Field-evolved resistance to λ-cyhalothrin in the lady beetleEriopis connexa

2017 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 380-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.M.G. Costa ◽  
J.B. Torres ◽  
V.M. Rondelli ◽  
R. Lira
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Field Resistance ◽  
Significant Survival ◽  
Eriopis Connexa ◽  
Grade Ii ◽  
Herbivorous Species ◽  
Insecticide Sprays

AbstractNatural enemies are exposed to insecticide sprays for herbivorous species and may evolve field resistance to insecticides. Natural enemies selected for resistance in the field, however, are welcome for pest control. The susceptibility of 20 populations ofEriopis connexafrom various crop ecosystems to λ-cyhalothrin was tested. Three bioassays were conducted: (i) topical treatment with lethal dose (LD)50previously determined for populations considered standard for susceptibility (LD50S) and for resistance (LD50R) to λ-cyhalothrin at technical grade; (ii) dose–mortality assay to calculate the LD for populations exhibiting significant survival to the LD50R; and (iii) determination of survival when exposed to dried residues at field rates. Among the 20 tested populations, seven populations did not survive or survival rates were lower than 10% when treated with LD50R; three populations survived >20%, but lower than 50%; while ten populations exhibited equal or greater survival rates compared with the 50% expected survival for the LD50R. Thus, these ten populations were subjected to dose–mortality response, and the LD50values varied from 0.046 to 5.44 µg a.i./insect with resistance ratio of 8.52- to 884.08-folds. Adults from these ten populations that were ranked as resistant according to the LD50Rexhibited survival from 44.5 to 100% exposed to the lowest and from 38.8 to 100% exposed to the highest field rates of λ-cyhalothrin, respectively. Otherwise, the remaining ten populations ranked as susceptible according to the LD50Rshowed survival from 3.3 to 56% exposed to the lowest and from 0 to 17.7% exposed to the highest field rates of λ-cyhalothrin, respectively. Therefore, 50% of the testedE. connexapopulations exhibited field-evolved resistance to λ-cyhalothrin and the use of a discriminatory LD50for resistance matched the survival obtained when exposed to the insecticide field rates.

LOCAL RECURRENCES AFTER THE TREATMENT OF SOFT TISSUE MALIGNANT FIBROUS HISTIOCYTOMA (UNCLASSIFIEDPLEOMORPHIC SARCOMA) OF THE LIMBS

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 1523-1526
Author(s):  
Oleksandr O. Lytvynenko ◽  
Volodymyr F. Konovalenko ◽  
Anton Yu. Ryzhov
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma ◽  
Fibrous Histiocytoma ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Soft Tissue Sarcomas ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Radical Excision ◽  
Local Recurrences ◽  
Results Of Treatment

Introduction: The treatment of patients with malignant fibrous histiocytoma as well as other soft tissue sarcomas is not sufficiently effective up to date, and has largely changed and reflects the alterations, occurred in oncology as a whole. The number of amputation decreased over the last 10-15 years. Some researchers associate the improvement of treatment outcomes with the development of combined and complex methods. The aim of the study is an improvement of the results of treatment of patients with soft tissue malignant histiocytoma on the basis of determination of factors, influencing local recurrence development. Materials and methods: The basis of our study was a comprehensive analysis of examination and treatment results of 130 patients with MFH of the soft tissue of limbs, of them in 84 patients (64.6%) the recurrences developed. The group included 45 (53.6%) males and 39 (46.4%) females. The major part of patients – 82.1% (60 patients) were older than 40 years. Results and conclusions: The number of recurrences after the treatment in general surgical facilities is 86.9%, whereas in the patients after the treatment in the specialized oncological facilities this figure is twice lower (40%). The characteristic of the medical facility where the patient receives his/her primary treatment largely affects the development of local recurrences, patients’ quality of life and overall survival rates. The surgical method remains the leading modality in the treatment of MFH of ST. Wide and radical excision of tumors in the specialized oncological facilities allows achieving better survival outcomes of the patients.

scholarly journals The Role of microRNAs in Cholangiocarcinoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7627
Author(s):  
Tingting Shi ◽  
Asahiro Morishita ◽  
Hideki Kobara ◽  
Tsutomu Masaki
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Therapy Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Related Risk

