Almond seed wasp (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) sex pheromone: effect of trap type, trap position, blend ratio and time of the day on male attraction

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 535-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.G. Athanassiou ◽  
N.G. Kavallieratos ◽  
B.E. Mazomenos
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Male Attraction ◽  
Male Response ◽  
Blend Ratio ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Male Attractant ◽  
Male Activity ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Eurytoma Amygdali

AbstractField trials were carried out in order to evaluate some of the factors affecting male response of the almond seed wasp, Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein, to traps baited with the alkadienes (Z,Z)-6,9-tricosadiene and (Z,Z)-6,9-pentacosadiene, the male attractant of this species. The trials were conducted in Latomia, Microthivae, Kanalia and Sykourion (Thessaly, Central Greece) during the 2004 growing season. In all regions, captures in traps baited with a 7:3 ratio of the above blend significantly and positively correlated with male emergence from infested almonds that had been placed in cages in the experimental fields. Traps baited with the 7:3 pheromone ratio were significantly more effective in capturing males than traps baited with the 1:1 ratio, supporting the hypothesis that (Z,Z)-6,9-tricosadiene is the main component of this attractant. Of four trap types tested, Rebel and Lasiotraps attracted significantly more males than Delta and Funnel traps. Height had no effect on trap efficiency; however, males were captured earlier in the day in traps placed 2.3 m above grown than in traps placed 1.3 m above grown. Most male activity was recorded between 10 and 12 h, but captures were continuously recorded during the entire monitoring interval from 6 to 17 h.

scholarly journals Dynamics of the Degradation of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Herbicides in Vegetables

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 405
Author(s):  
Miroslav Jursík ◽  
Kateřina Hamouzová ◽  
Jana Hajšlová
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Baby Food ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Herbicide Residues ◽  
Harvest Intervals ◽  
Small Plot

(1) Background: Aryloxyphenoxy-propionates and cyclohexanediones are herbicides most widely used in dicot crops worldwide. The main objective of the study was to determine the dynamics of herbicide residues in carrot, lettuce, cauliflower, and onion in order to suggest a low level of residues in harvested vegetables. (2) Methods: Small plot field trials were carried out in four vegetables in the Czech Republic. The samples of vegetables were collected continuously during the growing season. Multiresidue methods for the determination of herbicide residues by LC-MS/MS were used. Non-linear models of degradation of individual herbicides in vegetables were calculated using the exponential decay formula. Action GAP pre-harvest intervals for the 25% and 50% maximum residue limit (MRL) and 10 µg kg−1 limit (baby food) were established for all tested herbicides. (3) Results: The degradation dynamics of fluazifop in carrot, onion, and cauliflower was significantly slower compared to quizalofop and haloxyfop. The highest amount (2796 µg kg−1) of fluazifop residues was detected in cauliflower 11 days after application. No residue of propaquizafop and cycloxydim was detected in any vegetable samples. (4) Conclusions: Aryloxyphenoxy-propionate herbicide (except propaquizafop) could contaminate vegetables easily, especially vegetables with a short growing season. Vegetables treated with fluazifop are not suitable for baby food. Lettuce and cauliflower treated by quizalofop are not suitable for baby food, but in onion and carrot, quizalofop could be used. Propaquizafop and cycloxydim are prospective herbicides for non-residual (baby food) vegetable production.

Assessing the impact of seasonal precipitation and temperature on vegetation in a grass-dominated rangeland

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Chen ◽  
Keith T. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Vegetation Growth ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Normalised Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Precipitation And Temperature

Changes in vegetation are affected by many climatic factors and have been successfully monitored through satellite remote sensing over the past 20 years. In this study, the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the Terra satellite, was selected as an indicator of change in vegetation. Monthly MODIS composite NDVI at a 1-km resolution was acquired throughout the 2004–09 growing seasons (i.e. April–September). Data describing daily precipitation and temperature, primary factors affecting vegetation growth in the semiarid rangelands of Idaho, were derived from the Surface Observation Gridding System and local weather station datasets. Inter-annual and seasonal fluctuations of precipitation and temperature were analysed and temporal relationships between monthly NDVI, precipitation and temperature were examined. Results indicated NDVI values observed in June and July were strongly correlated with accumulated precipitation (R2 >0.75), while NDVI values observed early in the growing season (May) as well as late in the growing season (August and September) were only moderately related with accumulated precipitation (R2 ≥0.45). The role of ambient temperature was also apparent, especially early in the growing season. Specifically, early growing-season temperatures appeared to significantly affect plant phenology and, consequently, correlations between NDVI and accumulated precipitation. It is concluded that precipitation during the growing season is a better predictor of NDVI than temperature but is interrelated with influences of temperature in parts of the growing season.

