Experimental observations of food-aversive responses in larvae of Spodoptera exempta (Wlk.) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)

1976 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Chun Ma
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Input Pattern ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Spodoptera Exempta ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Specific Input ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractThe oligophagy of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Wlk.), was investigated experimentally. The resistance to feeding on cassava, a non-food plant, declined at a faster rate if the larvae had been reared on artificial diet. If diet-reared larvae were allowed to feed on maize for increasing periods of time the subsequent rejection of cassava increased accordingly. This effect could still be induced after removing the labral or palpal sensilla but not after removing both pairs of stylo-conic sensilla. The left and right pair of styloconic sensilla are supplementary to each other. In so far as aversive responses to non-food plants are concerned, the rearing on artificial diet can be considered as a case of pseudomaxillectomy. It is suggested that during feeding on maize the larva receives a specific input pattern which influences central acceptance-rejection decisions in a time-dependent manner. This specific information is absent from artificial diet and can no longer be perceived by larvae without styloconic sensilla.

scholarly journals Comparison of in Vitro and in Planta Toxicity of Vip3A for Lepidopteran Herbivores

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (6) ◽  
pp. 2959-2971
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hassaan Khan ◽  
Georg Jander ◽  
Zahid Mukhtar ◽  
Muhammad Arshad ◽  
Muhammad Sarwar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Transgenic Tobacco ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Corn Earworm ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Tobacco Budworm ◽  
Beet Armyworm ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Abstract Agricultural pest infestation is as old as domestication of food crops and contributes a major share to the cost of crop production. In a transgenic pest control approach, plant production of Vip3A, an insecticidal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis, is effective against lepidopteran pests. A synthetic Vip3A gene was evaluated for efficacy against Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; cotton leafworm), Spodoptera exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; beet armyworm), Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; fall armyworm), Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; cotton bollworm), Helicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; corn earworm), Heliothis virescens Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; tobacco budworm), and Manduca sexta L. (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae; tobacco hornworm) in tobacco. In artificial diet assays, the concentration required to achieve 50% mortality was highest for H. zea followed by H. virescens > S. exigua > H. armigera > M. sexta > S. frugiperda > S. litura. By contrast, in bioassays with detached leaves from Vip3A transgenic tobacco, the time until 50% lethality was M. sexta > H. virescens > S. litura > H. zea > H. armigera > S. exigua. There was no significant correlation between the artificial diet and transgenic plant bioassay results. Notably, the two insect species that are best-adapted for growth on tobacco, M. sexta and H. virescens, showed the greatest time to 50% mortality on Vip3A-transgenic tobacco. Together, our results suggest that artificial diet assays may be a poor predictor of Vip3A efficacy in transgenic plants, lepidopteran species vary in their sensitivity to Vip3A in diet-dependent manner, and host plant adaptation of the targeted herbivores should be considered when designing transgenic plants for pest control.

scholarly journals Brain Toxicokinetics of Prometryne in Mice

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Domagoj Đikić ◽  
Lana Sajli ◽  
Vesna Benković ◽  
Anica Knežević ◽  
Gordana Brozović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Dose ◽  
Single Oral Dose ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Triazine Herbicide ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Herbicide Atrazine

Brain Toxicokinetics of Prometryne in MicePrometryne is a methylthio-s-triazine herbicide. Significant trace amounts are found in the environment, mainly in water, soil, and food plants. The aim of this study was to establish brain and blood prometryne levels after single oral dose (1 g kg-1) in adult male and female mice. Prometryne was measured using the GC/MS assay at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 h after prometryne administration. Peak brain and blood prometryne values were observed 1 h after administration and they decreased in a time-dependent manner. Male mice had consistently higher brain and blood prometryne levels than female mice. The observed prometryne kinetics was similar to that reported for the structurally related herbicide atrazine.

scholarly journals Biological aspects of Tiracola grandirena (Herrich-Schäffer, 1868) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): a polyphagous armyworm

2014 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-211
Author(s):  
A Specht ◽  
J Iltchenco ◽  
E Fronza ◽  
VF Roque-Specht ◽  
PC Luz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larval Stage ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Third ◽  
Species Population ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

We studied the biology of Tiracola grandirena(Herrich-Schäffer, 1868) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Hadeninae) at 25 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 10% RH and 14 hours of photo phase. Three experiments, using 150 larvae each, were conducted for the larval stage. In the first, used to assess the duration and survival of all stages, insects were reared individually and fed an artificial diet (Grenee). In the second, individuals were also reared separately, but were fed leaves of 10 plants from different families. In the third, the larvae were not individualised, the food plants were rotated such as to provide three plant species every 48 hours. In the first experiment, the viability of the eggs, larvae, pupae and prepupae was 91.9, 94.7, 32.49 and 43.5%, respectively. The average duration of the egg, larvae, prepupae, pupae and adult were 6.0, 25.3, 25.7, 21.4 and 12.7 days, respectively. The prolonged prepupal period indicates that T. grandirena can develop larval (prepupal) diapause. The results of the experiments with different host plants showed that T. grandirena is polyphagous at species, population and individual level.

