COMPETITIVE ABILITY OF WINTER CEREAL–COMMON VETCH INTERCROPS AGAINST STERILE OAT

2008 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. VASILAKOGLOU ◽  
K. DHIMA ◽  
A. LITHOURGIDIS ◽  
I. ELEFTHEROHORINOS
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Stem Number ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Avena Sterilis ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Sole Crop ◽  
The Common

SUMMARYIntercropping cereals with legumes for forage or food production is extensively used as a cropping practice in many parts of the world. A 2-year field study was conducted using common vetch (Vicia sativa), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum), triticale (× Triticosecale), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and oat (Avena sativa) sole crops as well as common vetch intercrops with each of these cereals in a 35:65 cereal:common vetch ratio based on seed numbers, to determine their ability to compete with sterile oat (Avena sterilis spp. sterilis). At nine weeks after planting, fewer sterile oat plants emerged in common vetch sole crop than in cereal sole crops. Intercropping of cereals with common vetch generally did not affect sterile oat stem number and biomass compared with cereal sole crops. At harvest, cereal sole crops provided greater total dry biomass (DB) than the common vetch sole crop. However, triticale and oat produced more DB than winter wheat and barley. In most cases intercropping reduced total DB compared with cereal sole crops. The results of this study indicated that intercropping of the four winter cereals with common vetch did not provide any significant competitive advantage against sterile oat. However, common vetch sole crop showed the greatest suppressive ability against sterile oat among the sole crops or intercrops studied.

scholarly journals Aroma Profile, Microbial and Chemical Quality of Ensiled Green Forages Mixtures of Winter Cereals and Italian Ryegrass

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 512
Author(s):  
Alemayehu Worku ◽  
Tamás Tóth ◽  
Szilvia Orosz ◽  
Hedvig Fébel ◽  
László Kacsala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Chemical Quality ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Aroma Profile ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Mold And Yeast

The objective of this study was to evaluate the aroma profile, microbial and chemical quality of winter cereals (triticale, oats, barley and wheat) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., IRG) plus winter cereal mixture silages detected with an electronic nose. Four commercial mixtures (mixture A (40% of two cultivars of winter triticale + 30% of two cultivars of winter oats + 20% of winter barley + 10% of winter wheat), mixture B (50% of two cultivars of winter triticale + 40% of winter barley + 10% of winter wheat), mixture C (55% of three types of Italian ryegrass + 45% of two cultivars of winter oat), mixture D (40% of three types of Italian ryegrass + 30% of two cultivars of winter oat + 15% of two cultivars of winter triticale + 10% of winter barley + 5% of winter wheat)) were harvested, wilted and ensiled in laboratory-scale silos (n = 80) without additives. Both the principal component analysis (PCA) score plot for aroma profile and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classification revealed that mixture D had different aroma profile than other mixture silages. The difference was caused by the presence of high ethanol and LA in mixture D. Ethyl esters such as ethyl 3-methyl pentanoate, 2-methylpropanal, ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate and ethyl-3-methylthiopropanoate were found at different retention indices in mixture D silage. The low LA and higher mold and yeast count in mixture C silage caused off odour due to the presence of 3-methylbutanoic acid, a simple alcohol with unpleasant camphor-like odor. At the end of 90 days fermentation winter cereal mixture silages (mixture A and B) had similar aroma pattern, and mixture C was also similar to winter cereal silages. However, mixture D had different aromatic pattern than other ensiled mixtures. Mixture C had higher (p < 0.05) mold and yeast (Log10 CFU (colony forming unit)/g) counts compared to mixture B. Mixture B and C had higher acetic acid (AA) content than mixture A and D. The lactic acid (LA) content was higher for mixture B than mixture C. In general, the electronic nose (EN) results revealed that the Italian ryegrass and winter cereal mixtures (mixture D) had better aroma profile as compared to winter cereal mixtures (mixture A and B). However, the cereal mixtures (mixture A and B) had better aroma quality than mixture C silage. Otherwise, the EN technology is suitable in finding off odor compounds of ensiled forages.