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), an aggressive malignancy, is typically diagnosed at an advanced stage. It is associated with dismal 5-year postoperative survival rates, generating an urgent need for prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs that are associated with cancer regulation, including modulation of cell cycle progression, apoptosis, metastasis, angiogenesis, autophagy, therapy resistance, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Several miRNAs have been found to be dysregulated in CCA and are associated with CCA-related risk factors. Accumulating studies have indicated that the expression of altered miRNAs could act as oncogenic or suppressor miRNAs in the development and progression of CCA and contribute to clinical diagnosis and prognosis prediction as potential biomarkers. Furthermore, miRNAs and their target genes also contribute to targeted therapy development and aid in the determination of drug resistance mechanisms. This review aims to summarize the roles of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of CCA, their potential use as biomarkers of diagnosis and prognosis, and their utilization as novel therapeutic targets in CCA.

Determination of Lethal Dose in a Protozoa

1981 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 438-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. SOVAK ◽  
R. RANGANATHAN ◽  
W. MUTZEL
Keyword(s):  
Lethal Dose

Development of anOrientia tsutsugamushiLc-1 Murine Intraperitoneal Challenge Model for Scrub Typhus: Determination of Murine Lethal Dose (MuLD50), Tissue Bacterial Loads, and Clinical Outcomes

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 539-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woradee Lurchachaiwong ◽  
Wesley McCardle ◽  
Teik-Chye Chan ◽  
Anthony L. Schuster ◽  
Allen L. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Scrub Typhus ◽  
Lethal Dose

scholarly journals Effect of immunoadjuvants on the disease course in patients with operable breast cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 20-23
Author(s):  
M. M. Vasilyeva ◽  
I. P. Moshurov ◽  
L. Yu. Grivtsova ◽  
N. N. Tupitsyn ◽  
N. A. Kozlov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Tumor Tissue ◽  
Radical Mastectomy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cancer Management ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Breast Cancer Management ◽  
Grade Ii ◽  
And Control

Background. A new strategy of breast cancer management is required for effective disease prevention and control. Immunotherapy is one of promising options.Objective: to evaluate the effect of immunoadjuvant polyoxidonium on pathmorphological changes in breast tumors.Materials and methods. The study was performed in 75 patients with breast cancer: 50 patients received polyoxidonium in a neoadjuvant regimen (main group), 25 patients did not receive polyoxidonium (control group). Polyoxidonium at a dose of 12 mg was administered intramuscularly 1 time per day on the days 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 before surgery; on the day 8, radical mastectomy was performed in patients of both groups, followed by histological examination and determination of the grade of therapeutic pathomorphosis of the tumor.Results. The proportion of cases with grade I therapeutic pathomorphosis was 58 %, grade II therapeutic pathomorphosis – 6 %. Pathomorphosis in metastatic lymph nodes was observed in 22.7 % of cases.Conclusion. The anti-tumor effect of polyoxidonium was confirmed on the basis of the induction of pathomorphosis of the tumor tissue of breast cancer.

scholarly journals Determination of Median Lethal Concentrations (Lc50) of Pathogenic Antigens and Their Applications in Vaccine Development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saganuwan Alhaji Saganuwan
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus

Abstract Objective: Lack of ideal mathematical models to qualify and quantify both pathogenicity, and virulence is a dreadful setback in development of new antimicrobials and vaccines against resistance pathogenic microorganisms. Hence, the modified arithmetical formula of Reed and Muench has been integrated with other formulas and used for determination of antigen concentration and parasites inoculums that would kill 50% of test animals (LC50).Results: Microorganisms’ antigens tested are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice and rat, Edwardsiella ictaluri, Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas veronii in fish, New Castle Disease virus in chicken, Sheep Pox Virus, Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus and Hepatitis A virus in vitro, respectively. The LC50s for the pathogens using different routes of administrations are 1.93 x 103 (sheep poxvirus) and 1.75 x 1010 for Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC29213) in rat respectively. N is the number of vaccine dose that could neutralize the LC50.Titre index (TI) equals N log10 LC50 and provides protection against lethal dose in graded fashion which translates to protection index. Hence, parasite inoculum of 103 to 1011 could be used as basis for median lethal dose (LD50), LC50 and median bacterial concentrations (BC50) determination, pathogenic dose for immune stimulation should be sought at concentrations less than LC10.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE CAPACITY OF CHEMICALS TO THE CUMULATION AND THE STRUCTURE OF THEIR MOLECULES