The Natural Flavonoid Naringenin Inhibits the Cell Growth of WilmsTumorinChildren by Suppressing TLR4/NF-κB Signaling

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongtao Li ◽  
Peng Chen ◽  
Lei Chen ◽  
Xinning Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Growth ◽  
Western Blot ◽  
Wilms Tumor ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Luciferase Assay ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Tlr4 Expression ◽  
Protein Levels

Background: Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is usually activated in Wilms tumor (WT) cells and plays a critical role in WT development. Objective: The study purpose was to screen a NF-κB inhibitor from natural product library and explore its effects on WT development. Methods: Luciferase assay was employed to assess the effects of natural chemical son NF-κB activity. CCK-8 assay was conducted to assess cell growth in response to naringenin. WT xenograft model was established to analyze the effect of naringenin in vivo. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot were performed to examine the mRNA and protein levels of relative genes, respectively. Results: Naringenin displayed significant inhibitory effect on NF-κB activation in SK-NEP-1 cells. In SK-NEP-1 and G-401 cells, naringenin inhibited p65 phosphorylation. Moreover, naringenin suppressed TNF-α-induced p65 phosphorylation in WT cells. Naringenin inhibited TLR4 expression at both mRNA and protein levels in WT cells. CCK-8 staining showed that naringenin inhibited cell growth of the two above WT cells in dose-and time-dependent manner, whereas Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) over expression partially reversed the above phenomena. Besides, naringenin suppressed WT tumor growth in dose-and time-dependent manner in vivo. Western blot found that naringenin inhibited TLR4 expression and p65 phosphorylation in WT xenograft tumors. Conclusion: Naringenin inhibits WT development viasuppressing TLR4/NF-κB signaling

scholarly journals Synthesis and Evaluation of the Antitumor Activity of Novel 1-(4-Substituted phenyl)-2-ethyl Imidazole Apoptosis Inducers In Vitro

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (18) ◽  
pp. 4293
Author(s):  
Zhen-Wang Li ◽  
Chun-Yan Zhong ◽  
Xiao-Ran Wang ◽  
Shi-Nian Li ◽  
Chun-Yuan Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antitumor Activity ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Antiproliferative Activity ◽  
Antitumor Agent ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Selectivity Index ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Dependent Manner

Novel imidazole derivatives were designed, prepared, and evaluated in vitro for antitumor activity. The majority of the tested derivatives showed improved antiproliferative activity compared to the positive control drugs 5-FU and MTX. Among them, compound 4f exhibited outstanding antiproliferative activity against three cancer cell lines and was considerably more potent than both 5-FU and MTX. In particular, the selectivity index indicated that the tolerance of normal L-02 cells to 4f was 23–46-fold higher than that of tumor cells. This selectivity was significantly higher than that exhibited by the positive control drugs. Furthermore, compound 4f induced cell apoptosis by increasing the protein expression levels of Bax and decreasing those of Bcl-2 in a time-dependent manner. Therefore, 4f could be a potential candidate for the development of a novel antitumor agent.

scholarly journals Moxifloxacin Activates the SOS Response in Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Dose- and Time-Dependent Manner

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Angelo Iacobino ◽  
Giovanni Piccaro ◽  
Manuela Pardini ◽  
Lanfranco Fattorini ◽  
Federico Giannoni
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
Sos Response ◽  
Resistant Mutant ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Gyra Gene ◽  
Drug Concentrations

