scholarly journals Dietary supplementation of fructooligosaccharides alleviates enterotoxigenic E. coli-induced disruption of intestinal epithelium in a weaned piglet model

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Yuheng Luo ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Daiwen Chen ◽  
Bing Yu ◽  
Ping Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Intestinal Epithelium ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Sterile Culture ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Weaned Piglet

Abstract Diarrhea caused by pathogens such as enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) is a serious threat to the health of young animals and human infants. Here, we investigated the protective effect of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) on the intestinal epithelium with ETEC-challenge in a weaned piglet model. Twenty-four weaned piglets were randomly divided into three groups: (1) non-ETEC-challenged control (CON), (2) ETEC-challenged control (ECON), and (3) ETEC challenge + 2.5 g/kg FOS (EFOS). On day 19, the CON pigs were orally infused with sterile culture, while the ECON and EFOS pigs were orally infused with active ETEC (2.5 × 109 colony-forming units). On day 21, pigs were slaughtered to collect venous blood and small intestine. Result showed that the pre-treatment of FOS improved the antioxidant capacity and the integrity of intestinal barrier in the ETEC-challenged pigs without affecting their growth performance. Specifically, comparing with ECON pigs, the level of GSH-Px (glutathione peroxidase) and CAT (catalase) in the plasma and intestinal mucosa of EFOS pigs was increased (P<0.05), and the intestinal barrier marked by ZO-1 and plasmatic DAO was also improved in EFOS pigs. A lower level (P<0.05) of inflammatory cytokines in the intestinal mucosa of EFOS pigs might be involved in the inhibition of TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB pathway. The apoptosis of jejunal cells in EFOS pigs was also lower than that in ECON pigs (P<0.05). Our findings provide convincing evidence of possible prebiotic and protective effect of FOS on the maintenance of intestinal epithelial function under the attack of pathogens.

Mo1918 CD14-Dependent B Cell Response Plays an Important Role in Intestinal Barrier Maintenance After E. Coli Nissle Monoassociation

2016 ◽  
Vol 150 (4) ◽  
pp. S815-S816
Author(s):  
Marijana Basic ◽  
Manuela Buettner ◽  
Lydia M. Keubler ◽  
Anna Smoczek ◽  
Reinhold Förster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cell ◽  
Cell Response ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
E Coli ◽  
B Cell Response

scholarly journals Study of the effect exerted by fructo-oligosaccharides from yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) root flour in an intestinal infection model with Salmonella Typhimurium

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (11) ◽  
pp. 1971-1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Velez ◽  
Natalia Castillo ◽  
Oscar Mesón ◽  
Alfredo Grau ◽  
María E. Bibas Bonet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Enteric Infection ◽  
Smallanthus Sonchifolius ◽  
Iga Production

Beneficial effects of prebiotics like inulin and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) have been proven in health and nutrition. Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius), an Andean crop, contains FOS (50–70 % of its dry weight) and, therefore, is considered a prebiotic. Commercial FOS can up-regulate total secretory IgA (S-IgA) in infant mice, prevent infection with Salmonella in swine or enhance immune response for Salmonella vaccine in a mouse model. Previously, we found that administration of yacon root flour regulates gut microbiota balance and has immunomodulatory effects without inflammatory responses. The aim of the present paper is to analyse if yacon prevents enteric infection caused by a strain of Salmonella enteritidis serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) in a mouse model. BALB/c mice were supplemented with yacon flour (45 d), challenged with S. Typhimurium and killed to study pathogen translocation, total and specific IgA production by ELISA, presence of IgA and other cytokines and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and clustor of differentiation 206 (CD206) receptors positive cells by immunofluorescence and histological changes. Yacon flour administration had a protective effect from 15 to 30 d of treatment. We found a peak of total S-IgA production without translocation of the pathogen for these periods. At 30 d, there was an increase in IL-6 and macrophage inflammatory proteins-1α+ cells and expression of the receptors CD206 and TLR4. Yacon flour did not have incidence in pathogen-specific S-IgA production. Longer periods (45 d) of administration had no protective effect. Therefore, yacon can prevent enteric infection caused by S. Typhimurium when given up to 30 d; this effect would be mediated by enhancing non-specific immunity, such as total S-IgA, that improves the immunological intestinal barrier.

