Eating out is different from eating at home among individuals who occasionally eat out. A cross-sectional study among middle-aged adults from eleven European countries

Eating out has been linked to the current obesity epidemic, but the evaluation of the extent to which out of home (OH) dietary intakes are different from those at home (AH) is limited. Data collected among 8849 men and 14 277 women aged 35–64 years from the general population of eleven European countries through 24-h dietary recalls or food diaries were analysed to: (1) compare food consumption OH to those AH; (2) describe the characteristics of substantial OH eaters, defined as those who consumed 25 % or more of their total daily energy intake at OH locations. Logistic regression models were fit to identify personal characteristics associated with eating out. In both sexes, beverages, sugar, desserts, sweet and savoury bakery products were consumed more OH than AH. In some countries, men reported higher intakes of fish OH than AH. Overall, substantial OH eating was more common among men, the younger and the more educated participants, but was weakly associated with total energy intake. The substantial OH eaters reported similar dietary intakes OH and AH. Individuals who were not identified as substantial OH eaters reported consuming proportionally higher quantities of sweet and savoury bakery products, soft drinks, juices and other non-alcoholic beverages OH than AH. The OH intakes were different from the AH ones, only among individuals who reported a relatively small contribution of OH eating to their daily intakes and this may partly explain the inconsistent findings relating eating out to the current obesity epidemic.

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Eating out of home and its correlates in 10 European countries. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980007000171 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1515-1525 ◽

Cited By ~ 94

Author(s):

Philippos Orfanos ◽

Androniki Naska ◽

Dimitrios Trichopoulos ◽

Nadia Slimani ◽

Pietro Ferrari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Food Group ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

European Countries ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Northern European ◽

Food And Beverage ◽

Eating Out ◽

Prospective Investigation

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the average out-of-home (OH) consumption of foods and beverages, as well as energy intake, among populations from 10 European countries and to describe the characteristics of substantial OH eaters, as defined for the purpose of the present study, in comparison to other individuals.DesignCross-sectional study. Dietary data were collected through single 24-hour dietary recalls, in which the place of consumption was recorded. For the present study, substantial OH eaters were defined as those who consumed more than 25% of total daily energy intake at locations other than the household premises. Mean dietary intakes and the proportion of substantial OH eaters are presented by food group and country. Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the odds of being a substantial OH eater in comparison to not being one, using mutually adjusted possible non-dietary determinants.SettingTen European countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).SubjectsThe subjects were 34 270 individuals, 12 537 men and 21 733 women, aged 35–74 years.ResultsThe fraction of energy intake during OH eating was generally higher in northern European countries than in the southern ones. Among the food and beverage groups, those selectively consumed outside the home were coffee/tea/waters and sweets and, to a lesser extent, cereals, meats, added lipids and vegetables. Substantial OH eating was positively associated with energy intake and inversely associated with age and physical activity. Substantial OH eating was less common among the less educated compared with the more educated, and more common during weekdays in central and north Europe and during the weekend in south Europe.ConclusionsEating outside the home was associated with sedentary lifestyle and increased energy intake; it was more common among the young and concerned in particular coffee/tea/waters and sweets.

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What Is on the Menu?—A Quantitative Analysis on Label Format among (Potential) Restaurant Guests and Restaurant Owners

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182312500 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (23) ◽

pp. 12500

Author(s):

Nadja S. J. Hanssen ◽

Joost O. Linschooten ◽

J. Hein M. van Lieverloo ◽

Annet J. C. Roodenburg

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Survey Design ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Menu Labeling ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Health Consciousness ◽