Previous studies on Escherichia coli demonstrated that sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fluoroquinolones induced the SOS response, increasing drug tolerance. We characterized the transcriptional response to moxifloxacin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Reference strain H37Rv was treated with moxifloxacin and gene expression studied by qRT-PCR. Five SOS regulon genes, recA, lexA, dnaE2, Rv3074 and Rv3776, were induced in a dose- and time-dependent manner. A range of moxifloxacin concentrations induced recA, with a peak observed at 2 × MIC (0.25 μg/mL) after 16 h. Another seven SOS responses and three DNA repair genes were significantly induced by moxifloxacin. Induction of recA by moxifloxacin was higher in log-phase than in early- and stationary-phase cells, and absent in dormant bacilli. Furthermore, in an H37Rv fluoroquinolone-resistant mutant carrying the D94G mutation in the gyrA gene, the SOS response was induced at drug concentrations higher than the mutant MIC value. The 2 × MIC of moxifloxacin determined no significant changes in gene expression in a panel of 32 genes, except for up-regulation of the relK toxin and of Rv3290c and Rv2517c, two persistence-related genes. Overall, our data show that activation of the SOS response by moxifloxacin, a likely link to increased mutation rate and persister formation, is time, dose, physiological state and, possibly, MIC dependent.

Class I HDAC inhibition improves object recognition memory consolidation through BDNF/TrkB pathway in a time-dependent manner

2021 ◽  
Vol 187 ◽  
pp. 108493
Author(s):  
Gerardo Ramirez-Mejia ◽  
Elvi Gil-Lievana ◽  
Oscar Urrego-Morales ◽  
Ernesto Soto-Reyes ◽  
Federico Bermúdez-Rattoni
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Class I ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Hdac Inhibition ◽  
Object Recognition Memory

scholarly journals NF-κB and FosB mediate inflammation and oxidative stress in the blast lung injury of rats exposed to shock waves

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Wang ◽  
Wenjuan Zhang ◽  
Jinren Liu ◽  
Junhong Gao ◽  
Le Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Shock Waves ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
Blast Lung Injury ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Abstract Blast lung injury (BLI) is the major cause of death in explosion-derived shock waves; however, the mechanisms of BLI are not well understood. To identify the time-dependent manner of BLI, a model of lung injury of rats induced by shock waves was established by a fuel air explosive. The model was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining and pathological score. The inflammation and oxidative stress of lung injury were also investigated. The pathological scores of rats’ lung injury at 2 h, 24 h, 3 days, and 7 days post-blast were 9.75±2.96, 13.00±1.85, 8.50±1.51, and 4.00±1.41, respectively, which were significantly increased compared with those in the control group (1.13±0.64; P<0.05). The respiratory frequency and pause were increased significantly, while minute expiratory volume, inspiratory time, and inspiratory peak flow rate were decreased in a time-dependent manner at 2 and 24 h post-blast compared with those in the control group. In addition, the expressions of inflammatory factors such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, FosB, and NF-κB were increased significantly at 2 h and peaked at 24 h, which gradually decreased after 3 days and returned to normal in 2 weeks. The levels of total antioxidant capacity, total superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase were significantly decreased 24 h after the shock wave blast. Conversely, the malondialdehyde level reached the peak at 24 h. These results indicated that inflammatory and oxidative stress induced by shock waves changed significantly in a time-dependent manner, which may be the important factors and novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of BLI.

scholarly journals Influences of advanced glycosylation end products on the inner blood–retinal barrier in a co-culture cell model in vitro

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 619-628
Author(s):  
Chen Yuan ◽  
Ya Mo ◽  
Jie Yang ◽  
Mei Zhang ◽  
Xuejun Xie
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Cell Model ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Blood Retinal Barrier ◽  
Advanced Glycosylation End Products ◽  
End Products ◽  
Advanced Glycosylation

AbstractAdvanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) are harmful factors that can damage the inner blood–retinal barrier (iBRB). Rat retinal microvascular endothelial cells (RMECs) were isolated and cultured, and identified by anti-CD31 and von Willebrand factor polyclonal antibodies. Similarly, rat retinal Müller glial cells (RMGCs) were identified by H&E staining and with antibodies of glial fibrillary acidic protein and glutamine synthetase. The transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) value was measured with a Millicell electrical resistance system to observe the leakage of the barrier. Transwell cell plates for co-culturing RMECs with RMGCs were used to construct an iBRB model, which was then tested with the addition of AGEs at final concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/L for 24, 48, and 72 h. AGEs in the in vitro iBRB model constructed by RMEC and RMGC co-culture led to the imbalance of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and pigment epithelial derivative factor (PEDF), and the permeability of the RMEC layer increased because the TEER decreased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. AGEs increased VEGF but lowered PEDF in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The intervention with AGEs led to the change of the transendothelial resistance of the RMEC layer likely caused by the increased ratio of VEGF/PEDF.

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