum nursing. At 15 ± 2 d of age, lambs were prepared with bladder and vascular catheters. At 23 ± 2 d, after a 2-h basal period, neonatal lambs were iv infused with hypertonic 0.83 m NaCl (0.075 ml/kg·h) for 2 h, followed by a 2-h recovery. Neonatal mean arterial pressure and urine flow were continuously monitored, and blood samples were obtained before, during, and after infusion. During the basal period, Dehy neonates and Control twins demonstrated significantly increased plasma sodium levels and mean arterial pressure than Control singletons. In addition, the Dehy neonates had significantly increased plasma osmolality compared with Control singletons and twins. In response to hypertonic infusion, the Dehy offspring continued to exhibit hypertonicity and hypertension. Importantly, plasma tonicity and blood pressure were greatest in Dehy singletons, lowest in singleton controls, and intermediate in twin controls. Furthermore, the plasma osmolality threshold for AVP secretion was significantly higher in Dehy singletons (290 ± 2 mOsm/kg) than Control twins (285 ± 1 mOsm/kg) and Control singletons (280 ± 2 mOsm/kg), indicating in utero programming of an altered set point for systemic osmolality and blood pressure regulation. Because both twin gestation and dehydration-anorexia incur potential fetal nutritional stress, the results suggest that both in utero hypertonicity and nutrition reduction contribute to offspring programming. We postulate that the nutritional stress associated with twins (as well as dehydration-induced anorexia) contributes to increased plasma sodium levels, whereas the increased plasma osmolality is due to in utero hypertonicity.

scholarly journals Maternal Selenium Deficiency in Mice Alters Offspring Glucose Metabolism and Thyroid Status in a Sexually Dimorphic Manner

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Hofstee ◽  
Daniel R. McKeating ◽  
Lucy A. Bartho ◽  
Stephen T. Anderson ◽  
Anthony V. Perkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Selenium Deficiency ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Low Selenium ◽  
Long Term Impact

Selenium is an essential micronutrient commonly deficient in human populations. Selenium deficiency increases the risks of pregnancy complications; however, the long-term impact of selenium deficiency on offspring disease remains unclear. This study investigates the effects of selenium deficiency during pregnancy on offspring metabolic function. Female C57BL/6 mice were allocated to control (>190 μg selenium/kg, n = 8) or low selenium (<50 μg selenium/kg, n = 8) diets prior to mating and throughout gestation. At postnatal day (PN) 170, mice underwent an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test and were culled at PN180 for biochemical analysis. Mice exposed to selenium deficiency in utero had reduced fasting blood glucose but increased postprandial blood glucose concentrations. Male offspring from selenium-deficient litters had increased plasma insulin levels in conjunction with reduced plasma thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine or T4) concentrations. Conversely, females exposed to selenium deficiency in utero exhibited increased plasma thyroxine levels with no change in plasma insulin. This study demonstrates the importance of adequate selenium intake around pregnancy for offspring metabolic health. Given the increasing prevalence of metabolic disease, this study highlights the need for appropriate micronutrient intake during pregnancy to ensure a healthy start to life.

scholarly journals The Intrauterine and Nursing Period Is a Window of Susceptibility for Development of Obesity and Intestinal Tumorigenesis by a High Fat Diet inMin/+Mice as Adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Ha Thi Ngo ◽  
Ragna Bogen Hetland ◽  
Inger-Lise Steffensen
Keyword(s):  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Intestinal Tumorigenesis ◽  
Intestinal Neoplasia ◽  
Small Intestinal

We studied how obesogenic conditions during various life periods affected obesity and intestinal tumorigenesis in adult C57BL/6J-Min(multiple intestinal neoplasia)/+ mice. The mice were given a 10% fat diet throughout life (negative control) or a 45% fat dietin utero, during nursing, during bothin uteroand nursing, during adult life, or during their whole life-span, and terminated at 11 weeks for tumorigenesis (Min/+) or 23 weeks for obesogenic effect (wild-type). Body weight at 11 weeks was increased after a 45% fat diet during nursing, during bothin uteroand nursing, and throughout life, but had normalized at 23 weeks. In the glucose tolerance test, the early exposure to a 45% fat dietin utero, during nursing, or during bothin uteroand nursing, did not affect blood glucose, whereas a 45% fat diet given to adults or throughout life did. However, a 45% fat diet during nursing or duringin uteroand nursing increased the number of small intestinal tumors. So did exposures to a 45% fat diet in adult life or throughout life, but without increasing the tumor numbers further. The intrauterine and nursing period is a window of susceptibility for dietary fat-induced obesity and intestinal tumor development.

scholarly journals Acyl Ghrelin Acts in the Brain to Control Liver Function and Peripheral Glucose Homeostasis in Male Mice

Endocrinology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 156 (3) ◽  
pp. 858-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romana Stark ◽  
Alex Reichenbach ◽  
Sarah H. Lockie ◽  
Corinna Pracht ◽  
Qunli Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Glucose Tolerance Test ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Acyl Ghrelin

