VI. The Strategic Background to the Anglo-Russian Entente of August 1907

1966 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beryl J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Military Policy ◽  
General Staff ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Military

In July 1905 Lord Kitchener, the Indian chief of General Staff, wrote at the krequest of the viceroy a memorandum entitled A note on the Military policy of India, which was in due course sent to England for consideration by the home government. Its plea was for a consistent policy with regard to the North-West Frontier. At the moment, Kitchener complained, this was ‘apt to change with every ministry and almost with every minister, while each incoming Viceroy probably develops a policy of his own’. The main danger facing India was uncompromisingly described as ‘the menacing advance of Russia towards our frontiers’.

Cameroon: the radicalization of Islam and the expansion of Boko Haram

2021 ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Tatyana S. Denisova
Keyword(s):  
Political Conflict ◽  
Political Life ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Boko Haram ◽  
The North ◽  
Religious Intolerance ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Specific Interpretation ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Military

The radicalization of Islam in Cameroon is quickly changing the country's religious landscape and contributing to the spread of religious intolerance. Unlike, for example, neighboring Nigeria and the Central African Republic, previously Cameroon rarely faced serious manifestations of sectarian tensions, but over the past 10-15 years traditional Sufi Islam has been increasingly supplanted by the ideology of Wahhabism. Wahhabism is rapidly spreading not only in the north of the country, but also in the south, which until recently was inhabited mainly by Christians and animists. The spread of Wahhabism is actively supported and funded by Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar and Egypt. Sufism, the followers of which mainly include Fulani living in the northern regions, is gradually losing its position. The specific interpretation of Islam leads to the destabilization of religious and public political life, and Koranic schools and refugee camps become "incubators of terrorists". The growing influence of radical Islam in Cameroon is largely due to the expansion of the terrorist organization Boko Haram into the country; one of the consequences of this is the broadening affiliation of Cameroonians, inspired by calls for the cleansing of Islam and the introduction of Sharia law, with this armed Islamist group. As in other African countries, the radicalization of Islam is accompanied by the intensification of terrorist activities, leading to an exacerbation of the internal political situation, an increase in the number of refugees, and the deterioration of the socio-economic situation of the population, etc. The failure of the Cameroonian government to counter terrorist activities in the north of the country in the near future may lead to an escalation of the military-political conflict on religious grounds in the context of political instability that Cameroon is experiencing at the moment.

The military challenge: the north-west and the coast

1980 ◽  
pp. 202-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwang-Ching Liu ◽  
Richard J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
The Military

Bronze Coinage and City Life in Central Greece circa A.D. 1000

1965 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
D. M. Metcalf
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
North West ◽  
City Life ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The Military

In the decades around the millennium the issues of bronze coinage of the Byzantine Empire, except at Cherson, were exclusively ‘Rex Regnantium’ folles. In accordance with the theocratic political philosophy of the time, the portrait they bore was that not of the emperor but of Christ, ‘the King of those who Rule’. The inscriptions were analogous: Ἐμμανουήλ and Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς Βασιλεὺς τῶν Βασιλευόντων. Some issues were similar in size and fabric to the earlier issues of the Macedonian dynasty, but others were large, heavy coins, superior to any that had been generally available since the days of Justinian the Great. Quite probably, indeed, they were modelled on the sixth-century folles, as those of Constantine IV certainly had been, with the intention of recalling the glories of the past. The intervening period had witnessed an almost total decline in the circulation of petty currency in the provinces. It is to be seen as evidence of a corresponding decline in city life, for which, in turn, a complex of causes is to be discerned—demographic decline; the Islamic expansion into the eastern provinces and into the coasts and islands of the Mediterranean; the pressure of the Avars, Slavs, and Bulgars in the north-west; the strain imposed on the Byzantine treasury by the military effort expended in containing these threats; provincial self-sufficiency, and lowered standards which necessarily followed from the impoverishment of the state and its peoples. The revival of the Empire's fortunes began in the ninth century, and reached a climax under Basil II (976–1025), who re-established Byzantine rule firmly over territories extending from the Adriatic coasts to the upper valley of the Euphrates. By the end of Basil's reign the use of petty currency, which during the ninth and tenth centuries had still been significantly restricted to a few cities of the Aegean and Black Sea coastlands, was spreading much more widely through the Balkans and Asia Minor. Also, the reconquest of Antioch and the cities of Cilicia added to the needs that the imperial coinage had to meet.

scholarly journals “Music in Mind” and Manchester Camerata: an exploratory qualitative evaluation of engagement in one care home in Northwest England

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Campbell ◽  
Nick Ponsillo ◽  
Paul Budd ◽  
John Keady
Keyword(s):  
Group Dynamics ◽  
Care Home ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
North West ◽  
Care Home Staff ◽  
The North ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
The Moment