Menu Label ◽

Dietary Choices ◽

Eating Out ◽

Restaurant Owners

About 20% of energy intake in the Netherlands is consumed out-of-home. Eating out-of-home is associated with higher energy intake and poorer nutrition. Menu labeling can be considered a promising instrument to improve dietary choices in the out-of-home sector. Effectiveness depends on the presentation format of the label and its attractiveness and usability to restaurant guests and restaurant owners. This exploratory study investigated which menu labeling format would be mostly appreciated by (a) (potential) restaurant guests (n386) and (b) the uninvestigated group of restaurant owners (n41) if menu labeling would be implemented in Dutch full-service restaurants. A cross-sectional survey design was used to investigate three distinct menu labeling formats: a simple health logo; (star) ranking and calorie information. Questionnaires were used as study tool. Ranking has been shown to be the most appreciated menu labeling format by both (potential) restaurant guests and owners. Statistical analysis showed that label preference of potential restaurant guests was significantly associated with age, possibly associated with level of education, and not associated with health consciousness. In summary, we found that ranking is the most appreciated menu label format according to both (potential) restaurant guests and restaurant owners, suggesting it to be a promising way to improve healthy eating out-of-home.

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Eating location is associated with the nutritional quality of the diet in Norwegian adults

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980013000268 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 915-923 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Jannicke B Myhre ◽

Elin B Løken ◽

Margareta Wandel ◽

Lene F Andersen

Keyword(s):

Dietary Intake ◽

Fast Food ◽

Nutritional Quality ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Private Households ◽

At Home

AbstractObjectiveTo study the association between dinner eating location and the nutritional quality of the specific dinner meal and the whole-day dietary intake and to compare the diets of those consuming ≥25 % of energy out of home and at school/work (SOH; substantial out-of-home eaters) with those consuming <25 % of energy out (NSOH; non-substantial out-of-home eaters).DesignCross-sectional dietary survey using two non-consecutive 24 h recalls. Recorded eating locations were at home, other private households, work/school, restaurant/cafeteria/fast-food outlet and travel/meeting.SettingNationwide, Norway (2010–2011).SubjectsAdults aged 18–70 years (n 1746).ResultsDinners at restaurants and other private households were higher in energy than home dinners (P < 0·01). Restaurant dinners contained less fibre (g/MJ; P < 0·01) and had a higher percentage of alcohol consumers (P < 0·05), while dinners at other private households had a higher percentage of energy from sugar (P < 0·001) and a higher percentage of consumers of sugar-sweetened beverages (P < 0·05) than home dinners. Most differences between dinners consumed at different eating locations were also observed in dietary intakes for the whole day. SOH-eaters had a higher energy intake (P < 0·01), a higher percentage of energy from sugar (P < 0·01) and a lower fibre intake (P < 0·01) than NSOH-eaters. The percentages of consumers of alcohol and sugar-sweetened beverages were higher (P < 0·01) among SOH-eaters.ConclusionsDinner eating location was significantly associated with the nutritional quality of the diet, both for the specific dinner meal and for whole-day intake. Our data generally point to healthier dinners being consumed at home. SOH-eaters had a less favourable dietary intake than NSOH-eaters.

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Self-reported changes in energy balance behaviors during COVID-19 related home confinement: A Cross-Sectional Study

10.1101/2020.06.10.20127753 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Surabhi Bhutani ◽

Jamie A Cooper ◽

Michelle R Vandellen

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Body Weight ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Health Behavior ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Multiple Time ◽

Sudden Increase ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

At Home

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has caused people to shelter-at-home for an extended period, resulting in a sudden rise in unstructured time. This unexpected disruption in everyday life has raised concerns about weight management, especially in high-risk populations of women and individuals with overweight and obesity. This study aimed to investigate the changes in behaviors that may impact energy intake and/or energy expenditure in U.S. adults during the home confinement.MethodsCross-sectional data from 1,779 adults were collected using an online Qualtrics survey between April 24th and May 4th, 2020. Self-reported data on demographics, eating behaviors, physical activity, sleep, screen time, takeout food intake, and food purchasing behaviors were collected. Chi-Square analyses were conducted to evaluate differences in the percent of participants reporting increasing, decreasing, or staying the same in each health behavior since the COVID-19 outbreak in their area. Each analysis was followed by comparing whether increases or decreases were more likely for each health behavior. Similar comparisons were made between male and female participants and between body mass index (BMI) categories.ResultsWe observed an increase in the intake of both healthy and energy-dense unhealthy foods and snacks during the home confinement. Participants also reported increases in sedentary activities and decrease in physical activity, alcohol intake, and consumption of takeout meals during this time. In women, several behavioral changes support greater energy intake and less energy expenditure than men. No clear difference in patterns was observed across BMI status.ConclusionAcute changes in behaviors underscore the significance of a sudden increase in unstructured time at home on potential weight gain. Our findings support the need to implement and support measures that promote strategies to maintain body weight and establish a methodology to collect body weight data at multiple time points to longitudinally assess the dynamic relationship between behaviors and body weight change.