CRITERIA AND INDICATORS OF VULNERABILITY OF AGRARIAN LAND USE SOILS TO DROUGHT TO DEVELOP MEASURES TO MITIGATE THEIR CONSEQUENCES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE BELARUSIAN POLESSYE REGION)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Yatsukhno ◽  
◽  
Svetlana Bachila ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Agricultural Lands ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Criteria And Indicators ◽  
Moisture Supply ◽  
Natural And Anthropogenic Factors

A system of criteria and indicators is proposed to determine the degree of vulnerability of soils of agricultural lands in Belarusian Polessye based on the analysis of climatic changes, natural and anthropogenic factors affecting their moisture supply during the growing season.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Influence of Larval Density on Disease Transmission Indices in Culex quinquefasciatus, the Major African Vector of Filariasis

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 117954331985602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azubuike Christian Ukubuiwe ◽  
Chioma Cynthia Ojianwuna ◽  
Israel Kayode Olayemi ◽  
Francis Ofurum Arimoro ◽  
Innocent Chukwuemeka James Omalu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Adult Fitness ◽  
Larval Crowding

Larval crowding is one of the abiotic factors affecting biological fitness in mosquitoes. This study aims at elucidating, quantitatively, the influence of more larval crowding on aspects of fitness in Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito. To this end, day-old larvae of the species were reared in 4 density regimens equivalent to 1 larva in 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 mL of distilled water. Developmental indices, adult fitness indices, and accumulation and utilisation of teneral reserves for metamorphosis were determined at these density regimens. The results revealed varying significant negative effects of larval density on all fitness indices measured for the species. The study also revealed high utilisation of teneral reserves for metamorphosis at high larval densities. The information generated will be useful in making informed-decisions in allocating scare resources for vector control, although field trials are advocated to establish these laboratory findings.

Effect of crosslinking agents on the strength characteristics of cellulosic fabrics using 23 32 mixed level factorial

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhana Naeem ◽  
Fareha Asim ◽  
Muhammad Tufail
Keyword(s):  
High Strength ◽  
Strength Characteristics ◽  
Blend Ratio ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Acrylate Copolymer ◽  
Curing Method ◽  
Crosslinking Agents ◽  
Significant Factors

Purpose Low pilling and wrinkle-free appearance of cellulosic fabrics are always demanded. Resin finishes are applied to improve these properties, but there is an adverse effect of the resin finish as it tends to reduce the strength of the fabrics. Therefore, the effect of the two most important finishes; anti-pilling and resin finish, on the strength characteristics of 100% viscose and 50:50 Viscose/cotton plain and satin fabrics were investigated in this paper. The purpose of this study is to identify significant factors affecting the strength of fabrics finished with crosslinking agents [non-ionic acrylate copolymer and (dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea)]. Design/methodology/approach A statistical model of 23 32 mixed level factorial design was used for the study. Appratan N9211 (A) and Arkofix NF (B) were tested at three concentrations, whereas three factors fabric; weave (C), blend ratio (D) and curing method (E) were tested at two levels. The performance of the finish was evaluated by two response variables, which were tensile and tear strength. Findings The various conditions of high strength values of the fabrics were presented in this paper. It was found that the tear strength of the fabrics increased after finishing except for 50:50 viscose/cotton plain fabric, whereas the tensile strength of plain fabrics is better at shock cure and for a satin normal cure is better. The model adequacy plots exhibit that the assumptions of normality and independence are not desecrated. Moreover, the values of “predicted R2” are in reasonable agreement with the “adjusted R2,” which confirms that models have been accounted for most of the inconsistency. Originality/value This paper is a part of my PhD dissertation. Unlike the previous studies, this paper investigated the effect of two crosslinking agents, Appretan N9211 as anti-pilling and Arkofix NF as wrinkle resistant agents on 100% viscose and 50:50 viscose/cotton plain and satin. Three different concentrations of both the crosslinking agents were used. Also, fixation of the finishes was carried out at a normal cure and shock cure.

scholarly journals A linuron-free weed management strategy for carrots

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (03) ◽  
pp. 464-474
Author(s):  
Tessa de Boer ◽  
Peter Smith ◽  
Kevin Chandler ◽  
Robert Nurse ◽  
Kristen Obeid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Biologically Effective Dose ◽  
And Control

AbstractThe development of a linuron-free weed management strategy for carrot production is essential as a result of the herbicide reevaluation programs launched by the Pest Management Regulatory Agency in Canada for herbicides registered before 1995 and the discovery of linuron-resistant pigweed species in Ontario. Field trials were conducted in one of Ontario’s main carrot-growing regions on high organic soils in 2016 and 2017. Pigweed species seedlings were effectively controlled with PRE treatments of prometryn, pendimethalin, S-metolachlor, or glufosinate. POST treatments of pyroxasulfone and metribuzin followed by predetermined biologically effective dose (≥90% control of pigweed seedlings) of acifluorfen, oxyfluorfen, fluthiacet-methyl, and fomesafen achieved excellent crop selectivity and commercially acceptable pigweed species seedling control under field conditions. Carfentrazone-ethyl or fomesafen applied PRE severely reduced seedling emergence and yield in the wet growing season of 2017. This study demonstrated clearly that an alternative linuron-free strategy can be developed for carrots. The strategy of exploring the potential to use the biologically effective dose of selected herbicides to achieve crop selectivity and control of pigweed species seedlings was verified.

scholarly journals Effect of combined seasonal coverage on northern production of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch)