scholarly journals Forage Potential of Cereal/Legume Intercrops: Agronomic Performances, Yield, Quality Forage and LER in Two Harvesting Times in a Mediterranean Environment

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Monica Bacchi ◽  
Michele Monti ◽  
Antonio Calvi ◽  
Emilio Lo Presti ◽  
Antonio Pellicanò ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Sole Crop ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Green Fodder

The crop yield and quality of seven annual forages (four grasses and three legumes) in sole crop and in mixtures (ratio 50:50) for oat (Avena sativa L.), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) were evaluated in a two-year field experiment adopting two harvesting times, green fodder and silage. The main bio-agronomic traits, dry matter forage yield (DMY) and quantity of crude protein (CP) were determined in both sole crop and intercrop. The land equivalent ratio (LER) was used for evaluating biological efficiency and competitive ability of the intercrops. Our results showed that the total calculated LER for fodder and protein yields was always greater than one and corresponded to crop yield advantages of 16.0% and 11.5%, respectively. Our data also highlighted the low competitive ability of the ryegrass in intercrop, which achieved the lowest yield among all the mixtures. Conversely, the same grass showed the best green fodder quality, due to the high incidence of the legume, equal (on average) to 46%. Triticale and barley, harvested for silage (hard dough stage), provided the best quantitative and qualitative results both in sole crop and intercropped with common vetch and pea, determined mainly by the cereal grain.

Adaptation of winter cereal species to shade and competition in a winter/spring cereal forage mixture

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Baron ◽  
E. A. de St Remy ◽  
D. F. Salmon ◽  
A. C. Dick
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Carbon Exchange ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Shoot Weight

Spring planted mixtures of spring and winter cereals maximize dry matter yield and provide fall pasture by regrowth of the winter cereal. However, delay of initial harvest may reduce the winter cereal component and therefore subsequent regrowth yield. Research was conducted at Lacombe, Alberta to investigate the effect of time of initial cut (stage), winter cereal species (species) and cropping system (monocrop and mixture) on winter cereal shoot weight, leaf carbon exchange efficiency and shoot morphology. These parameters may be related to adaptation of winter cereals to growth and survival in the mixture. Winter cereal plants were grown in pails embedded in monocrop plots of fall rye (Secale cereale L.), winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and in binary mixtures with Leduc barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The plants were removed when the barley reached the boot (B), heads emerged (H), H + 2, H + 4 and H + 6 wk stages. Shoot weight was generally smaller in the mixture than in the monocrop and wheat was reduced more than fall rye and triticale in the mixture compared to the monocrop. Dark respiration rate (r = −0.54) and carbon exchange (r = 0.36) under low light intensity were correlated (P < 0.05) to shoot size in the mixture. Fall rye and winter triticale had lower dark respiration rates than winter wheat. Leaf area index (LAI) was closely correlated (r = 0.83 and 0.84) with shoot weight in both the mixture and monocrop. While species failed to exhibit clear cut differences for LAI, fall rye and winter triticale were reduced less than winter wheat in the mixture relative to the monocrop. Stage was the dominant factor affecting winter cereal growth in both cropping systems, but fall rye and triticale exhibited superior morphological features, and their carbon exchange responses to light were more efficient than wheat, which should allow them to be sustained longer under the shaded conditions of a mixture. Key words: Delayed harvest, shade, spring and winter cereal mixtures, adaptation, carbon exchange, respiration

Effect of intercropping forage peas (Pisum sativum L.) with winter wheat (Tritium vulgare L.) or triticale (Triticale hexaploide Lart.) on DM yield, nutritive characteristics when harvested at different stages of growth

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 949 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Jacobs ◽  
G. N. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Total Contribution ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Boot Stage

