Abomasally infused SFA with varying chain length differently affect milk production and composition and alter hepatic and mammary gene expression in lactating cows

2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (4) ◽  
pp. 386-395
Author(s):  
D. E. Rico ◽  
J. E. Parales ◽  
B. A. Corl ◽  
A. Lengi ◽  
P. Y. Chouinard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Stearoyl Coa Desaturase ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Fat Supplements

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to compare the effects of post-ruminally infused fat supplements, varying in fatty acid (FA) chain length, on animal performance, metabolism and milk FA. Eleven multiparous Holstein dairy cows were used in a replicated incomplete 3 × 3 Latin square design with 7-d periods, separated by 7-d washouts. Treatments were administered as abomasal infusions of enrichments providing 280 g/d of FA: (1) palmitic acid (98·4 % 16 : 0; PA), (2) caprylic and capric acids (56·2 % 8 : 0, 43·8 % 10 : 0; medium-chain TAG (MCT)) and (3) stearic acid (99·0 % 18 : 0; SA). Relative to PA, SA decreased the efficiency of fat-corrected milk production, which was associated with a tendency for higher DM intake and lower FA absorption with SA, whereas MCT was not different from PA for these variables. Milk fat concentration and yield were increased by PA relative to SA, but only fat yield tended to be greater relative to MCT. Relative to PA, MCT increased milk fat concentration of FA < 16 C, whereas SA increased FA > 16 C. Expression of mammary stearoyl-coA desaturase 1 was lower with SA than with PA. Relative to PA, liver expression of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-1 and pyruvate kinase was increased with MCT, whereas expression of these genes tended to be increased by SA. The mechanism of increased fat secretion with PA does not seem to be related to a modulation of the expression of lipogenesis-related genes, but rather to increased substrate availability as reflected by milk FA profile.

The effects of feeding frequency of concentrates and feeding sequence of hay on eating behavior, ruminal environment and milk production in dairy cows

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. K. Macleod ◽  
P. E. Colucci ◽  
A. D. Moore ◽  
D. G. Grieve ◽  
N. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Daily Feeding ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Rumen Metabolism

Two lactation trials were conducted with Holstein cows to assess the effects of varying the feeding frequency of concentrates, addition of long hay, and the sequence of hay and grain feeding on performance, rumen fermentation and eating behavior. Numbers of primiparous and multiparous cows assigned to repeated Latin square designs (4 × 4) were 8 and 12 for exp. 1 and 12 and 20 for exp. 2. Each experiment utilized four extra rumen-fistulated lactating cows to examine aspects of rumen metabolism. The four treatments applied in exp. 1 were (a) twice-daily feeding of concentrate, no hay; (b) thrice-daily feeding of concentrate, no hay; (c) hay offered 1 h before concentrate; and (d) hay offered 1 h after concentrate. Treatments in exp. 2 were similar, with the following exceptions: (b) concentrate six times daily; (c) hay 2 h before concentrate; and (d) hay 0.5 h after concentrate. In each treatment in both experiments, alfalfa silage was offered ad libitum. The average concentrate/forage ratio of the diets was 74:26 and 60:40 for exp. 1 and 2, respectively. In exp. 1, except for time spent eating and concentration of rumen propionate (increased with addition of 2 kg hay d−1, P < 0.05), treatments had no effect on dry matter intake, milk production and rumen metabolism. In exp. 2, inclusion of hay in the diet (3 kg d−1) increased DM intake (P < 0.001) and milk (P < 0.05), protein and lactose (P < 0.01) yields but decreased milk-fat test (P < 0.01). Hay also increased the ruminal molar proportions of propionate, butyrate (P < 0.05) and valerate (P < 0.001) and decreased acetate (P < 0.05), isobutyrate and isovalerate (P < 0.001). As in exp. 1, rumen ammonia N and pH were not affected by treatments. The effects of hay inclusion in the diet in exp. 2 are consistent with the high quality of hay used, which had a lower fiber content than the silage. Key words: Feeding frequency, feeding sequence, lactating dairy cows

scholarly journals Metabolic and Productive Response and Grazing Behavior of Lactating Dairy Cows Supplemented with High Moisture Maize or Cracked Wheat Grazing at Two Herbage Allowances in Spring

