Undamaged cotton plants yield more if their neighbour is damaged: implications for pest management

AbstractUnderstanding the compensatory responses of crops to pest damage is important in developing pest thresholds. Compensation for pest damage in crops can occur at the plant level, where the architecture, growth dynamics and allocation patterns of damaged plants are altered, allowing them to recover or, at the crop level, where differential damage between plants may alter plant-to-plant interactions. We investigated growth and yield of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) following non-uniform manual defoliation of seedlings. This partially replicates real pest damage and is valuable in understanding crop-level responses to damage because it can be inflicted precisely. Damage distributions included damaging 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100% of the plants. Damage intensity for the damaged plants was varied by removing 100 or 75% of each true leaf when plants had two, four and six true leaves. At the crop level, yield loss increased as the proportion of plants damaged and intensity of damage per damaged plant increased. Neighbour interactions occurred; undamaged plants with damaged neighbours grew larger and yielded better than undamaged plants with undamaged neighbours, while the converse applied for damaged plants with undamaged neighbours. Neighbour interactions were influenced by the intensity of damage and were stronger when 100% of the leaf area was removed than when 75% was removed. At the crop level, when compared with yield estimates based on yield of plants from uniformly damaged or undamaged plots, these interactions resulted in higher yield than expected (+8%). This suggests that damage distribution may have to be considered in studies where artificial or real pest damage is inflicted uniformly on plants.

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Southern Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) Affects Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) Interference with Cotton

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-06-182.1 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 143-146 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Theodore M. Webster ◽

Richard F. Davis

Keyword(s):

Yield Loss ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Xanthium Strumarium ◽

Cotton Yield ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Cotton Plants ◽

Southern Root Knot Nematode ◽

The Relationship

Southern Root-Knot nematode and common cocklebur interfere with cotton growth and yield. A greater understanding of the interaction of these pests with cotton growth and yield is needed for effective integrated pest management (IPM). An additive design was used in outdoor microplots with five common cocklebur densities (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 plants per plot) growing in competition with cotton, with and without the presence of southern Root-Knot nematode. Differences in cotton height could not be detected among common cocklebur densities or nematode presence at 3 wk after transplanting (WAT); however, differences in crop height were observed at 5 WAT between nematode treatments. In the absence of nematodes, the relationship between cotton yield loss and common cocklebur density was described by a rectangular hyperbolic regression model (P < 0.0001). Maximum yield loss from common cocklebur in the absence of nematodes exceeded 80%. In the presence of nematodes, there was a linear relationship between cotton yield loss and common cocklebur density (P = 0.0506). The presence of nematodes at each common cocklebur density increased cotton yield loss 15 to 35%. Common cocklebur plant biomass was 25% greater in nematode treatments, likely because of the reduced competitiveness of the cotton plants in these plots. This study demonstrates that multiple pests can interact to cause an additive reduction in crop yield.

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Effect of Leaf Removal on the Growth And Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus) and its Relevance to Leaf Harvesting Patterns and Pest Damage

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479700100195 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 449-455 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

F. O. Olasantan

Keyword(s):

Yield Loss ◽

Economic Loss ◽

Abelmoschus Esculentus ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Insect Damage ◽

Leaf Removal ◽

Fresh Leaf ◽

Pest Damage ◽

Young Leaves ◽

Marketable Fruit

SummaryExperiments on okra to determine the economic loss caused by insect damage to the leaves or by harvesting young leaves as a vegetable are described. Leaf harvests at 1-weekly intervals yielded 30-50% more fresh leaf than harvests at 2 or 3-weekly intervals. Removing a quarter of each leaf or single leaves from the upper or lower parts of the plant at 3-weekly intervals did not affect marketable fruit yield, but yield was reduced by about 30% when one young leaf was harvested at 1 or 2-weekly intervals or when two or three leaves were harvested at S-weekly intervals. Removing more than one quarter of each leaf or two or three fully expanded leaves from the lower three-quarters of the plant at 3-weekly intervals also caused up to 40% yield loss.Harvesting single leaves at S-weekly intervals is therefore recommended if okra is to be grown for both leaves and pods. The plant can tolerate at least 25% defoliation, as can happen with insect damage, before any yield loss occurs.F. O. Olasantan: Efecto de la deshojadura sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento del gombo (Abelmoschus esculentus,) y su importancia para modelos de cosecha de hojas y dano causado porplagas.