An experiment was undertaken over 2 years (2007–09) to determine the effect of intercropping forage peas with either forage winter wheat or triticale for whole-crop silage. Monocultures of triticale (T100), wheat (W100) and forage peas (P100) and plus cereal–pea combinations of 75% triticale : 25% pea (T75), 50% triticale : 50% pea (T50), 25% triticale : 75% pea (T25), 75% wheat : 25% pea (W75), 50% wheat : 50% pea (W50), 25% wheat : 75% pea (W25), with ratios based on sowing rate, were evaluated for DM yield and nutritional characteristics at a range of growth stages. It was hypothesised that an increase in the ratio of peas to cereal would not adversely affect DM yield and would have a positive impact on nutritive characteristics across a range of harvest times based on growth stages of the cereal component of mixes. In Year 1, at the boot stage of growth of cereals, P100 had a lower DM yield than W100 and all triticale-based treatments, while in Year 2 P100 had a lower DM yield than all other treatments. By the soft dough growth stage in Year 1, all triticale treatments except T25 had higher DM yields than P100 and in Year 2 P100 had a lower DM yield than all triticale treatments and W100. The crude protein (CP) concentration of P100 at the boot stage of growth was higher than T100, T75, T50, W100 and W50 in Year 1 and all treatments in Year 2. At soft dough, P100 had a higher CP concentration than all other treatments in both years, while T25 and W25 had higher CP concentrations than their respective monocultures. In Year 1 at soft dough, W100 had a lower estimated ME concentration than other wheat treatments and P100, while in Year 2, T50 and W50 had higher values than T100 and W100, respectively. Bi-cropping forage peas with winter cereal forage crops did not adversely affect DM yields at a range of different harvest times, but did not consistently and significantly improve nutritive characteristics. Despite relatively high sowing rates of forage peas, their total contribution in mixes with cereals to DM yield was low, indicating that their ability to compete with winter cereals under the high fertility conditions of the experiment was low. When grown as a monoculture peas tended to produce lower DM yields but had higher CP concentrations and a higher harvested CP/ha at the soft dough stage of growth. The timing of harvesting will affect DM yields and nutritive characteristics and can be manipulated depending upon the end use of the feed grown and also to allow greater flexibility in the sowing of subsequent forages. Consideration should also be given to the growing of monocultures of winter cereals and forage peas and developing systems to mix during ensiling to capture both DM yield potential and optimum nutritive characteristics.

Winter survival and yield of early-seeded winter wheat and triticale

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Salmon ◽  
V. S. Baron ◽  
A. C. Dick
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Spring Cereals

On the Canadian prairies, winter cereals such as rye (Secale cereale L.), triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. EM Thell) have shown potential for forage production when spring-seeded as monocrops (WMC) or as intercrops (IC) and doublecrops (DC) in binary combinations with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) or oat (Avena sativa L.). Producers are frequently tempted to overwinter the winter cereals for seed production in the second year. The current study evaluated the influence of forage harvest during the establishment year on the winter hardiness and seed production of winter wheat and triticale in the WMC, IC, and DC cropping systems. Clippings of the WMC and IC as well as planting of the DC were timed to correspond to jointing (DS1), boot (DS2), late milk (DS3) and grain harvest (DS4). Planting of the winter cereal after grain harvest (DS4) of the spring cereal simulated the conventional cropping system. All plots were clipped in late fall to remove aftermath prior to overwintering. Consequently treatments first clipped at DS1 received five clippings compared with DS4 which received only two clippings. Subsequent winter survival and grain yield of both winter species were reduced in the WMC and IC compared with DC treatments. However, increasing the frequency of clipping during the year of establishement in the WMC and IC improved grain yield and winter survival in the winter wheat compared with treatments receiving less frequent or no clipping. Less consistent results were observed for winter triticale. Overwintering spring-planted winter wheat and triticale is not a suitable means for seed production compared with conventional fall planting or reseeding to spring cereals. Key words: Spring cereals, winter cereals, winter survival

scholarly journals Growth and Phenology of Vulpia Myuros in Comparison with Apera Spica-Venti, Alopecurus Myosuroides and Lolium Multiflorum in Monoculture and in Winter Wheat

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1495
Author(s):  
Muhammad Javaid Akhter ◽  
Bo Melander ◽  
Solvejg Kopp Mathiassen ◽  
Rodrigo Labouriau ◽  
Svend Vendelbo Nielsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Neighborhood Design ◽  
Alopecurus Myosuroides ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Arable Weed

