scholarly journals The error of determination of toxicity

1927 ◽  
Vol 101 (712) ◽  
pp. 483-514 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Minimal Effective Dose ◽  
Quantitative Expression ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cocaine Hydrochloride ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Definition Of

The determination of toxicity is usually given quantitative expression by the statement of a minimal lethal dose. The common use of this expression in the literature of the subject would logically involve the assumptions that there is a dose, for any given poison, which is only just sufficient to kill all or most of the animals of a given species, and that doses very little smaller would not kill any animals of that species. Any worker, however, accustomed to estimations of toxicity, knows that these assumptions do not represent the truth. How widely different is the real state of affairs, however, is not, I think, sufficiently recognised. The fact that the “ minimal lethal dose,” whether calculated for unit weight, or for surface area, or on any other basis, varies widely for different species has, perhaps, led to the looseness of its definition for any one species. For the accurate standardisation, by biological methods, of drugs which are not available in chemically pure form, it is essential to establish a more accurate definition of such terms as “minimal lethal dose,” “minimal effective dose,” etc. Fig. 1 gives the results of the injection of four poisons into animals. The abscissæ are proportional to the doses injected, the scale obviously differing for the different drugs, and the ordinates give the percentage mortality for each dose injected. The number attached to each observed point represents the number of animals injected for its determination. The curves represent percentage mortalities produced by the subcutaneous injection of tincture of digitalis into frogs, by the intravenous injection of cocaine hydrochloride into mice (see also fig. 2 and Table I), by the intravenous injection of echitamine into mice, and by the injection of dysentery toxin into mice, the data for the last being taken from O’Brien, Sudmersen and Runge (1924). A similar curve is given later (fig. 7) for the percentage of convulsions produced in mice by increasing doses of insulin, the data being obtained by the use of large numbers of animals. Shackell (1925) has published a number of similar curves, relating percentage mortalities to varying doses of different poisons, in a wide range of species. It is suggested that the curve expressing the percentage of mortality, or of some other limiting biological effect, produced by varying doses of a drug on animals of a certain species, shall be called the “ characteristic” for that particular drug, effect and species. Thus, the curve relating the percentage of convulsions produced in mice to varying doses of insulin, would be termed the characteristic for the production of convulsions in mice by insulin.

scholarly journals Determination of sources of sulfur dioxide in confectionery

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 203-208
Author(s):  
N. B. Kondratyev ◽  
E. V. Kazantsev ◽  
M. V. Osipov ◽  
O. S. Rudenko ◽  
E. N. Krylova
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
White Sand ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Confectionery Products ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Technological Methods

Sulfur dioxide is used to ensure the safety of fruit raw materials and semi-finished products used for the production of confectionery. This preservative has allergenic properties. In accordance with the Technical Regulations of the Customs Union TR CU 022/2011 "Food products in terms of their labeling" the content of sulfur dioxide must be specified when labeling confectionery products, if its content exceeds 10 mg per kg. The definition of this preservative in raw materials, semi-finished products and confectionery in accordance with the current GOST 26811 “Confectionery. The iodometric method for determining the mass fraction of total sulfuric acid is often difficult because of the complexity of confectionery products, the formation of intensive staining of the solutions under study and the ability of sulfur dioxide to react with other components of the objects under study. Therefore, the task of developing methods with the optimization of the sample preparation stage of the samples under study, which allow one to fully determine sulfur dioxide in confectionery products, semi-finished products and raw materials, is relevant. The purpose of this work was to develop methods for determining sulfur dioxide in raw materials, semi-finished products and various names of confectionery products, as well as assessing the impact of these types of raw materials and semi-finished products on the content of sulfur dioxide in confectionery products. The results showed that sulfur dioxide is present in many raw materials. In mg per 1 kg of sugar in white sand from 1 to 9, molasses from 25 to 52, wheat flour from 9 to 15, starch from 3 to 17. In fruit raw materials from 5 to 545 mg per kg. In confectionery: marshmallow and marshmallow from 8 to 29, gingerbread from 6 to 25, biscuits from 0 to 16, chocolate from 8 to 13. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that the content of sulfur dioxide in raw materials and semi-finished confectionery products is a very wide range, which makes it necessary to control the quality of all raw materials entering the production. Sulfur dioxide, used as a preservative for fruit raw materials, can significantly increase the content of this allergen in confectionery made using such raw materials. Ensuring the level of sulfur dioxide less than 10 mg / kg is achieved using raw materials with low content of sulfur dioxide and technological methods.

