scholarly journals Psychology and Social Structure in the Republic of Plato.

1912 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 246-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Ridgeway

It is now generally recognized that Plato's whole theory of the Ideal State is based upon the principle that human society is ‘natural’ As against the antisocial doctrines of certain sophists, this proposition means, in the first place, a denial of the view that society originated in a primitive contract. But Plato does not merely reject this false opinion; he also sets up an alternative doctrine that the state is natural, in the sense that a human society constructed on ideal lines1 would be one that should reflect the structure of man's soul, and give full play to the legitimate functions of every part of his nature. Accordingly, it is vital to his purpose in the Republic to show that the division of the Ideal State into three classes—Guardians, Auxiliaries, Producers—corresponds to the division of the soul into three ‘parts’ ‘kinds’ or ‘forms’ —the Reflective, Spirited, and Appetitive.

Author(s):  
Dominic Scott

This chapter presents a reading of Plato’s Republic. The Republic is among Plato’s most complex works. From its title, the first-time reader will expect a dialogue about political theory, yet the work starts from the perspective of the individual, coming to focus on the question of how, if at all, justice contributes to an agent’s happiness. Only after this question has been fully set out does the work evolve into an investigation of politics—of the ideal state and of the institutions that sustain it, especially those having to do with education. But the interest in individual justice and happiness is never left behind. Rather, the work weaves in and out of the two perspectives, individual and political, right through to its conclusion. All this may leave one wondering about the unity of the work. The chapter shows that, despite the enormous range of topics discussed, the Republic fits together as a coherent whole.


2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Imam Sukardi

The political concept of Alfarabi is derivated from the concept of Platonic, Aristotelian, and Islam. The ideal state is the state which is elaborated the universal values of humanism, not just limited to certain ethnic and nation which is emphasizing its obedience just to God, not the something else. In this paper, the writer tried to interpret the original works of Alfarabi which is directly related to his political thought and the other thinkers who are studying his political thought. In his political thought, Alfarabi emphasized that the main purpose of the state is to make the social-welfare for its citizens. Based on the organic theory, Alfarabi stated that the government of the state is just look-like the human organism system. In which, each of the existing element functioned to strengthen each other to achieve one goal. The ideal state for Alfarabi is the state which is having the goals for its citizen welfare, and who become the prime leader is a philosopher, who is having the prophetic character, having the wider knowledge, and able to communicate with al 'aql al fa’al trough al ‘aql mustafad. 


Classics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. May

Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 bce) rose to prominence in the state during the final decades of the Roman Republic. Blessed with a goodly measure of natural ability, an extraordinary amount of self-discipline, and a remarkably broad and deep education not only in rhetoric but also in philosophy and the other noble arts, Cicero employed his oratorical skill to establish himself in the courts and on the Rostra as Rome’s finest orator. He was elected to the state’s chief political offices at the youngest possible age, and during the final months of his consulship (63 bce), he foiled a plot by L. Sergius Catilina to overthrow the government. His decisive action in that affair was the source of great glory and pride in having saved the state, but also of great pain and heartache, for some five years later he was forced into exile for his part in the summary execution of Catilinarian co-conspirators who were also Roman citizens. Following his return to Rome, he found himself at loggerheads with members of the so-called “First Triumvirate,” a situation that resulted for him in something like a forced retirement from political activity. A decade later, in the wake of Julius Caesar’s victory in the civil war and subsequent dictatorship, Cicero was placed in a similar situation. During both these occasions (namely, the mid-50s and mid-40s bce), he channeled his energies in the direction of his other great love, i.e., contemplation, study, and writing. Remarkably, these two periods saw him produce nearly a score of treatises, including his most important and influential rhetorical writings, wherein he enunciated his deeply-held conviction that eloquent speech (coupled with reason) was a chief civilizing factor in human society—a glue that binds and builds well-ordered communities when employed responsibly by its most expert practitioners. Following the assassination of Caesar and the emergence of Marcus Antonius as a force who appeared to be aiming to secure his own dictatorial powers, Cicero once again took up the mantle of the Republic, hoping for its restoration. He opposed Antonius and his actions by writing and delivering to the Senate and people a series of speeches known as the Philippics. But on the brink of success, young Caesar Octavianus allied himself with Antonius, and Cicero’s name found a prominent place on the list of those proscribed: his head and hands, severed by Antonius’s henchmen, were gruesomely displayed on the speaker’s platform in the Roman forum. See the separate Oxford Bibliographies article in Classics Cicero for a general and more comprehensive bibliography of Cicero and his other works. Other Oxford Bibliographies articles that may be of interest include Greek Rhetoric, Latin Rhetoric, and Rhetoric.