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 919
Author(s):  
Verónica M. Merino ◽  
Lorena Leichtle ◽  
Oscar A. Balocchi ◽  
Francisco Lanuza ◽  
Julián Parga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Grazing Behavior

The aim was to determine the effect of the herbage allowance (HA) and supplement type (ST) on dry matter intake (DMI), milk production and composition, grazing behavior, rumen function, and blood metabolites of grazing dairy cows in the spring season. Experiment I: 64 Holstein Friesian dairy cows were distributed in a factorial design that tested two levels of daily HA (20 and 30 kg of dry matter (DM) per cow) and two ST (high moisture maize (HMM) and cracked wheat (CW)) distributed in two daily rations (3.5 kg DM/cow/day). Experiment II: four mid-lactation rumen cannulated cows, supplemented with either HMM or CW and managed with the two HAs, were distributed in a Latin square design of 4 × 4, for four 14-d periods to assess ruminal fermentation parameters. HA had no effect on milk production (averaging 23.6 kg/day) or milk fat and protein production (823 g/day and 800 g/day, respectively). Cows supplemented with CW had greater protein concentration (+1.2 g/kg). Herbage DMI averaged 14.17 kg DM/cow.day and total DMI averaged 17.67 kg DM/cow.day and did not differ between treatments. Grazing behavior activities (grazing, rumination, and idling times) and body condition score (BCS) were not affected by HA or ST. Milk and plasma urea concentration increased under the high HA (+0.68 mmol/L and +0.90 mmol/L, respectively). Cows supplemented with HMM had lower milk and plasma urea concentrations (0.72 mmol/L and 0.76 mmol/L less, respectively) and tended (p = 0.054) to have higher plasma β-hydroxybutyrate. Ruminal parameters did not differ between treatments.

Lactation response of cows to different levels of ruminally inert conjugated linoleic acids under commercial conditions

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Gervais ◽  
Richard Spratt ◽  
Martin Léonard ◽  
P. Yvan Chouinard
Keyword(s):  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Metabolic Profile ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Dietary Lipids ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Lactating Cows

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplements have been shown to reduce milk fat synthesis in dairy cows. A rumen-inert source of CLA is required for commercial feed applications. The conversion of dietary lipids to a calcium salt is considered as a method to counter the extensive hydrogenation of dietary lipids that occurs in the rumen. Our objective was to determine whether feeding calcium salts of CLA under commercial conditions would affect milk production, milk composition and blood metabolic profile. A total of 240 dairy cows from eight farms were blocked according to the calving date, and randomly assigned to four treatments providing CLA at 0, 8, 16 and 32 g d-1. Milk production was recorded and milk was sampled on day 0, 7, 14, 28 and 42 of the feeding period. Blood samples were taken on day 42 from early-lactating cows (< 157 d in milk) to determine the metabolic profile. Milk fat yield was decreased 11, 20 and 28%, and milk fat concentration was reduced 13, 22 and 28% (linear; P < 0.001) when cows received 8, 16 and 32 g d-1 of CLA, respectively. Milk yield, milk protein and blood metabolic parameters were not affected by experimental treatments. Calcium salts of CLA can be used as an effective tool to manage milk fat content on commercial dairy farms. Key words: Conjugated linoleic acid, milk fat, ruminally inert fat

Study on candidate genes for milk production traits of Red Chittagong Cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
MP Mostari ◽  
MYA Khan
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Milk Production Traits ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Pooled Dna ◽  
Fat Yield