Assessment of the Effect of Acidic Deposition on Canadian Lakes: Determination of Critical Loads for Sulphate Deposition

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (3-5) ◽  
pp. 183-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Jeffries ◽  
D. C. L. Lam
Keyword(s):  
Critical Load ◽  
Critical Loads ◽  
Acidic Deposition ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sulphate Deposition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Terrain Characteristics

The operational definition of the “critical” load for wet SO4 deposition is that which does not increase the regional percent of lakes having pH≤6 for the portion of the population that historically had pH>6. Reviews of the effects of acidic deposition on aquatic biota show that the pH=6 threshold used to determine the critical load is sufficient to protect most organisms. It is inappropriate to specify a single critical load for the whole of eastern Canada due to variability in terrain sensitivity. The Atlantic provinces and easterr Quebec generally have very low critical loads (<8 kg. ha−1.yr−1). The terrain characteristics of this area dictate a critical load very close to background deposition. Lakes in southwestern Quebec and Ontario have critical loads of <8 to >20 kg.ha−1.yr−1 reflecting the wide range in terrain sensitivities that exist in each province.

Explicit Wiener–Hopf factorization and nonlinear Riemann–Hilbert problems

2002 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Câmara ◽  
A. F. dos Santos ◽  
M. P. Carpentier
Keyword(s):  
Linear Transformation ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
The Other ◽  
Factorization Problem ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Complete Determination ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Class Of Functions

A method for explicit Wiener–Hopf factorization of 2 × 2 matrix-valued functions is presented together with an abstract definition of a class of functions, C(Q1, Q2), to which it applies. The method involves the reduction of the original factorization problem to certain nonlinear scalar Riemann–Hilbert problems, which are easier to solve. The class C(Q1, Q2) contains a wide range of classes dealt with in the literature, including the well-known Daniele–Khrapkov class. The structure of the factors in the factorization of any element of the class C(Q1, Q2) is studied and a relation between the two columns of the factors, which gives one of the columns in terms of the other through a linear transformation, is established. This greatly simplifies the complete determination of the factors and gives relevant information on the nature of the factorization. Two examples suggested by applications are completely worked out.

EVALUATION OF PARAMETERS DETERMINING PROCESS CAPABILITIES OF MANDRELS WITH SPLIT COLLETS

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Blinov ◽  
P. V. Klakotsky
Keyword(s):  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Inexpensive Method ◽  
Method Of Calculation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Conical Section ◽  
Evaluation Of Parameters ◽  
Strain Stress ◽  
Thin Walled ◽  
Definition Of

In order to fasten blanks such as rings, bushings, cups and shells, especially thin-walled ones, the use is made of a great number of devices. The previous article contained the review of the devices used and the definition of their structure with split collets, which are highly precise and wide-range, i.e. the most preferable. The devices with split collets are selected as a study object and the task was set to expand a range of diameters of blanks fixed in them while maintaining the collet strength. Developed in this article is a deformation mechanism of the split collet at its unclamping by the shaft conical section. The developed mechanism, with account of the results from the earlier performed studies on determination of the split collet strain-stress behavior, was taken as a basis for the approximated method of calculation the devices with split collets. With the use of the mentioned calculation the analysis was made of the split collet parameters which make it possible to expand a range of diameters of blanks being fixed while maintaining the collet strength. Shape and sizes of a collet belong to such parameters. While considering the variants of the coupling external profile it is necessary to be guided by the process capabilities of a simple and inexpensive method of the mentioned profile manufacture. In order to evaluate the influence of different variants of the coupling external profile shape on process capabilities of the device it is necessary to carry out the comparative calculations by the finite element method. The obtained results of the comparative calculations and their analysis are supposed to be published in the next article.