Microcirculatory disturbance in indomethacin-induced intestinal ulcer

1991 ◽  
Vol 261 (2) ◽  
pp. G213-G219 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Miura ◽  
M. Suematsu ◽  
S. Tanaka ◽  
H. Nagata ◽  
S. Houzawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Leukotriene B4 ◽  
Ulcer Formation ◽  
Myeloperoxidase Activity ◽  
Neutrophil Accumulation ◽  
Intestinal Ulcer ◽  
Leukocyte Accumulation ◽  
Lipoxygenase Products ◽  
Microcirculatory Disturbances

Participation of microcirculatory disturbances, especially the role of 5-lipoxygenase products from neutrophils, was investigated in indomethacin (Indo)-induced ulcers of rat small intestine. After Indo treatment (20 mg/kg) in rats, small erosions appeared at 6 h and longitudinal ulcers developed 12 h later. At 6 and 12 h after Indo treatment, severe microcirculatory disturbances were observed under an intravital fluorescence microscope. Significant delay in the clearance and patchy pooling of injected fluorescein isothiocyanate-bovine serum albumin with sludge and stasis were observed in archade vessels of villi of Indo-treated rats. Increased numbers of sticking leukocytes were also detected along submucosal venules in these rats after the infusion of acridine orange. When regional venous blood was collected from the mesentery, a marked increase in neutrophil number and their increased production of oxygen-derived free radicals as determined by chemiluminescence assay were demonstrated at 6 h after Indo treatment. There was also a significant increase in myeloperoxidase activity of the intestinal mucosa at 6 and 12 h after Indo treatment, suggesting a significant neutrophil accumulation at this time. AA-861, a selective inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase (80 mg/kg), attenuated these microcirculatory changes and neutrophil accumulation in the intestinal mucosa. AA-861 also significantly prevented the formation of intestinal ulcers induced by Indo. However, Indo-induced ulcer formation and leukocyte accumulation in submucosal venules were not attenuated by the treatment of Ono-1078, a potent antagonist of sulfidopeptide leukotrienes. From these observations, it is considered that microcirculatory disturbances, especially leukocyte accumulation and 5-lipoxygenase products, possibly leukotriene B4, may be involved in the development of Indo-induced intestinal ulcer.

scholarly journals Intestinal Permeability Assays: a Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-30
Author(s):  
A. A. Iakupova ◽  
S. R. Abdulkhakov ◽  
R. K. Zalyalov ◽  
A. G. Safin ◽  
R. A. Abdulkhakov
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Permeability ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Assessment Techniques ◽  
Portal Venous Blood

Aim. A literature review of intestinal permeability assessment techniques.Key points. The intestinal barrier is a functional entity separating the intestinal lumen and internal body, and intestinal permeability is a measure of the barrier functionality. The intestinal barrier integrity and permeability assays differ by the application setting (in vivo or ex vivo), subject (human or animal), marker molecules used to assess permeability (ions, various size carbohydrates, macromolecules, antigens, bacterial products and bacteria), biomaterial for the marker concentration assays (peripheral blood, portal venous blood, urine, stool). Despite a great variety of methods for assessing intestinal permeability, their clinical application requires further studies due to a lack of standardisation, the complexity of selected techniques and occasional limited reliability of results.Conclusion. Further investigation and improvement of intestinal permeability assays is required. The assay and result standardisation will facilitate practice in functional and organic intestinal diseases, as well as allergies, diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and some other illnesses.

scholarly journals A Micro-engineered Human Colon Intestine-Chip Platform to Study Leaky Barrier

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athanasia Apostolou ◽  
Rohit A. Panchakshari ◽  
Antara Banerjee ◽  
Dimitris V. Manatakis ◽  
Maria D. Paraskevopoulou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Intestinal Epithelium ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Human Colon ◽  
Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Barrier Disruption ◽  
Interleukin 22