The study was carried out on Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD,) diacylglycerolacyltransferase-1 (DGAT1) and ATP-binding cassette G2 (ABCG2) genes which are responsible for variation in milk production traits (milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, and SNF yield) in cattle. These genes were used as candidate genes in Red Chittagong Cattle (RCC) breed of Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) herd for detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) causing variation in milk production traits. Focusing on the effects of SNPs on milk production traits, phenotypic variation within RCC breed was identified and categorized based on milk production traits. Average lactation yield varied from 527 to 1436 kg (n=29) per lactation. About 18% of lactating cows showed an average of >1000 kg per lactation. Average fat percent ranged from 4.71 to 6.25 (n=15). Eighteen (18) set of primers were designed to amplify targeted regions of SCD, DGAT1 and ABCG2 genes, where 8 set from DGAT1, 6 set from SCD and 4 set from ABCG2 gene. Pooled DNA from 50 RCC cows and 5 RCC bulls were used in sequencing. In sequence analysis, the SCD, DGAT1 and ABCG2 alleles found fixed in RCC. This study suggests an evidence that RCC breed has fixed alleles with respect to SCD, DGAT1 and ABCG2 genes reported to be responsible for higher milk fat yield, higher fat and protein percent. Bang. J. Livs. Res. Vol. 26 (1&2), 2019: P. 1-7

Predicting milk responses to cereal-based supplements in grazing dairy cows

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 746 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Heard ◽  
M. Hannah ◽  
C. K. M. Ho ◽  
E. Kennedy ◽  
P. T. Doyle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Correction Factor ◽  
Bias Correction ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Fat Yield

The feeding of cereal-based supplements is common in the Australian dairy industry, as it allows cows to increase intakes of total dry matter (DM) and metabolisable energy (ME), while achieving greater stocking rates, greater pasture utilisation and greater milk production per hectare than occurs when cows are fed pasture-only diets. However, for this practice to be profitable, it is important to know how much extra milk, milk protein and milk fat are produced for each kilogram DM consumed. This is difficult to determine in such a complex biological system. We combined information from 24 concentrate-feeding experiments using meta-analysis techniques, so as to develop improved prediction models of the milk, milk protein and milk fat produced when cereal-based concentrates are fed to grazing, lactating dairy cows. Model terms, consistent with biological processes, linear, quadratic and factorial, were selected according to statistical significance. The models were then tested in two ways, namely, their goodness of fit to the data, and their ability to predict novel production data from a further six, unrelated, experiments. A sensitivity analysis was also undertaken to determine how sensitive these predictions are to changes in key inputs. The predictive model for milk yield was shown to very closely reflect milk yield (kg/cow.day) measured under the experimental conditions in unrelated experiments (r = 0.96), with very little bias (Lin’s bias correction factor = 0.98) and high concordance (Lin’s concordance coefficient = 0.95). Predictions generated by multiplying predicted milk protein concentration by predicted milk yield closely matched observed milk protein yield (kg/cow.day) (r = 0.96, Lin’s bias correction factor = 0.98, Lin’s concordance coefficient = 0.95), and predictions found by multiplying predicted milk fat concentration by predicted milk yield closely matched observed milk fat yield (kg/cow.day) (r = 0.94, Lin’s bias correction factor = 0.99, Lin’s concordance coefficient = 0.93). Factors included in the new models for milk, milk protein and milk fat yield reported here have been identified previously as elements that can influence milk production. The value to the dairy industry from being able to predict profitable amounts of concentrates to feed at various stages throughout lactation is considerable. For farmers and their advisers, being able to apply these models to estimate the immediate marginal milk protein and milk fat responses to supplementary feeds should lead to more robust, efficient and profitable milk production systems.

Digestion, milk production and milk fatty acid profile of dairy cows fed flax hulls and infused with flax oil in the abomasum

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiano Côrtes ◽  
Ricardo Kazama ◽  
Daniele da Silva-Kazama ◽  
Chaouki Benchaar ◽  
Lucia M Zeoula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Flax Oil ◽  
Abomasal Infusion ◽  
Protein Milk