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Consumption of bakery products, sweetened soft drinks and yogurt among children aged 6–7 years: association with nutrient intake and overall diet quality

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn2002787 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 89 (3) ◽

pp. 419-428 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo ◽

Esther López García ◽

Lydia Gorgojo ◽

Carmen Garcés ◽

Miguel Ángel Royo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

Soft Drinks ◽

Bakery Products ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Saturated Fats ◽

The Difference ◽

The Impact

The present study tests the hypothesis that higher consumption of bakery products, sweetened soft drinks and yogurt is associated with higher intake of energy, saturated fats, sugars and worse overall diet quality among Spanish children. This is a cross-sectional study covering 1112 children aged 6.0–7.0 years in four Spanish cities. Nutrient and food intake were obtained through a food-frequency questionnaire, and overall diet quality calculated using the healthy-eating index (HEI) developed by <bibr rid="b20">Kennedy et al. (1995)</bibr>. Standardized methods were used to measure anthropometric variables. Associations of interest were summarized as the difference in nutrient and food consumption between the value of the fifth and the first quintile of consumption (dq) of bakery products, sweetened soft drinks or yogurt, adjusted for energy intake and BMI. Bakery products, sweetened soft drinks and yogurt supplied 15·5, 1·0 and 5·6 % energy intake respectively. Higher consumption of these three foods was associated with greater energy intake (P<0·001), but not with higher BMI. Consumption of bakery products was associated with the proportion of energy derived from intake of total carbohydrates (dq 4·5 %, P<0·001) and sugars (dq 2 %, P<0·001), but did not show association with the HEI. Consumption of sweetened soft drinks was associated with a lower consumption of milk (dq −88 ml, P<0·001) and Ca (dq −175 m/, P<0·001), and worse HEI (dq −2, P<0·01). Consumption of yogurt, while associated with higher energy intake from saturated fats (dq 1·77 %, P<0·001) and sugars (dq 2·02 %, P<0·001), showed no association with the HEI. Differences in the intake of nutrients and foods across quintiles of consumption of bakery products, sweetened soft drinks and yogurt were usually very small. We conclude that the impact of the consumption of bakery products, sweetened soft drinks and yogurt on the quality of the diet of Spanish children is only modest, although it may contribute to aggravating certain unhealthy characteristics of their diet, particularly excess energy, saturated fats and sugars. Therefore, consumption of bakery products and sweetened soft drinks should be moderated, and priority given to consumption of low-fat, low-sugar yogurt.

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Timing of eating across ten European countries – results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) calibration study

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980018002288 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 324-335 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ena Huseinovic ◽

Anna Winkvist ◽

Heinz Freisling ◽

Nadia Slimani ◽

Heiner Boeing ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Energy Intake ◽

European Countries ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Northern European ◽