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to consider the work conducted by Manchester Camerata (an internationally renowned and world-class chamber orchestra) programme for people with dementia in one care home in the north west of England. The study aim was to undertake an exploratory qualitative evaluation of experiences of those taking part in its ten week “Music in Mind” programme, namely care home staff, Manchester Camerata musicians/organisational staff, care home activity workers, the assigned music therapist and visiting family carers. Design/methodology/approach During July-September 2014 a sample of 11 participants was recruited and a total of 19 interviews conducted over ten weeks. All respondents were offered the opportunity to be interviewed more than once. Interview data were supplemented by information gathered at two musicians de-brief sessions and from two activity workers’ diaries. All data was organised using NVivo 10 and thematic analysis applied to the whole data set. People with dementia could not be included in the sample owing to the time limitations on starting and completing the evaluation. Findings This analytical process generated three overarching themes: Making it Happen, which referred to the contextual, structural and organisational considerations necessary for setting up the engagement programme; Orchestrating Person-centred Care, which addressed the importance of building relationships through person to person communication; Making Musical Connections, which identified the sensory and embodied qualities of live music and the need to capture in-the-moment experiences. Originality/value Whilst each of these theme headings has slightly different meanings and applications to each of the participating stakeholders, the evaluation highlights the potential power of improvised music making to equalise and harmonise the group dynamics by co-creating “in-the-moment” experiences.

scholarly journals Press in System of Bolshevik Propaganda during the Civil War in the North-West of Russia in 1919

2020 ◽  
pp. 353-366
Author(s):  
A. A. Konkin ◽  
I. A. Tropov
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Important Place ◽  
North West ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
The North ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Northwestern Region ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Military ◽  
Historical Past

The issues related to determining the place of the regional Bolshevik press in the system of propaganda activities of the Bolsheviks during the Civil War in the North-West of Russia in 1919 are discussed in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the significant role of the media in the regulation of socio-political processes both in modern Russia and in its historical past. The novelty of the study is in the consideration of the Bolshevik periodicals as a purposefully used by the "red" tool in achieving victory in the military-political confrontation with the White Guards. A comparative analysis of the materials of Bolshevik publications published in 1919 in the North-West of Russia was carried out. It is concluded that the press occupied an important place in the Bolshevik propaganda system in the northwestern region. It was established that its keynote was the formation of a negative image of the enemy in contrast with the Bolsheviks and the Red Army. It is proved that in the local Bolshevik press the image of "Soviet power" as the only fair and the Red Army as a powerful and invincible force was consistently created. It is shown that the positions and slogans put forward in the Bolshevik press were called upon to provide massive support for the revolutionary forces in the region and the mobilization of forces to repulse the enemy.

scholarly journals Scythian Barrow of the Second Half of the 5th Century BC in the Lower Dniester Region

2019 ◽  
pp. 6-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitaliy Sinika ◽  
Sergey Lysenko ◽  
Nikolay Telnov ◽  
Sergey Razumov
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Stone Slab ◽  
The Moment ◽  
West Black Sea Region ◽  
Made In

Introduction. The article publishes and analyses the materials obtained during excavations of Scythian barrow 9 of the group Vodovod near the Glinoe village, Slobodzeysk district, on the left bank of the Lower Dniester. The barrow was surrounded by a ring ditch and contained two burials of medieval nomads - the main one, the Scythian, and the secondary, the inlet one. Methods. The mound was excavated by the method of parallel trenches, leaving stratigraphic profiles. When analyzing the materials obtained, a comparatively typological method was applied. Analysis. The main burial was made in a catacomb of unusual construction. The entrance well of the catacomb was filled with stone slabs and boulders characterized with utmost accuracy of production. Despite this, in antiquity the burial was robbed three times: through the entrance well, through the roof of the funeral chamber and through the robbery mine, which went to the burial chamber from the north-eastern floor of the mound. The preserved grave goods are represented with a handmade pot, an iron knife, an iron needle and an awl, a lead finial, a stone slab, a burned pebble, a piece of mineral paint, a wooden kneader, a bronze horse harness and golden pendants. The stone slab was made very carefully, and the wooden kneader is the second such find in the North-West Black Sea region. Bronze items of horse harness have no analogues in the Scythian burial complexes of the North Black Sea region. The construction of barrow 9 of the group Vodovod dates back to the second half of the 5th century BC and is determined on the basis of gold pendants, which analogies are known only in the Malyy Chertomlyk barrow in the Lower Dnieper region. Results.The most important is the fact that the studied barrow was found in the microzone (near the Glinoe village of the Slobodzeya district), where at the moment not only the Scythian burial sites of the 5th - 2nd centuries BC are known, but also a settlement of that time. This testifies to the continual dwelling of the Scythians on the left bank of the Lower Dniester River during this period.