Flax hull, a co-product obtained from flax processing, is a rich source of n-3 fatty acids (FA) but there is little information on digestion of flax hull based diets and nutritive value of flax hull for dairy production. Flax oil is rich in α-linolenic acid (LNA) and rumen bypass of flax oil contributes to increase n-3 FA proportions in milk. Therefore, the main objective of the experiment was to determine the effects of abomasal infusion of increasing amounts of flax oil on apparent digestibility, dry matter (DM) intake, milk production, milk composition, and milk FA profile with emphasis on the proportion of LNA when cows were supplemented or not with another source of LNA such as flax hull. Six multiparous Holstein cows averaging 650±36 kg body weight and 95±20 d in milk were assigned to a 6×6 Latin square design (21-d experimental periods) with a 2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatments were: 1) control, neither flax hull nor flax oil (CON), 2) diet containing (DM basis) 15·9% flaxseed hull (FHU); 3) CON with abomasal infusion of 250 g/d flax oil; 4) CON with abomasal infusion of 500 g/d flax oil; 5) FHU with abomasal infusion of 250 g/d flax oil; 6) FHU with abomasal infusion of 500 g/d flax oil. Infusion of flax oil in the abomasum resulted in a more pronounce decrease in DM intake for cows fed the CON diets than for those fed the FHU diets. Abomasal infusion of flax oil had little effect on digestibility and FHU supplementation increased digestibility of DM and crude protein. Milk yield was not changed by abomasal infusion of flax oil where it was decreased with FHU supplementation. Cows fed FHU had higher proportions of 18:0, cis9-18:1, trans dienes, trans monoenes and total trans in milk fat than those fed CON. Proportion of LNA was similar in milk fat of cows infused with 250 and 500 g/d flax oil in the abomasum. Independently of the basal diet, abomasal infusion of flax oil resulted in the lowest n-6:n-3 FA ratio in milk fat, suggesting that the most important factor for modification of milk FA profile was the amount of n-3 FA bypassing the rumen and not the amount of flax hull fed to dairy cows. Moreover, these data suggest that there is no advantage to supply more than 250 g/d of flax oil in the abomasum to increase the proportion of LNA in milk fat.

scholarly journals Further studies on the effect of fat supplementation of concentrates fed to lactating dairy cows. 1. Effect on feed intake, feed intake pattern and milk production and composition.

1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-352
Author(s):  
H. de Visser ◽  
S. Tamminga ◽  
L.G.M. van Gils
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Fat Supplementation ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Fat Supplements ◽  
Supplemental Fat

1. In a 3 X 3 Latin square design 9 cows were given long hay and a concentrate without supplemental fat or with 12% fat (11% tallow and 1% palm kernel oil) mixed with other ingredients or adsorbed on a carrier of Palabora vermiculite. During the 3rd week of treatment milk production was 21.4, 23.5 and 22.6 kg daily, respectively. With both fat-supplemented concentrates, milk fat content increased initially but then decreased sharply and was 3.55, 3.18 and 3.91% in week 3. At the same time protein was 3.19, 3.07 and 3.09%. Feed intake of cows given the fat supplements decreased. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals PSXII-42 The lactational response in dairy cows to supplementation of calcium gluconate embedded in a fat matrix

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 430-430
Author(s):  
John Doelman ◽  
Leslie McKnight ◽  
Pieter Winia ◽  
Gera Uittenbogaard ◽  
Michelle Carson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Calcium Gluconate ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Gluconic Acid ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Gastrointestinal Health ◽  
Fat Yield