ABSTRACTThe intestinal epithelial barrier supports the symbiotic relationship between the microbiota colonizing the intestinal epithelium and the host immune system to maintain homeostasis. Leaky barrier is increasingly recognized as part of the pathogenesis of a number of chronic conditions in addition to inflammatory and infectious diseases. As our understanding on the regulation of the barrier remains limited, effective therapeutic targeting for the compromised barrier is still an unmet need. Here we combined advancements on the organoids and Organ-on-Chip technologies to establish a micro-engineered Colon Intestine-Chip for studying development and regulation of the human intestinal barrier. Our data demonstrate the significance of the endothelium in co-culture with the epithelial cells within a tissue-relevant microenvironment for the establishment of a tight epithelial barrier of polarized cells. Pathway analysis of the RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), revealed significant upregulation of mechanisms relevant to the maturation of the intestinal epithelium in organoid-derived epithelial cells in co-culture with endothelium as compared to organoids maintained in suspension. We provide evidence that the Colon Intestine-Chip platform responds to interferon gamma (IFNγ), a prototype cytokine utilized to model inflammation-induced barrier disruption, by induction of apoptosis and reorganization of the apical junctional complexes as shown with other systems. We also describe the mechanism of action of interleukin 22 (IL-22) on mature, organoid-derived intestinal epithelial cells that is consistent with barrier disruption. Overall we propose the Colon Intestine-Chip as a promising human organoid-derived platform to decipher mechanisms driving the development of leaky gut in patients and enable their translation for this unmet medical need.

scholarly journals Estimation of permeability to bacteriophages of intestinal mucosa of chickens with eimeriosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-63
Author(s):  
N. V. Davydova ◽  
V. Yu. Koptev ◽  
Yu. N. Kozlova ◽  
L. I. Sulimova ◽  
V. N. Afonyushkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Biological Material ◽  
Probiotic Strain ◽  
Field Isolates ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Inflammatory Processes

In the course of the study permeability of intestinal mucosa of chickens suffering from eimeriosis while treating them with various veterinary drugs, including probiotics, was evaluated. The simulation of a typical clinical picture of eimeriosis was carried out by oral administration of suspension with coccidial oocysts (1.6 × 105/head) using a probe. To create different forms and different intensity of inflammatory processes, chickens that received various anticoccidial preparations and probiotic strain Bacillus subtilis were infected with eimeria. According to the data from an autopsy, it was found that the use of a spore probiotic based on Bacillus subtilis and anticoccidial drugs containing robenidine hydrochloride and salinomycin had a positive protective effect when treating chickens from eimeriosis. A similar picture was observed when assessing permeability of intestinal mucosa as affected by bacteriophage, whereby permeability decreased with the use of probiotics and the above-mentioned active agents. In general, the decrease in productivity was significant in all groups. However, the effect of spore-based probiotics was quite pronounced against the background of eimeria polyresistance. In the situation where anticoccidial drugs are less effective, the use of a spore-based probiotic can have a noticeable protective effect. The effect of all anticoccidial drugs under study on the concentration of oocysts and the state of the mucosa was insignificant, which indicated polyresistance of different types of eimeria isolated from biological material to these drugs. The analysis of the intestinal mucosa integrity, based on the study of mucosa permeability to bacteriophages and a Johnson and Reid scoring procedure showed that a spore probiotic based on B. subtilis and anticoccidial drugs containing robenidine and salinomycin had the best protective effect against eimeriosis caused by field isolates of eimeria. When treating chickens suffering from eimeriosis caused by polyresistant forms of E. acervulina and E. tenella, it is advisable to use probiotics alongside with drugs based on robenidine and salinomycin.

scholarly journals Advisability of using early generation Cephalosporines for prevention and treatment of postpartum infection

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 71-74
Author(s):  
Nikolay A. Korobkov
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Effect ◽  
Penetration Rate ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Uterine Cavity ◽  
Surgical Site Infections ◽  
Lime Treatment ◽  
Early Generation ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Highperformance Liquid Chromatography