scholarly journals What are Emotions? Structure and Function of Emotions

Studia Humana ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-44
Author(s):  
Cezary Mordka
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Reliable Determination ◽  
Stipulative Definition ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Set Up ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Function

Abstract This paper attempts to coin a stipulative definition of “emotions” to determine their functions. In this sense, “emotion” is a complex phenomenon consisting of an accurate (reliable) determination of the state of affairs in relation to the state of the subject and specific “points of adaptation”. Apart from the cognitive aspect, this phenomenon also includes behavior, physiological changes and expressions (facial expression, voice, posture), feelings, and “execution” of emotions in the nervous system. Emotions fulfill informative, calibrating, identifying, existential, and motivating functions. Emotions capture the world as either positive or negative, important or unimportant, and are used to determine and assign weightings (to set up a kind of hierarchy). They emerge automatically (involuntarily), are difficult (or hardly possible) to control and are (to some extent) influenced by culture.

scholarly journals SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE IN FORENSIC EXAMINATION DETERMINATION OF THE LIMITATION PERIOD OF THE DOCUMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-152
Author(s):  
Kostiantyn Kovalov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Legal Method ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Technical Examination ◽  
Scientific Opinion ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Special Knowledge ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Forms Of Knowledge

The purpose of the article is to formulate a conceptual vision of improving the scientific and methodological foundations of the application of special knowledge in the field of forensic documentation through the formation within the forensic technical examination of documents of a new expert specialty – determining the statute of limitations (index 2.4). The reliability of the obtained results and conclusions is ensured by the use of a set of general scientific research methods. In particular, with the help of the historical-legal method the scientific opinion on the content of special knowledge in retrospect is investigated; system-analytical – generalized scientific approaches to highlighting the main objectives of the use of special knowledge; system-structural – the range of special knowledge in the field of forensic document science, which should be possessed by an expert documentologist, is defined, the definition of «special knowledge in the field of forensic document science» is formulated; system-functional – formulated a conceptual vision of ways to improve the scientific and methodological foundations of the application of special knowledge in the field of forensic document science. In addition, for practical implementation, such forms of knowledge as concepts, laws, hypotheses, theories are used, which allow to apply them further, receiving scientific approbation. The definition of «special knowledge in the field of forensic document science» is formulated and the necessity of creation within the limits of forensic technical examination of documents of a new expert specialty – definition of prescription of the document (index 2.4) is scientifically substantiated. As a result of retrospective analysis of scientific opinion on the content of special knowledge, it is stated that the discussion on this subject continues, determining the expediency of determining special knowledge by areas of application. A wide range of special knowledge in the field of forensic document science is outlined, which should be possessed by an expert document maker, forming a separate category of knowledgeable persons. Scientifically substantiated, given the amount of special knowledge that document experts should have, promising areas of expanding the possibilities of forensic technical examination of documents, providing for the creation of a new expert specialty – determining the statute of limitations (index 2.4) and initiating new approaches to forensic training.

scholarly journals A new method for quantitative and qualitative representation of the noises type in Allan (and related) variances

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamil Maciuk ◽  
Jacek Kudrys ◽  
Mohammad Bagherbandi ◽  
Igor V. Bezmenov
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Interval ◽  
Satellite Clock ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Quantitative Expression ◽  
Noise Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Averaging Time ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Time Domain