Mediterranean Countries ◽

Calibration Study ◽

Sectional Analysis ◽

Intake Ratio ◽

Prospective Investigation

AbstractObjectiveTo examine timing of eating across ten European countries.DesignCross-sectional analysis of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) calibration study using standardized 24 h diet recalls collected during 1995–2000. Eleven predefined food consumption occasions were assessed during the recall interview. We present time of consumption of meals and snacks as well as the later:earlier energy intake ratio, with earlier and later intakes defined as 06.00–14.00 and 15.00–24.00 hours, respectively. Type III tests were used to examine associations of sociodemographic, lifestyle and health variables with timing of energy intake.SettingTen Western European countries.SubjectsIn total, 22 985 women and 13 035 men aged 35–74 years (n 36 020).ResultsA south–north gradient was observed for timing of eating, with later consumption of meals and snacks in Mediterranean countries compared with Central and Northern European countries. However, the energy load was reversed, with the later:earlier energy intake ratio ranging from 0·68 (France) to 1·39 (Norway) among women, and from 0·71 (Greece) to 1·35 (the Netherlands) among men. Among women, country, age, education, marital status, smoking, day of recall and season were all independently associated with timing of energy intake (all P<0·05). Among men, the corresponding variables were country, age, education, smoking, physical activity, BMI and day of recall (all P<0·05).ConclusionsWe found pronounced differences in timing of eating across Europe, with later meal timetables but greater energy load earlier during the day in Mediterranean countries compared with Central and Northern European countries.

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The Ophthalmic status manifestations of nutritional and lifestyle disorders of men in a peri urban community in Ghana

Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences ◽

10.4314/jmbs.v6i1.1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

F. Vuvor ◽

M. Steiner-Asiedu ◽

F.K. Saalia

Keyword(s):

Vitamin A ◽

Urban Community ◽

Alcoholic Beverages ◽

Strongly Correlated ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Biomedical Sciences ◽

African Countries ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Bitot’S Spot ◽

Alcohol Users

Unhealthy conditions of eye/sight in poor communities in South-Saharan African countries are many and becoming a global concern. The aim of the study is to determine the lifestyle variables and their associations with unhealthy ophthalmic conditions of men in a peri-urban community in Ghana. The study was a cross-sectional; involving men aged ≥18 years of age. Data were gathered using WHO Stepwise questionnaires. Analyses included frequencies, Chi-squares, correlations and regressions. The participants were made up of 1449 men. The dietary intakes of vitamin A rich food were so low that they could not be represented quantitatively. About 71.0% of the men were habitual users of alcoholic beverages and 22.0% smoked tobacco. About 21.7% of men had Bitot’s spot while 4.3% had keratomalacia. The logistic regression analysis predicted that alcohol users were about twice more likely to suffer Bitot’s spot (p=0.20) while tobacco smokers were about 3 times and 13 times more likely to suffer from Bitot’s spot (p<0.01) and Keratomalacia (p<0.01) respectively, compared with nonsmokers in the study group. The prevalence of ophthalmic was considerable high. The lifestyle behaviours such as smoking were strongly correlated with Bitot’s spots and keratomalacia among the participating men.Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences (2017) 6(1), 1-7Keywords: Bitot’s spot, keratomalacia, Vitamin-A, Xerophthalmia

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Diet–obesity associations in children: approaches to counteract attenuation caused by misreporting

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980012004491 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 256-266 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Claudia Börnhorst ◽

Inge Huybrechts ◽

Antje Hebestreit ◽

Barbara Vanaelst ◽

Dénes Molnár ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Propensity Score ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Measurement Errors ◽

Random Effect ◽

Positive Association ◽

Soft Drinks ◽

Reverse Direction ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Cross Sectional

AbstractObjectiveMeasurement errors in dietary data lead to attenuated estimates of associations between dietary exposures and health outcomes. The present study aimed to compare and evaluate different approaches of handling implausible reports by exemplary analysis of the association between dietary intakes (total energy, soft drinks, fruits/vegetables) and overweight/obesity in children.DesignCross-sectional multicentre study.SettingKindergartens/schools from eight European countries participating in the IDEFICS Study.SubjectsChildren (n 5357) aged 2–9 years who provided one 24 h dietary recall and complete covariate information.ResultsThe 24 h recalls were classified into three reporting groups according to adapted Goldberg cut-offs: under-report, plausible report or over-report. In the basic logistic multilevel model (adjusted for age and sex, including study centre as random effect), the dietary exposures showed no significant association with overweight/obesity (energy intake: OR=0·996 (95 % CI 0·983, 1·010); soft drinks: OR = 0·999 (95 % CI 0·986, 1·013)) and revealed even a positive association for fruits/vegetables (OR = 1·009 (95 % CI 1·001, 1·018)). When adding the reporting group (dummy variables) and a propensity score for misreporting as adjustment terms, associations became significant for energy intake as well as soft drinks (energy: OR = 1·074 (95 % CI 1·053, 1·096); soft drinks: OR = 1·015 (95 % CI 1·000, 1·031)) and the association between fruits/vegetables and overweight/obesity pointed to the reverse direction compared with the basic model (OR = 0·993 (95 % CI 0·984, 1·002)).ConclusionsAssociations between dietary exposures and health outcomes are strongly affected or even masked by measurement errors. In the present analysis consideration of the reporting group and inclusion of a propensity score for misreporting turned out to be useful tools to counteract attenuation of effect estimates.