Introduction: the following research investigates an availability of a long-lime treatment of postpartum infection by using of Cephalozolin (the Cephalosporine of generation I). Matherials and Methods. Lochia samples were obtained from the uterine cavities of 21 puerperal women who did not receive drug after delivery and were cultured for the identification and the determination of the susceptibilities of the clinical isolates to Cephalozolin. The concentrations of Cephalozolin in the supernatants were measured by highperformance liquid chromatography. Results. We determined the sensivity of the most clinically important bacteria to Cephazoline and its penetration rate to the uterine cavity. We found out the following bacteria which are sensible to Cephazoline – S. agalactiae, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, E. aerogenes. A low rate of Cephazoline ≤ 0,78 mg/ml was inhibited the growth of mentioned above bacteria. Cephazoline is also active as for S. aureus – MIC90 and was equal 3.13 mg/ml. In 3 hours after the injection of 1.0 gr of Cephazoline there was a maximum concentration in a venous blood – 1.63 mg/ml. The concentration of Cephazoline in lochia was rising gradually and it maximum in the uterus cavity in 5 hours was 1.26 mg/ml, and then its slowly went down. Conclusions. The mention above results let us suggest that Cephazoline is penetrates actively to lochia and its still has a good antibacterial effect. Cephazoline is still a treatment of choice as for prevention and a treatment of postpartum surgical site infections by a sensitive microorganism.

Expression of α-Defensins, CD20+ B-lymphocytes, and Intraepithelial CD3+ T-lymphocytes in the Intestinal Mucosa of Patients with Liver Cirrhosis: Emerging Mediators of Intestinal Barrier Function

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 2582-2592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios I. Tsiaoussis ◽  
Eleni C. Papaioannou ◽  
Eleni P. Kourea ◽  
Stelios F. Assimakopoulos ◽  
Georgios I. Theocharis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function

Danger of bacterial translocation for a surgical patient

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Recognition ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Perioperative Period ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
Lymphatic Transport ◽  
Surgical Patient ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Patients At Risk

Intestinal barrier disorder manifestation occurs in connection with surgery in conditions of shock ischemia-reperfusion of the intestine or deterioration of an already damaged barrier due to chronic disease. The result is infectious complications caused by the transport of pathogens through the venous blood, most often postoperative pneumonia and sepsis. However, a more frequent manifestation is the intensification of the postoperative systemic inflammatory response through the lymphatic transport of toxic substances, inanimate antigens and cytokines through the lymphatic system of the splanchnic area (gut-lymph axis). The problem can affect up to half of patients with abdominal surgery. Preventive measures consist of strengthening the intestinal barrier before surgery and alleviating the loss of the intestinal barrier in the perioperative period. In the treatment of infectious complications, an early recognition indication for the therapeutic administration of antibiotics based on preoperative microbial screening of patients at risk may help.

Isolation and Identification of Cellular Phospholipids

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. Hanahan
Keyword(s):  
Venous Blood ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Trisodium Citrate ◽  
Human Platelets ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Membrane Phospholipids ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Plastic Syringe

In this chapter, some of the types of methodologies currently in use for isolation and analysis of cellular phospholipids will be outlined. Such techniques can be readily applied to experiments designed to explore the involvement of phospholipids in cellular events, such as stimulus-induced activation. Primary attention will be paid to the human platelet. If you need to justify the choice of human platelets as the cell of choice, a number of highly creditable reasons can be cited. Only three need to be considered at this point. First, the circulating platelet is of paramount importance in hemostasis, and there is convincing evidence that its membrane phospholipids are intimately involved in this process. Second, these cells can serve as excellent targets or model systems for stimulus-induced activation in which the membrane phospholipids play an important role. Third, human platelets can be isolated from whole blood by a simple, convenient centrifugal approach. Human donors are available at a very reasonable cost, and the platelets obtained from a varied spectrum of donors show remarkable consistency. Thus, one can undertake their isolation using the following method and have them available for immediate experimentation. Nonfasting venous blood is drawn (with informed consent) from male or female subjects between the ages of 20 and 40 years, who are considered to be normal and healthy and had not ingested platelet-active medication for at least 10 days prior. Blood is obtained by insertion of a butterfly infusion set (12-in. tubing from Abbott Hospitals, Inc., North Chicago, IL) with a 1-in. x 19-gauge needle into the antecubital vein. A few milliliters of blood is allowed to flow before a 60-ml plastic syringe containing 7.5 ml of an ACD [10.8% citric acid, 2.2% trisodium citrate, and 2% dextrose (w/v)] solution was attached. Four syringes were filled to the 50-ml mark and inverted gently, and the contents were transferred carefully into 50-ml plastic tubes that are then capped. The blood-to-ACD volume ratio is 6:1 (v/v). The tubes are centrifuged at 2000 rpm (830g) in a Sorvall RT 6000 centrifuge at 24°C for 15 min.

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