Abstract Recent evidence suggests that peripheral ghrelin regulates glucose metabolism. Here, we designed experiments to examine how central acyl ghrelin infusion affects peripheral glucose metabolism under pair-fed or ad libitum feeding conditions. Mice received intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF), ghrelin, and allowed to eat ad libitum (icv ghrelin ad lib) or ghrelin and pair-fed to the aCSF group (icv ghrelin pf). Minipumps delivered acyl ghrelin at a dose of 0.25 μg/h at 0.5 μL/h for 7 days. There was no difference in daily blood glucose, insulin, glucagon, triglycerides, or nonesterified fatty acids. Body weight gain and food intake was significantly higher in icv ghrelin ad lib mice. However, both icv ghrelin ad lib and icv ghrelin pf groups exhibited heavier white adipose mass. Icv ghrelin pf mice exhibited better glucose tolerance than aCSF or icv ghrelin ad lib mice during a glucose tolerance test, although both icv ghrelin ad lib and icv ghrelin pf increased insulin release during the glucose tolerance test. Central acyl ghrelin infusion and pair feeding also increased breakdown of liver glycogen and triglyceride, and regulated genes involved in hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism. Icv ghrelin pf mice had an increase in plasma blood glucose during a pyruvate tolerance test relative to icv ghrelin ad lib or aCSF mice. Our results suggest that under conditions of negative energy (icv ghrelin pf), central acyl ghrelin engages a neural circuit that influences hepatic glucose function. Metabolic status affects the ability of central acyl ghrelin to regulate peripheral glucose homeostasis.

Efficiency of conversion of food to wool. III. Wool production of ewes selected for high clean wool weight and of random control ewes on restricted and unrestricted food intakes in pens

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHS Dolling ◽  
LR Piper
Keyword(s):  
Wool Fibre ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Phenotypic Correlations ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

The clean wool production (W), gross energy intake (I), and body weight (B) of individually fed medium Peppin ewes representative of two groups, one (selected, S) genetically superior in W to the other (control, C), have been measured under restricted and ad libitum feeding of lucerne chaff in pens. Differences in favour of the S group were observed for W and W/I under both regimes, the respective relative values of S/C being under restricted feeding 110/100 and 112/100, and under ad libitum feeding 113/100 and 112/100. Of these between-group differences, only W/I on restricted feeding was significant (P < 0.05). Differences between groups for B and I were small and not significant. On restricted feeding the S/C values were 98/100 for both; on ad libitum feeding they were 99/100 for B and 101/100 for I. When the data from the two feeding regimes were combined, the between-group differences in both W and W/I were significant (P < 0.05), but no significant group x nutritional level interaction was observed in any character. The two levels of nutrition in the pens yielded wool production rates similar to those observed contemporaneously on natural pastures. There were large positive phenotypic correlations between net efficiency (W/I under restricted feeding) and gross efficiency (W/I under ad libitum feeding), and between net efficiency and W under both regimes. There were also positive phenotypic correlations between I and both W (moderate) and B (large) under ad libitum feeding. W/I accounted for 92% of the between-group (genetic) and 70% of the within-group (phenotypic) variation in W. There was no significant difference in plasma protein-bound iodine (PBI) between S and C ewes, while correlations between W and PBI were not significant within either group. The energetic efficiency of the wool production process is discussed; in this experiment no more than 1.5% of the energy consumed appeared as energy in the form of wool fibre.

Comparisons of body composition and energy utilization between Merino and fixed halfbred (Border Leicester × Merino) wethers

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 339 ◽  
Author(s):  
TW Searle ◽  
NM Graham
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Detectable Difference ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Water Space

Merino and halfbred weaner sheep were fed ad libitum for 6 months and food intake recorded; some animals of each breed were given a roughage-concentrate mixture and others were given a wholly roughage diet. The chemical composition of the body was determined from time to time. The halfbred animals ate more of each diet and grew faster than the Mennos. The Merinos became progressively fatter, weight for weight, than the halfbreds; fatness was not affected by diet per se. There was no detectable difference between the breeds in energetic efficiency. Prediction of the energy content of the body from tritiated water space measured in vivo gave similar results to carcass analysis.

Suppression and stimulation of TSH and thyroid hormones in bulls during starvation and refeeding

1983 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Borghild Tveit ◽  
Flemming Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Starvation Period ◽  
Disappearance Rate ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding ◽  
Stimulation Of

Abstract. Sixteen bull calves were fasted during two periods, 3½ and 7 months old. Blood samples were taken every 6 h during an experimental period of 9 days: 2 control days, 5 fasting days and 2 refeeding days. During the control days with ad libitum feeding, T3, T4 and TSH increased during the day. During the fasting period, T4 decreased with a half-life of 3.5 days and T3 with a half-life of 3 days. TSH decreased in a less regularly way to a mean of 60% of control mean. Six h after refeeding, TSH had increased to 300% of control mean. T3 and T4 had a maximum 12 h after refeeding. As the T4 decreased with a rate nearly similar to the T4 disappearance rate in starving bulls, the secretion of T4 from the thyroid gland must have been almost stopped during the starvation period. The morning values were below normal for all three hormones after 2 days of refeeding.

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