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Dietary intakes among South Asian adults differ by length of residence in the USA

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980015001512 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 348-355 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Sameera A Talegawkar ◽

Namratha R Kandula ◽

Meghana D Gadgil ◽

Dipika Desai ◽

Alka M Kanaya

Keyword(s):

South Asian ◽

Disease Risk ◽

South Asians ◽

Dietary Cholesterol ◽

Alcoholic Beverages ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Length Of Residence ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Usa ◽

Adult Immigrants

AbstractObjectiveTo examine whether nutrient and food intakes among South Asian adult immigrants differ by length of residence in the USA.DesignCross-sectional analysis to examine differences in nutrient and food intakes by length of residence in the USA. Dietary data were collected using an interviewer-administered, culturally appropriate FFQ, while self-reported length of residence was assessed using a questionnaire and modelled as tertiles.SettingThe Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) study.SubjectsEight hundred and seventy-four South Asians (mean age=55 (sd 9) years; 47 % women; range of length of residence in the USA=2–58 years), part of the baseline examination of the MASALA study.ResultsIntakes of fat, including saturated and trans fats, dietary cholesterol and n-6 fatty acids, were directly associated with length of residence, while intakes of energy, carbohydrate, glycaemic index and load, protein, dietary fibre, folate and K were inversely associated with length of residence (P trend <0·05). A longer length of residence in the USA was also associated with higher intakes of alcoholic beverages, mixed dishes including pizza and pasta, fats and oils, and lower intakes of beans and lentils, breads, grains and flour products, milk and dairy products, rice, starchy vegetables and sugar, candy and jam (P for differences across groups <0·05).ConclusionsLength of residence in the USA influences diet and nutrient intakes among South Asian adult immigrants and should be considered when investigating and planning dietary interventions to mitigate chronic disease risk.

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Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among European Preschool Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression by Food Group Consumption

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11071698 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1698 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Garrido-Miguel ◽

Oliveira ◽

Cavero-Redondo ◽

Álvarez-Bueno ◽

Pozuelo-Carrascosa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fixed Effects ◽

Task Force ◽

Food Group ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Excess Weight ◽

European Countries ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Obesity Epidemic ◽

Pooled Prevalence ◽

Prevalence Estimates

The aim of this review was to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among European children aged 2–7 years from 2006 to 2016 and to analyze these estimations by gender, country, and food group consumption. We searched CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Web of Science databases from their inception until 27 February 2019 including cross-sectional studies and baseline measurements of cohort studies with overweight and obesity defined according to the International Obesity Task Force criteria. Both the inverse-variance fixed-effects method and the DerSimonian and Laird random effects method were used to determinate pooled prevalence estimates and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A total of 32 studies (n = 197,755 children) with data from 27 European countries were included. Overall, the pooled prevalence estimates of overweight/obesity in European children (aged 2–7 years) during the period 2006–2016 was 17.9% (95% CI: 15.8–20.0), and the pooled prevalence estimate of obesity was 5.3% (95% CI: 4.5–6.1). Southern European countries showed the highest prevalence of excess weight. Additional measures to address the obesity epidemic in early life should be established, especially in European countries where the prevalence of excess weight is very high.

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