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (10) ◽  
pp. 970-974
Author(s):  
Nina V. Kharchevnikova ◽  
Z. I. Zholdakova ◽  
V. I. Zhurko ◽  
D. Yu. Fedortsova ◽  
V. G. Blinova
Keyword(s):  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Training Dataset ◽  
Jsm Method ◽  
Hazard Class ◽  
Structural Class ◽  
Chemical Hazard ◽  
Leave One Out ◽  
The Relationship

The relationships between the capacity of chemicals to cumulate a toxic effect (functional cumulation) and the structure of their molecules were investigated. In the process of substantiation of safe levels (MAC) of substances in water this capacity is characterized by the cumulation hazard class (later in the text - hazard class). This class is stated to be depend on the value of the relationship between the mean lethal dose of the acute experiment and the threshold dose of the chronic experiment. The experimental study of a huge amount of new chemicals in the chronic experiments is a very difficult task, thus the study of the possibility to predict the hazard class of a chemical is of great scientific and practical interest. By using a logical combinatorial method JSM, named in honor of an English logic J.S. Mill, the structural groups in molecules, determining the appurtenance of these chemicals to a hazard class were identified and the possibility of the prediction of the hazard class of a chemical belonging to a definite structural array, containing such structural group were investigated. The training dataset (583 compounds) was automatically derived from the database WATERTOX, containing the data on acute and chronic toxicity for about 2000 substances. The results suggest the JSM method to be limitedly applicable for the determination of a hazard class of an untested chemical using this heterogeneous training dataset because we were unable to unambiguously derive the list of chemicals belonging to the class of moderately hazard substances. The chemical in some cases was predicted to belong to one or other of the neighboring classes. However taking in mind this uncertainty, the accuracy of the method evaluated, when using the “leave-one-out” method was 78%. Nevertheless the JSM method enables us to find structural subgroups “responsible” for the functional cumulation. The relation of the hazard class of a chemical belonging to a definite structural class with its structure and the possibility of the prediction of an untested chemical hazard class are demonstrated. The prognosis of the hazard classes for chemicals belonging to several structural sets including the anthraquinone derivatives, phthalimides, perfluorated aliphatic compounds, chlorosubstituted phenols, phenylureas is performed.

scholarly journals The error of determination of toxicity

1927 ◽  
Vol 101 (712) ◽  
pp. 483-514 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Minimal Effective Dose ◽  
Quantitative Expression ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cocaine Hydrochloride ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Definition Of

The determination of toxicity is usually given quantitative expression by the statement of a minimal lethal dose. The common use of this expression in the literature of the subject would logically involve the assumptions that there is a dose, for any given poison, which is only just sufficient to kill all or most of the animals of a given species, and that doses very little smaller would not kill any animals of that species. Any worker, however, accustomed to estimations of toxicity, knows that these assumptions do not represent the truth. How widely different is the real state of affairs, however, is not, I think, sufficiently recognised. The fact that the “ minimal lethal dose,” whether calculated for unit weight, or for surface area, or on any other basis, varies widely for different species has, perhaps, led to the looseness of its definition for any one species. For the accurate standardisation, by biological methods, of drugs which are not available in chemically pure form, it is essential to establish a more accurate definition of such terms as “minimal lethal dose,” “minimal effective dose,” etc. Fig. 1 gives the results of the injection of four poisons into animals. The abscissæ are proportional to the doses injected, the scale obviously differing for the different drugs, and the ordinates give the percentage mortality for each dose injected. The number attached to each observed point represents the number of animals injected for its determination. The curves represent percentage mortalities produced by the subcutaneous injection of tincture of digitalis into frogs, by the intravenous injection of cocaine hydrochloride into mice (see also fig. 2 and Table I), by the intravenous injection of echitamine into mice, and by the injection of dysentery toxin into mice, the data for the last being taken from O’Brien, Sudmersen and Runge (1924). A similar curve is given later (fig. 7) for the percentage of convulsions produced in mice by increasing doses of insulin, the data being obtained by the use of large numbers of animals. Shackell (1925) has published a number of similar curves, relating percentage mortalities to varying doses of different poisons, in a wide range of species. It is suggested that the curve expressing the percentage of mortality, or of some other limiting biological effect, produced by varying doses of a drug on animals of a certain species, shall be called the “ characteristic” for that particular drug, effect and species. Thus, the curve relating the percentage of convulsions produced in mice to varying doses of insulin, would be termed the characteristic for the production of convulsions in mice by insulin.