Vulpia myuros has become an increasing weed problem in winter cereals in Northern Europe. However, the information about V. myuros and its behavior as an arable weed is limited. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2017/18 and 2018/19, at the Department of Agroecology in Flakkebjerg, Denmark to investigate the emergence, phenological development and growth characteristics of V. myuros in monoculture and in mixture with winter wheat, in comparison to Apera spica-venti, Alopecurus myosuroides and Lolium multiflorum. V. myuros emerged earlier than A. myosuroides and A. spica-venti but later than L. multiflorum. Significant differences in phenological development were recorded among the species. Overall phenology of V. myuros was more similar to that of L. multiflorum than to A. myosuroides and A. spica-venti. V. myuros started seed shedding earlier than A. spica-venti and L. multiflorum but later than A. myosuroides. V. myuros was more sensitive to winter wheat competition in terms of biomass production and fecundity than the other species. Using a target-neighborhood design, responses of V. myuros and A. spica-venti to the increasing density of winter wheat were quantified. At early growth stages “BBCH 26–29”, V. myuros was suppressed less than A. spica-venti by winter wheat, while opposite responses were seen at later growth stages “BBCH 39–47” and “BBCH 81–90”. No significant differences in fecundity characteristics were observed between the two species in response to increasing winter wheat density. The information on the behavior of V. myuros gathered by the current study can support the development of effective integrated weed management strategies for V. myuros.

Factors affecting the yield of winter cereals in crop margins

2000 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. WILCOX ◽  
N. H. PERRY ◽  
N. D. BOATMAN ◽  
K. CHANEY
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Edge Field ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Non Linear

Yields of arable crops are commonly lower on the crop margins or headlands, but the nature of the relationship between yield and distance from the crop edge has not been clearly defined, nor have the reasons for lower marginal yields. Surveys of 40 winter wheat headlands were carried out in 2 years to determine how yield changed with distance, and what factors might influence this relationship. Two field experiments were also conducted over 3 years in winter cereal headlands, in which the effect of distance was measured under conservation headland and conventional (fully sprayed) management.Yields in the headland surveys varied from 0·8 to 10·2 t/ha. An inverse polynomial regression model was fitted to yield and weed data. Best fits were obtained by using separate parameters for each site. Adjusting yields to take account of weed dry matter improved the non-linear fit between yield and distance from crop edge. Field experiments provided similar results but the non-linear relationship was not as apparent.There was a negative relationship between soil compaction, as measured by a cone penetrometer, and yield in one field experiment, where soil density values were relatively constant. No relationship was found between pattern of nitrogen fertilizer application and yield. Conservation headland management resulted in lower yield at one experimental site, especially in the third year, but not at the other site. Where yields were affected, weed dry matter was higher in conservation headland plots than in fully sprayed plots.Although greater weed competition appears to account for at least part of the observed yield reductions on headlands, the role of other factors, particularly soil compaction, needs further study. Increased weed infestation may be an indirect result of reduced crop competition caused by other adverse conditions.

scholarly journals Production and nutritional value of the wheat silage managed with different cutting systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Carletto ◽  
Mikael Neumann ◽  
Danúbia Nogueira Figueira ◽  
Guilherme Fernando Mattos Leão ◽  
Egon Henrique Horst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Significant Difference