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 148-155
Author(s):  
Eivind Uleberg ◽  
Inger Martinussen ◽  
Ragnar Samuelsen
Keyword(s):  
Ground Cover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Fragaria Ananassa ◽  
Combined Treatments ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Plant Coverage ◽  
Berry Size ◽  
Berry Quality

Two field trials with five strawberry cultivars planted on a woven black polyfibre ground cover sheet with or without translucent sheet plant coverage during winter and the growing season as combined treatments were started in 2004 and 2005. In total, nine different cultivars were included in the two fields. One early cv. ‘Polka’ and one late cv. ‘Korona’ acted as standard cultivars, while the other cultivars were new, named or labelled selections from Norwegian, Finnish and Swedish breeding programs. Winter survival, spring vigour, earliness, saleable and total berry yield, berry size and berry quality were registered for three years. The cultivars differed in earliness, berry size, yield (gram per plant) and total production (sum of all years). A combination of fibre sheet winter and spring coverage and more open net sheet harvest season coverage showed favourable results for overwintering, earliness and berry yield, and enhanced the ripening process in all cultivars.

Competition for nodule occupancy of introduced Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains in a Wisconsin soil with a low indigenous bradyrhizobia population

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 839-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. McLoughlin ◽  
S. Hearn ◽  
S. G. Alt
Keyword(s):  
Bradyrhizobium Japonicum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Nodule Occupancy ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
One Year ◽  
Successful Inoculation

The population dynamics of six introduced Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains were measured over three growing seasons in a Wisconsin soil with a low incidence of indigenous B. japonicum (10 cells/gm). Four antibiotic-resistant members of the 123 serocluster (which were either spectinomycin resistant or streptomycin resistant), USDA 110, and USDA 138 were inoculated using liquid inoculum, at a rate of 1 × 108 cells per 2.5-cm row, on two soybean cultivars in 1985. Nodule occupants were identified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), fluorescent antibodies, and antibiotic-resistant mutants. In the first growing season, 100% of the nodules were formed by the introduced strains. The nodules from the uninoculated plots were occupied by an indigenous 110 serogroup. In the second and the third season at the same site (without further inoculation), a high percentage (> 60%) of the nodules from all the plots were nodulated by the 123 serocluster (either alone or as mixed infections). However, < 25% of the nodules in the 123-inoculated plots and < 9% in the other plots were formed by any of the antibiotic-marked 123 inoculum strains introduced in 1985. The main conclusions are (i) that it is possible to successfully introduce inoculum strains in soils where the indigenous Bradyrhizobium population is low and to obtain 100% nodule occupancy in the first growing season, and (ii) that successful inoculation in one year in soils with a low incidence of Bradyrhizobium does not ensure that the introduced inoculum strains will form nodules in subsequent years. Key words: Bradyrhizobium japonicum, indigenous bradyrhizobia, interstrain competition, field trials.

Calcium nutrition of the tomato as influenced by total salts and ammonium nutrition

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (52) ◽  
pp. 562 ◽  
Author(s):  
RE Barke ◽  
RC Menary
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Calcium Deficiency ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Physiological Disorder ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Blossom End Rot ◽  
Whole Plants

Calcium deficiency in tomatoes was induced by adding ammonia nitrogen to the rooting medium. Ammonia was found to inhibit the absorption of calcium by the plant. When total soil nutrient concentration was varied, but the ratio of calcium to other ions held constant, blossom-end rot incidence was inversely related to the calcium level in fruits but was not necessarily associated with low calcium levels in leaves or whole plants. In the presence of high total salts, the incidence of the disorder could not be explained by a reduction in calcium content of whole plants and factors affecting distribution of the calcium within the plant were involved. The physiological disorder pith rot is described and evidence presented suggesting it is caused by a deficiency of calcium. Ammonia increased the incidence of the disorder but was not essential for its occurrence. In field trials on a red loam soil, ammonium sulphate reduced the pH values from 6.0 to 4.7, which prevented nitrification and induced pith rot and blossom-end rot through an accumulation of ammonia nitrogen. Calcium foliar sprays were able to offset yield reductions that were induced by moderate fertilizing with ammonium sulphate even where blossom-end rot did not occur. High total plant calcium was associated with reduced fruit yields.

Seed production and persistence of Carnamah and other early strains of Trifolium subterraneum in the wheatbelt of Western Australia

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (24) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
GB Taylor ◽  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
The Other ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Seed Yields

Seed production and persistence of the Carnamah, Northam A, Dwalganup, and Geraldton strains of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) were examined in undefoliated swards in the wheatbelt of Western Australia. The early flowering characteristic of Carnamah was not always associated with higher seed yields. Only when there was a well-defined, early finish to the growing season, or when flowering was very much earlier in Carnamah (viz., following an early 'break' to the season), did this strain clearly outyield both Northam A and Geraldton. The seed yield of Dwalganup was generally inferior to that of the other strains. Factors affecting regeneration are discussed. Under low rainfall conditions, poorer germination-regulation of Carnamah, compared with Geraldton and Northam A, would be expected to result in poorer persistence unless offset by higher seed yields in the Carnamah strain.

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