AbstractAllan variances and its related methods are commonly used to analyse a sequence of data in the time domain to measure frequency stability of oscillators. It allows for a determination of noise type as a function of the averaging time. This method is one of the most popular for identifying different noise types in the sensors data, and it is usually used for a wide range of studies on the stability of oscillators or atomic clocks. In this paper, the authors propose their own algorithm for a qualitative and quantitative expression of noise type using Allan and related variation. The methods currently used allow for the determination of the noise type graphically only, without quantifying the type and percentages for each of the integration steps. Our study allows for a numerical interpretation of the Allan (and related) variances data. A numerical example of the described method is based on GPS satellite clock corrections for 1825–2086 GPS Week (5 years) based on daily 30-s sampling interval products.

scholarly journals Evaluation of loading methods for determination of material and elastic constants of cement fiber board

2021 ◽  
Vol 1209 (1) ◽  
pp. 012050
Author(s):  
O Nespesny ◽  
J Pencik ◽  
J Vystrcil ◽  
D Beckovsky
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Constants ◽  
Board Structure ◽  
Special Group ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Load Tests ◽  
Loading Methods ◽  
Point Bend ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Correct Design

Abstract Cement fiber boards (CFB) are special group that are used in a wide range of structural civil engineering. For the correct design of a cement fibre board structure, it is important to define their material and elastic constants, which are usually determined by destructive tests. The paper deals with a definition of a suitable method of loading for the determination of basic materials and elastic constants of cement fiber boards reinforced with organic fibers loaded in the mid-plane. The publication compares and evaluates load tests by three-point and four-point bend.

Typologization of security regulation

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Denis Tikhomirov
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Procedural Understanding ◽  
Limited Ability ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Legal Understanding

The purpose of the article is to typologize terminological definitions of security, to find out the general, to identify the originality of their interpretations depending on the subject of legal regulation. The methodological basis of the study is the methods that made it possible to obtain valid conclusions, in particular, the method of comparison, through which it became possible to correlate different interpretations of the term "security"; method of hermeneutics, which allowed to elaborate texts of normative legal acts of Ukraine, method of typologization, which made it possible to create typologization groups of variants of understanding of the term "security". Scientific novelty. The article analyzes the understanding of the term "security" in various regulatory acts in force in Ukraine. Typological groups were understood to understand the term "security". Conclusions. The analysis of the legal material makes it possible to confirm that the issues of security are within the scope of both legislative regulation and various specialized by-laws. However, today there is no single conception on how to interpret security terminology. This is due both to the wide range of social relations that are the subject of legal regulation and to the relativity of the notion of security itself and the lack of coherence of views on its definition in legal acts and in the scientific literature. The multiplicity of definitions is explained by combinations of material and procedural understanding, static - dynamic, and conditioned by the peculiarities of a particular branch of legal regulation, limited ability to use methods of one or another branch, the inter-branch nature of some variations of security, etc. Separation, common and different in the definition of "security" can be used to further standardize, in fact, the regulatory legal understanding of security to more effectively implement the legal regulation of the security direction.

Music after the Fall

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Rutherford-Johnson
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Contemporary Music ◽  
The United States ◽  
Art Music ◽  
Sound Art ◽  
Musical Composition ◽  
Western Art ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cold War

By the start of the 21st century many of the foundations of postwar culture had disappeared: Europe had been rebuilt and, as the EU, had become one of the world’s largest economies; the United States’ claim to global dominance was threatened; and the postwar social democratic consensus was being replaced by market-led neoliberalism. Most importantly of all, the Cold War was over, and the World Wide Web had been born. Music After The Fall considers contemporary musical composition against this changed backdrop, placing it in the context of globalization, digitization, and new media. Drawing on theories from the other arts, in particular art and architecture, it expands the definition of Western art music to include forms of composition, experimental music, sound art, and crossover work from across the spectrum, inside and beyond the concert hall. Each chapter considers a wide range of composers, performers, works, and institutions are considered critically to build up a broad and rich picture of the new music ecosystem, from North American string quartets to Lebanese improvisers, from South American electroacoustic studios to pianos in the Australian outback. A new approach to the study of contemporary music is developed that relies less on taxonomies of style and technique, and more on the comparison of different responses to common themes, among them permission, fluidity, excess, and loss.

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