Surgery for Diffuse WHO Grade II Gliomas: Volumetric Analysis of a Multicenter Retrospective Cohort From the German Study Group for Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Neurosurgery ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. E64-E74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Scherer ◽  
Hajrulla Ahmeti ◽  
Constantin Roder ◽  
Florian Gessler ◽  
Christine Jungk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Incomplete Resection ◽  
Who Grade ◽  
German Study ◽  
Significant Survival ◽  
Idh Mutations ◽  
Grade Ii ◽  
Who Grade Ii Gliomas

Abstract BACKGROUND In diffuse WHO grade II gliomas (LGG), the extent of resection (EOR) required to achieve significant survival benefits remains elusive. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of residual volume (RV) and EOR with progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS) in LGG in a retrospective, multicenter series by the German study group of intraoperative MRI (GeSGIM). METHODS Consecutive cases were retrospectively assessed from 5 centers. Tumors were volumetrically quantified before and after surgery, and clinical data were analyzed, including IDH mutations and neurologic deficits. Kaplan–Meier estimates, accelerated failure time models (AFT), and multivariate Cox regression models were calculated to identify determinants of survival. RESULTS A total of 140 cases were analyzed. Gross total resection (GTR) was associated with significantly longer PFS compared to any incomplete resection (P = .009). A significant survival disadvantage was evident even for small (>0-5 ml) residuals and increased for moderate (>5-20 ml) and large remnants (>20 ml) P = .001). Accordingly, PFS increased continuously for 20% incremental steps of EOR (P < .001). AFT models supported the notion of a continuous association of RV and EOR with PFS. Multivariate Cox regression models confirmed RV (P = .01) and EOR (P = .005) as continuous prognosticators of PFS. Univariate analysis showed significant associations of RV and EOR with OS. CONCLUSION Our data support the hypothesis of a continuous relationship of RV and EOR with survival for LGG with superiority seen for GTR. Hence, GTR should be achieved whenever safely feasible, and resections should be maximized whenever tumor has to be left behind to spare function.

scholarly journals Population dynamics of rice leaffolders (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and their natural enemies in irrigated rice in the Philippines

1999 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 411-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. de Kraker ◽  
A. van Huis ◽  
K.L. Heong ◽  
J.C. van Lenteren ◽  
R. Rabbinge
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Cnaphalocrocis Medinalis ◽  
Irrigated Rice ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Ovipositional Preference ◽  
Rice Leaffolders

AbstractPopulations of rice leaffolders and their natural enemies were studied in eight crops of irrigated rice in Laguna Province, the Philippines. The rice leaffolder complex consisted of three species: Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée), Marasmia patnalis Bradley and M. exigua Butler. Leaffolder population dynamics were characterized by an egg peak at maximum tillering and a broad larval peak around booting stage. Peak densities ranged from 0.2 to 2.0 larvae per hill. Most larvae originated from immigrant moths and there was no substantial second generation. The seasonal percentage egg parasitism by Trichogramma sp. ranged from 0 to 27%, and percentage larval parasitism from 14 to 56%. The braconid Macrocentrus philippinensis Ashmead was the most commonly reared larval parasitoid. Forty natural enemy taxa that may attack rice leaffolders were identified from suction and sweepnet samples: 24 predator taxa and 16 parasitoid taxa. The estimated survival rates from leaffolder egg to larval stages and between larval stages showed large variation between rice crops, but were not clearly correlated with observed levels of parasitism, natural enemy abundance, or natural enemy to leaffolder ratios. It is suggested that the generally low densities of rice leaffolders in Philippine transplanted rice are caused by their ovipositional preference for crops at the maximum tillering stage, allowing for only one generation, and by high immature mortality caused by the abundant and diverse complex of natural enemies.

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