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Pre-harvest field application of enhanced freshness formulation reduces yield loss in orange

Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture ◽

10.1186/s40538-020-00191-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jaspa Samwel ◽

Theodosy Msogoya ◽

Abdul Kudra ◽

Hosea Dunstan Mtui ◽

Anna Baltazari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Yield Loss ◽

Sweet Orange ◽

New Technology ◽

Significant Negative Correlation ◽

Field Application ◽

Yield Losses ◽

Factorial Experiments ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Pest Damage ◽

Marketable Fruit

Abstract Background Orange (Citrus sinensis L.) production in Tanzania is constrained by several pre-harvest factors that include pests. Hexanal, sprayed as Enhanced Freshness Formulation (EFF) is a relatively new technology that has been reported to reduce pre-harvest loss in fruits. However, the effects of hexanal on pre-harvest yield loss of orange are not known. We studied the effects of hexanal as EFF on yield losses of three sweet orange cultivars namely, Early Valencia, Jaffa, and Late Valencia. Factorial experiments tested the effects of EFF concentration, variety, and time of EFF application on number of dropped fruit, percentage of non-marketable fruit and incidence of pest damage. Results Results showed significant negative correlation (p < 0.001) between EFF and the percentage of dropped fruit, non-marketable yield, and incidence of pest damage. An increase in hexanal concentration by 1%, is expected to reduce number of dropped fruit by 50, percentage of non-marketable by 35.6, and incidences of pest damage by 36.5% keeping other factors constant. Results also show significant association (p < 0.001) between time of hexanal application and non-marketable yield. Percentage of dropped fruit is expected to increase by 1 for each day away from harvest, keeping other factors constant. Conclusion Pre-harvest application of hexanal as EFF can significantly reduce number of dropped fruits, percentage of non-marketable fruit and incidence of pest damage.

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KETAHANAN BEBERAPA KULTIVAR CABAI TERHADAP CUCUMBER MOSAIC VIRUS DAN CHILLI VEINAL MOTTLE VIRUS

JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA ◽

10.23960/j.hptt.27130-139 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 130-139

Author(s):

Muhammad Taufik ◽

Sri Hendrastuti Hidayat ◽

Sriani Sujiprihati ◽

Gede Suastika ◽

Sientje Mandang Sumaraw

Keyword(s):

Virus Infection ◽

Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Mottle Virus ◽

Tolerance Response ◽

Chilli Veinal Mottle Virus ◽

Das Elisa

Resistance Evaluation of Chillipepper Cultivars for Cucumber Mosaic Virus and Chilli Veinal Mottle Virus. The use of resistance culivars is an important strategy for management of virus infection in chillipepper. A research was undergone to study the effect of single and mix infection of CMV and ChiVMV on the disease incidence and on the growth and yield of nine chillipepper cultivars, i.e. Cilibangi 4, Cilibangi 5, Cilibangi 6, Helem, Jatilaba, Tit Bulat, Tit Segitiga, Tit Super and Tampar. Mechanical inoculation was conducted to transmit the virus. Infection of the virus was then confirmed with DAS-ELISA. In general, inoculated chillipepper cultivars developed similar symptoms, i.e. mosaic type for CMV and mottle type for ChiVMV. More severe symptom was not always observed from mix infection of CMV and ChiVMV. Disease incidence occurred in the range of 16.67 – 86.0% and this caused 18.3 – 98.6% yield loss. Based on symptom expression, ELISA result, and reduction on yield, it can be concluded that all chillipepper cultivars used in this study could not hold up the virus infection. However, several cultivars showed tolerance response : Jatilaba, Tit Super, and Tampar for CMV; Cilibangi 4 for ChiVMV; Tit Super for mix infection; and Cilibangi 5 for CMV, ChiVMV, and mix infection. Further evaluation and investigation involving different chillipepper cultivars should be conducted.