Abstract Functional nutrients that facilitate gastrointestinal health may serve as an alternative to the use of antimicrobials in animal production systems. Gluconic acid has been used as a prebiotic health promoter in non-ruminant applications. It is poorly absorbed in the small intestine and is fermented to butyrate in the lower gastrointestinal tract. The gut health benefits of butyrate have been demonstrated in both non-ruminant and ruminant models, but effects of post-ruminal gluconic acid supplementation are not well described. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of calcium gluconate embedded in a fat matrix (CGFM; 40% CaGlu) on dry matter intake, blood metabolites, milk production and fecal short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production in early lactation dairy cows (21 ± 2 DIM) fed to 100% of energy and protein requirements. The experiment was a 3 x 3 replicated Latin square with 13 replicates (3 cows/replicate), 3 experimental periods (each 28 d) and 3 dietary treatments of control (0 g/d), 16 g/d and 25 g/d of CGFM. There was no treatment effect on DMI and milk yield. The relationship between dose of CGFM (i.e. 0, 16, 26 g/d) and milk fat and protein yield, energy corrected milk was significantly quadratic (P &lt; 0.05) while feed efficiency tended to be quadratic (P = 0.08). The greatest response was in milk fat yield, which increased 90 g/d over control at 16 g/d of CGFM. No significant changes in blood metabolite concentrations or fecal SCFA concentrations were observed between treatments, although there was a numerical increase in non-esterified fatty acid concentration in response to the 16 g/d CGFM dose (P = 0.16). The response to supplementation of fat-embedded calcium gluconate appears to alter energy partitioning in the lactating dairy cow, as demonstrated with subtle changes in circulating lipid and increased fat yield.

The interaction of monensin and flaxseed hulls on ruminal and milk concentration of the mammalian lignan enterolactone in late-lactating dairy cows

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène V Petit ◽  
Cristiano Côrtes ◽  
Daniele da Silva ◽  
Ricardo Kazama ◽  
Nathalie Gagnon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Matter Basis

Four ruminally fistulated multiparous Holstein cows were assigned to a 4×4 Latin square design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments to study the effects of dietary supplementation of monensin and flaxseed hulls on ruminal and milk concentration of the mammalian lignan enterolactone (EL) and ruminal and faecal activity of β-glucuronidase. The hypothesis was that monensin supplementation has no effect on the incorporation of EL into milk when cows are fed flaxseed hulls. Treatments were: 1) control, neither flaxseed hulls nor monensin (CO); 2) diet containing (dry matter basis) 20% flaxseed hulls (FH); 3) diet with monensin (16 mg/kg of dry matter; MO); 4) diet containing 20% (dry matter basis) flaxseed hulls and 16 mg/kg monensin (HM). Intake of dry matter was higher for CO and MO than for FH and HM and monensin had no effect. Milk production decreased in cows fed flaxseed hulls while monensin had no effect. Production of 4% fat-corrected milk and concentrations of milk fat, lactose, urea N, and total solids were similar among treatments. Although there was a decrease in ruminal activity of β-glucuronidase when feeding flaxseed hulls, the metabolism of plant into mammalian lignans may be increased as shown by enhanced concentration of EL in the rumen and milk. Supplementation with flaxseed hulls then may contribute to favourably change milk composition for better human health by enhancing mammalian lignan EL concentration.

Milk production responses of primiparous and multiparous dairy cows to dose of conjugated linoleic acid consumed in rumen inert form

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Sippel ◽  
R S Spratt ◽  
J P Cant
Keyword(s):  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Fat Yield

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has the potential to be used as a dietary means of manipulating milk fat production of dairy cows to meet specified short-term targets, as in a supply-managed industry. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the dose-response to calcium salts of CLA fed as a top-dress on a corn- and alfalfa-based TMR. In two 5 × 5 Latin squares of 28-d periods, five primiparous and five multiparous cows were fed 0, 22, 45, 67 or 178 g d-1 CLA (29% trans-10, cis-12) as a calcium salt. Results from one multiparous cow on the 178 g d-1 treatment were removed from statistical analysis because milk production fell to 1.2 kg d-1 by the end of the period. On average, milk, lactose and protein yields increased at the lower doses of CLA and decreased to control levels at the highest dose. Milk fat yield declined progressively from 876 to 770, 689, 676 and 543 g d-1 on the five doses. Net energy balance of cows increased linearly from -1.5 Mcal d-1 on the control to 2.0 Mcal d-1 at 178 g d-1 CLA. The percentage depression in milk fat yield at different doses of trans-10, cis-12 CLA was described by the equation y = 54/(1 + 22.8/dose). Comparison with published literature suggested that feeding calcium salts of CLA was 30% as effective in depressing milk fat production as an abomasal infusion, due to rumen biohydrogenation and intestinal indigestibility.Key words: Milk composition, cattle, diet

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