1913 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hackforth

In a recent number of the Classical Quarterly Mr. F. M. Cornford argues against the commonly accepted view, according to which the tripartite social structure of the Republic is a corollary, in Plato′s mind, to the tripartition of the individual Soul. In the present paper I propose to examine the general plan of the dialogue, in the hope of showing that Plato′s conceptions of State and Soul were not, as generally assumed and as assumed by Mr. Cornford, ready-made and clearly formulated in his mind before he began to write the Republic: that, on the contrary, we can detect profound and vital modifications of his original views as the argument proceeds: and that the conceptions of the Ideal State and the rightly constituted human soul grow out of one another and react on one another in such a way that it is impossible to give a simple answer, affirmative or negative, to the question ‘ Which is prior, the tripartition of State or the tripartition of Soul ?’


2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Sulistiyono Sulistiyono ◽  
Haris Nur Azis

One cause the interruption of transformer is loading that exceeds the capabilities of the transformer. The state of continuous overload will affect the age of the transformer and result in a reduced capacity of the transformer. The declining capacity, loading on the transformer will not be maximized and increase the risk of damage. Actions taken to attempt the decrease disturbances resulting from the transformer loadings are by the transformer test and known how many percent decrease in capacity of the transformer. The data from the test is used to calculate the reduction in the capacity of the transformer. Result of the research on the transformer which is not operated yet relating to the ideal state of a transformer. As for the research on the second transformer indicates how transformer which been operating for several years has decreased the capacity of the transformer. So that the second transformer can not be loaded to the maximum.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 79-88
Author(s):  
Svetlana Gorobievschi ◽  
◽  
Tudor Costru ◽  
Raisa Puia ◽  
Alina Ungureanu ◽  
...  

The phenomenon of the Covid-19 pandemic has affected the whole globe, the consequences of which are long lasting and difficult to estimate. The Republic of Moldova, being a developing country, could not overcome these serious consequences, caused by the reduction of public health, the reduction of the work capacity of the population, the deplorable condition of the medical system, caused by small investments in health, etc. Human society has been put to hard tests of survival of patients with this virus, the incidence rate of diseases was about 11%. Thanks to the financial aid of the European Union, Romania and other countries, the Republic of Moldova managed to cope with things in the fight against Covid. This article presents the results of the research of the authors, participants of the national project "Assessment of health of post – COVID - 19 patients in the Republic of Moldova", which aimed to develop the Electronic Register of patients with Covid - 19 (March 2020 - June 2021), which will allow monitoring the process of treatment and recovery of the consequences of this disease, by assessing the state of health and quality of life both at admission and at discharge of the respective patients. Based on the concept of quality of life as a socio-economic category and its interconnections with health, the authors proposed the system of medical indicators to assess the health and quality of life of patients affected by covid. In the authors' opinion, a special role in the treatment and treatment of comorbidities belongs to comorbidities, so the authors selected them as separate study subjects to prove their negative impact on the form of the disease and the state of health and quality of life at discharge of patients.