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An Allelopathic Role for Garlic Root Exudates in the Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Cucumber in a Hydroponic Co-Culture System

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9010045 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 45 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Haiyan Ding ◽

Ahmad Ali ◽

Zhihui Cheng

Keyword(s):

Root Exudates ◽

Culture System ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Photosynthetic Performance ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Plant Interactions ◽

Growth Environment ◽

Chlorophyll Contents ◽

Source To Sink ◽

Regulation Of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Garlic is considered to have a strong positive effect on the growth and yield of receptors under soil cultivation conditions. However, how this positive promotion is produced by changing the growth environment of the receptors or directly acting on the receptors is still not very clear. The direct influence of co-culturing with different quantities of garlic plants (the control 5, 10, 15, 20) on the growth and biochemical processes of cucumber plants was studied using a hydroponic co-culture system. Different numbers of garlic bulbs inhibited the growth of cucumber plants and increased the production and induction of reactive oxygen species, which accompanied the enhancement of lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage to cucumber. This allelopathic exposure further reduced the chlorophyll contents and photosynthesis rate, and consequently impaired the photosynthetic performance of photosystem II (PSII). Garlic root exudates increased the leaves’ carbohydrates accumulation, such as soluble sugar contents and sucrose levels by regulating the activities of metabolismic enzymes; however, no such accumulation was observed in the roots. Our results suggested that garlic root exudates can mediate negative plant–plant interactions and its phytotoxic influence on cucumber plants may have occurred through the application of oxidative stress, which consequently imbalanced the source-to-sink photo-assimilate flow.

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Assessment of the effect of ratooning pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) in the lowland tropics

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600044361 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 104 (3) ◽

pp. 589-593 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

T. O. Tayo

Keyword(s):

Seed Yield ◽

Cajanus Cajan ◽

Pigeon Pea ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Tropical Conditions ◽

Total Seed ◽

The University ◽

University Of Ibadan ◽

Better Than

SummaryPigeon pea (variety Cita-1) was sown on ridges at two plantings in the early and late seasons of 1983 at the University of Ibadan, Two to three weeks after the plants reached maturity and the pods had been harvested by hand-picking, the plants were either ratooned by cutting off the tops at a height of 30 and 60 cm or left intact.At the end of the first and second regrowths, the plants ratooned at 30 and 60 cm had performed better than those left intact in terms of growth and yield characters as well as seed yield. However, the plants ratooned at 30 cm performed best followed by those ratooned at 60 cm. The total seed yield from the planting was 3–6 times higher than if the crop had been harvested once.It would seem that ratooning at 30 cm would give the highest returns from a single planting under the prevailing lowland tropical conditions.

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Generating Plants with Improved Water Use Efficiency

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy8090194 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 194 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Sonja Blankenagel ◽

Zhenyu Yang ◽

Viktoriya Avramova ◽

Chris-Carolin Schön ◽

Erwin Grill

Keyword(s):

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Water Use ◽

Measurement Techniques ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

High Yield ◽

Co2 Uptake ◽

Crop Varieties ◽

Leaf Level ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Plant Level

To improve sustainability of agriculture, high yielding crop varieties with improved water use efficiency (WUE) are needed. Despite the feasibility of assessing WUE using different measurement techniques, breeding for WUE and high yield is a major challenge. Factors influencing the trait under field conditions are complex, including different scenarios of water availability. Plants with C3 photosynthesis are able to moderately increase WUE by restricting transpiration, resulting in higher intrinsic WUE (iWUE) at the leaf level. However, reduced CO2 uptake negatively influences photosynthesis and possibly growth and yield as well. The negative correlation of growth and WUE could be partly disconnected in model plant species with implications for crops. In this paper, we discuss recent insights obtained for Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) and the potential to translate the findings to C3 and C4 crops. Our data on Zea mays (L.) lines subjected to progressive drought show that there is potential for improvements in WUE of the maize line B73 at the whole plant level (WUEplant). However, changes in iWUE of B73 and Arabidopsis reduced the assimilation rate relatively more in maize. The trade-off observed in the C4 crop possibly limits the effectiveness of approaches aimed at improving iWUE but not necessarily efforts to improve WUEplant.