Winter cereals are mainly used for human and animal nutrition and several studies are now exploring their potential as conserved forage (hay and silage). Among the winter cereal species available for cultivation in the south of Brazil, which is major winter cereals producer in the country, the wheat cv. BRS Umbu has attracted special attention. However, few studies have investigated the potential of this cultivar for silage production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the production and quality of silage from the dual-purpose wheat, BRS Umbu, subjected to different cut managements treatments: T1 - without cut (control), T2 - one cut and T3 - two cuts. Each plot represented an experimental unit in a randomized block design, with 5 replicates per treatment. Two representative samples were collected from each plot to determine morphological segmentation (stem, leaf and ear) and dry matter (DM) content of the whole plant and its morphological components. At the time of opening of the silos, food chemical analysis and pH determination were performed. Forage mass production decreased by 26.88% and 67.82%, respectively, with one and two cuts, compared to control. The DM content of the ensiled plant was 49.9 g kg-1 for the control, 54.7 g kg-1 with one cut and 63.2 g kg-1 with two cuts, at the time of ensiling. Management cuts changed the morphological components of the plants, with a lower proportion of stem (28%) in plants subjected to two cuts. The control treatment showed fewer leaves in ensiled plant (9.6%) and intermediate amount of stalk (52.8%), and was significantly different (p < 0.05) to treatment of a cut. Regarding feed chemistry evaluations, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed for mineral matter (MM), crude protein (CP) and hemicellulose (HEM) between the different cutting regimens. However, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) decreased (p < 0.05) as the number of cuts increased. The control treatment showed higher NDF and ADF content (563.2 and 357.9 g kg-1 DM, respectively) and lower amount of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and net energy of lactation (NEL). However, the estimated milk production (EMP) was superior for this treatment (22,447 l ha-1), demonstrating the high impact of reduced forage mass production with increased number of cuts.

scholarly journals Potential of Sunflower-Legume Intercropping: A Way Forward in Sustainable Production of Sunflower in Temperate Climatic Conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brankica Babec ◽  
Srđan Šeremešić ◽  
Nada Hladni ◽  
Nemanja Ćuk ◽  
Dušan Stanisavljević ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Red Clover ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Sustainable Production ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
General Belief ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Sole Crop ◽  
Sole Cropping ◽  
Almost All

Changing climate conditions coupled with the transformations of cultivation practices and land use in sole crop-based sunflower production may significantly decline yield stability of this oilseed crop. Given that sunflower takes the third place in the world oilseed market, with 45 million tons per year, and in the fourth place in vegetable oil production, it is necessary to adapt production technologies toward sustainable agriculture. Considering that, the goal of the research was to analyze and beneficial sustainable production technology of sunflower in intercropping systems. A four-year trial was conducted in Serbia’s agroecological rain-fed conditions (45°34’23.2&quot;N 19°86’18.9&quot;E) using a split-plot design. Two oil types and one confectionary sunflower hybrid were intercropped with common vetch, red clover and alfalfa. Analyses showed that intercropping of sunflower with common vetch resulted in the decrease in almost all sunflower trait values. Also, sunflower × alfalfa intercropping provided to be the most appropriate. The yield of NS Gricko and Rimi PR were statistically on the same level with sole cropping, while alfalfa biomass had better results when intercropped with NS Gricko as compared to sole cropping. Concerning the general belief that yields are more stable in intercropping than in sole crop, further research in this respect is needed, in addition to the research of time and method of sowing.

scholarly journals Determining population trends and conservation status of the common quail (Coturnix coturnix) in Western Europe

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-352
Author(s):  
M. Puigcerver ◽  
◽  
F. Sardà–Palomera ◽  
J. D. Rodriguez-Teijeiro ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Population Trends ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Breeding Period ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Coturnix Coturnix ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Quail

In this paper we review the conservation status and population trends of the common quail (Coturnix coturnix) from 1900 to the present. Data are sometimes contradictory with regard to the status of this species as it has some features that make it difficult to produce reliable population estimates. Recent data clearly suggest, either at a local scale or at a trans–national scale, that the Atlantic common quail populations have remained stable in the last two decades, and that restocking practices with farm–reared quails (hybrids with the Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica) do not affect our estimates. The complex movement patterns showed by this species require special attention. Analysis of ring recoveries can give important information, especially about the nomadic movement of quails in search of suitable habitats after the destruction of winter cereal crops due to harvesting. Thus, when developing a breeding distribution model for this species, continuously updated information on seasonal habitat and weather must be included for optimal prediction. Including fortnightly data of vegetation indices in distribution models, for example, has shown good results. Obtaining reliable predictions about changes in species distribution and movements during the breeding period could provide useful knowledge about the conservation status and population trends and would help in the design of future management measures.

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