Author(s):  
Sri Endah Wahyuningsih ◽  

As a state of law as well as a democratic state, Indonesia guarantees and protects the right to freely express opinions and the right to organize in society. This in the end becomes the basis for every member of the community to be free to establish an Ormas. The freedom to establish these mass organizations in its development is not controlled due to the absence of real government control and supervision. This has resulted in many mass organizations being born into thugs and illegal organizations. This study aims to analyse the current system of supervision of mass organizations in Indonesia, the weaknesses in the current implementation of mass organizations, and the ideal reconstruction of a system of supervision of mass organizations capable of realizing a just law of mass organizations. The research in this dissertation uses the sociological juridical method. As for the results of the research conducted, it can be found that the current implementation of normative supervision has not been effective, as evidenced by the large number of problematic and prohibited mass organizations, weaknesses in the supervision of mass organizations in the community due to a legal vacuum in the regulation of supervision of mass organizations, so it is necessary to reconstruct values by conducting supervision and education. regarding the goals of mass organizations and the goals of the state and nation as well as legal reconstruction in the form of adding provisions for the supervision of mass organizations in the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 16 of 2017.


ΠΗΓΗ/FONS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Álvaro Pablo Vallejo Campos

Resumen: El objetivo principal de este trabajo consiste en examinar la relación entre la concepción del ser y el proyecto utópico que Platón defiende en la República. Respecto a esto último, no se trata de una mera estrategia literaria o irónica, sino de un proyecto que Platón considera realizable y deseable como el mejor régimen político posible. Ahora bien, esta propuesta se basa en un paradigma cuya validez no está condicionada por la existencia y lo que defendemos es que esto es plenamente congruente con la concepción del ser que Platón sostiene en la obra, la cual no depende del significado existencial del eînai sino de sus valores predicativos o verídicos. Además hay que tener presente que la figura del filósofo gobernante como tal, de quien depende la posibilidad del estado ideal, queda delimitada por su capacidad para contemplar el ser, ya que este conocimiento ontológico es para Platón el más justo título del poder.Palabras clave: Platón, República, utopía, paradigma, filósofo-gobernante, significados del verbo ser Abstract: The main aim of this paper is to examine the relation between Plato’s concept of being and the utopian project that he sustains in the Republic. In relation to the latter, his political proposal is not a mere literary or ironical strategy, but a political system that he considers possible and desirable as the best form of a political constitution. This proposal is based on a paradigm whose validity does not depend on existence and my thesis is that this character is absolutely congruent with Plato’s concept of being as exposed in the Republic, that does not depend on the existential meaning of eînai but on its predicative and veridical values. We must also take into account that the philosopher ruler, on whom the possibility of the ideal state depends, is delimitated as such by his capacity to contemplate being, for this ontological knowledge is in Plato’s view the best basis for the legitimation of power.Keywords: Plato, Republic, utopia, paradigm, philosopher-ruler, meanings of being


Author(s):  
Guy Bouchard

As Michel Foucault describes it, the homosexual paideia in classical Greece was an erotic bonding between a boy who had to learn how to become a man, and a mature man who paid court to him. In many of his dialogues, Plato plays with this scheme: he retains the erotic atmosphere, but he inverts and purifies the whole process in the name of virtue and wisdom. In the Republic, however, Socrates' pupil forsakes this model in favor of a bisexual education for the shepherds and shepherdesses of the State. Aristotle resolutely opposes this move. He thus reverts to a kind of homosexual paideia for the future citizens of his ideal state, but this choice fosters many unspoken problems.


2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Hall

A recent study contends that for Plato, the state, including the ideal state of the Republic, is better governed by unfettered personal authority than by law. The present study maintains that even in the Republic and the Statesman, as well as in the Laws, it is law, not unfettered personal rule that underlies the state. Justification for such authoritarian rule, especially in the ideal state of the Republic, lies in the supposed inability of the ordinary individual to acquire moral autonomy or Platonic justice owing to a lack of the necessary knowledge. But it is shown in this study that the ordinary individual of the ideal state can acquire an educated right opinion sufficient for gaining moral autonomy or Platonic justice.


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