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Foliar and soil fertilization effect on seed yield and protein content of soybean

Bangladesh Agronomy Journal ◽

10.3329/baj.v17i1.23678 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 67-72 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

MA Mannan

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Soybean Seed ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Soybean Variety ◽

Soil Fertilization ◽

Fertilization Effect ◽

Better Than

A field experiment was carried out at Agronomy Farm of Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali, from December 2011 to March 2012, to study the effects of nutrient foliar spray on soybean growth, yield and protein content. Soybean variety Shohag was used as the test crop. N, NPK, NPKS and NPKMg were sprayed and applied in the soil at vegetative and pod filling stages. Soil fertilizations were done as recommended dose, and no soil and foliar fertilization were considered as control. Plants were sprayed at the rate of 100 mg/L of water corresponding to each nutrient. The experimental design was a split plot with three replications. Result indicated that nutrient foliar spray, either singly or in combination, enhanced the growth and yield of the soybean as well as protein content in soybean seed, at the two growth stages compared to soil fertilization. However, spraying nutrients during pod filling stage was better than vegetative spraying stage in all characters studied. The highest amount of protein content in soybean seed and grain yield were obtained by spraying NPKMg.Bangladesh Agron. J. 2014, 17(1): 67-72

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Pathogenicity of the root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus zeae, on rice genotypes under different hydro-ecologies in Tanzania

Nematology ◽

10.1163/15685411-00003302 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 221-233 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yasinta Beda Nzogela ◽

Sofie Landschoot ◽

Ashura-Luzi Kihupi ◽

Danny L. Coyne ◽

Godelieve Gheysen

Keyword(s):

Upland Rice ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Post Inoculation ◽

Root Lesion Nematode ◽

Rice Genotypes ◽

Lesion Nematode ◽

The Impact ◽

Mixed Stage ◽

Pratylenchus Zeae ◽

Better Than

Summary The root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus zeae, is commonly found in upland rice fields. To measure the impact of the nematode on rice production, a screenhouse experiment was conducted using two farmer-adapted Oryza sativa cultivars, ‘Supa’ (‘SurinamV-880’) and ‘SARO-5’ (‘TXD 306’), under flooded, upland and drought water regimes imposed at 7 days post-inoculation of mixed-stage nematodes (200, 500, 1000, 3000 and 10 000 plant−1). Growth and yield parameters were recorded, and the experiment was terminated after 5 months. ‘Supa’ was shown to be resistant to P. zeae, while ‘SARO-5’ was susceptible. Pratylenchus zeae reduced the growth and yield of both cultivars, though more for ‘SARO-5’ than for ‘Supa’. Yield decreased with increasing final nematode densities. Pratylenchus zeae reproduction was highest at 200 and 500 inoculum levels and under upland water conditions. The yield of ‘SARO-5’ was greater than that of ‘Supa’ under flooded conditions and with no or 200 and 500 nematode inoculum levels, but with high P. zeae inoculum ‘Supa’ yield was better than ‘SARO-5’.

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Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Effect on Corn (Zea mays) Growth and Yield in South Dakota

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00024027 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 665-668 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Chad Scholes ◽

Sharon A. Clay ◽

Kalyn Brix-Davis

Keyword(s):

South Dakota ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Abutilon Theophrasti ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Corn Yield ◽

Total Biomass ◽

Area Index ◽

Large Yield

Studies were conducted at two sites in South Dakota in 1992 and at one site in 1993 to measure the effect of velvetleaf on corn growth and yield. Velvetleaf was overseeded in corn rows and thinned to densities of 0, 1.3, 4, 12, and 24 plants/m2. Velvetleaf leaf area index and total biomass were positively correlated with velvetleaf density. Biomass per velvetleaf plant and corn biomass were correlated negatively with velvetleaf density. The percent corn yield reduction was similar for locations and years in spite of large yield differences. Maximum yield loss estimated by a hyperbolic yield reduction model was 37.2% with a loss of 4.4% per unit velvetleaf density.

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