„Kolebka Polskiej Marynarki”: Z dziejów Portu Wojennego Modlin w latach 1918-1921

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Skrzyński
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Small Distance ◽  
Railway Track ◽  
North West ◽  
Vistula River ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Free City Of Danzig ◽  
Sanitary Conditions ◽  
The Military

„THE CRADLE OF POLISH NAVAL FORCES” MODLIN MILITARY PORT IN THE YEARS 1918-1921 From December 1918 to April 1920, the headquarters of the Vistula Flotilla and more generally the Naval Forces were based at the Modlin Military Port. The Flotilla was established as a result of efforts to regain Poland’s access to the sea. The location was chosen due to, for example, a real threat to the existence of the state coming from the north-west, a small distance from the capital, and earlier Russian and German investments. Decisions of empires to create the Free City of Danzig had a serious influence on the history of the Modlin Military Port. The area covered by the Modlin Military Port during the period 1918-1921 was subject to changes. The territory managed by the Port Commander was diversified in terms of buildings, topography or even the ethnic groups of civilians living nearby. In 1919 the Commander supervised, among other things, the School for Naval Specialists in Kazuń (on the opposite bank of the Vistula River), the Modlin railway station and a huge granary. At the same time, a harbour “for loading coal in the Narew River” functioned within the Military Port (or in a small distance therefrom). After April 1920, the area of the port was reduced. According to the data for 1921 and 1922, the Port covered the following areas: shipyard, winter port, motorboat harbour, adjacent capes, harbour next to barracks, area of the following streets: Portowa, Jana z Kolna, Admirała Sierpnika and Kapitana F. Dunin-Wąsowicza (up to the corner of aleja Marynarzy and Kaszubska Street), aleja Marynarzy; area of the Armoury; area around the Central Technical Depots; area between the Kazuń road, Kaszubska Street and aleja Marynarzy; area between the Kazuń road, the railway track and aleja Marynarzy; the areas in the triangle between the navy garrison – Kaszubska Street and the Vistula River, and the Vistula River harbour with neighbouring areas. The Port had difficult beginnings. Depots and barracks were in a very bad condition. There were poor supplies and poor sanitary conditions, difficulties in relations between Port managers and the commanders of the Modlin Fortress, and problems paying soldier’s pay. The definite majority of Polish marines soon left the Naval Forces. This was the reason why the Modlin Military Port played an important role in training the coming marine volunteers for service in sea and river vessels.

The Recruiter’s Eye on the ‘Primitive’

2020 ◽  
pp. 159-204
Author(s):  
Radhika Singha
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Resources ◽  
World War One ◽  
North West ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Responsible Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Hill

(237words) This chapter explores the deepening during World War one of colonial interest in the military, labor and political potential of those it categorized as ‘primitive’ populations. Among these were the ‘hill-men’ of India’s North-East Frontier deployed for militarist border-making both as porters and as informal auxiliaries. But work gangs for road building and expeditionary columns were also drawn from so- called ‘Santhalis’ or ‘aboriginals’, strung along the path of migration eastwards from Bihar and Orissa. Keen to highlight the importance to empire of the North-East Frontier, considered less significant than the North-West Frontier, the Assam government offered to raise ‘primitive hill-men’ labor companies for France. Some ‘hill-men’ chiefs feared the depletion of their retinues, others saw new opportunities unfold. Recruitment set up circuits between local conflicts and new theatres of war, resulting in the prolonged Kuki-Chin uprising of 1917-1919 along the Assam –Burma border. War also intensified the extractive drives of state and capital over forest and mineral resources, as illustrated in a small uprising in Mayurbhanj in Bihar and Orissa in which ‘Santhalis’ were held to be very prominent.. At both sites officials concluded that the resistance of ‘primitive’ populations to war- drives which subjected their persons and re-shaped their environments arose from ‘millenarian’ dreams of autonomy. However ‘primitivity’ also offered rich possibilities for the post-war reconstruction of imperial legitimacy. It was the ground on which certain tracts inhabited by ‘backward populations’ were excluded from the scheme of responsible government introduced in 1919.

The teacher of red commanders By the 160th anniversary of the birth of Professor Emeritus, military geodesist V. V. Vitkovskiy

2017 ◽  
Vol 921 (3) ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
B.N. Alekseev ◽  
A.B. Alekseev
Keyword(s):  
Practical Experience ◽  
Professor Emeritus ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Education ◽  
Military Academy ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Honorary Doctor ◽  
Pedagogical Institute ◽  
Military Engineering ◽  
The Military

By 160-th anniversary from birthday of Professor Emeritus of geodesy, honorary doctor of geodesy and astronomy of Kazan University, Lieutenant General of the Russian army Vasily Vasilyevich Vitkowski. V. Vitkowski was born on 1 Sep 1856. In 1975 he Graduated from Military engineering school, in 1885 he graduated from the geodetic division of the Academy of the General Staff. Shortly after graduating from the Academy and Pulkovo practices V. Vitkowski was assigned to shoot the North-West of the Empire, where 5 years acquired considerable practical experience useful to him in subsequent scientific and pedagogical activities in the Military-topographic College (1889–1907) and the Military-topographic school (1918–1923), in the geodesic Department of the Military Academy (1897–1918) in the geodesic Department of the Military engineering Academy (1919–1924),in addition, Vladimir Vitkowski taught in civilian institutions of higher education in Electrotechnical Institute (1893–1901), at the Polytechnic Institute (1907–1908) and in the Women’s pedagogical Institute (1914–1915), compiling printed works. Saw the light of the following publications

scholarly journals Soviet-Finnish War

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 86-95
Author(s):  
С. П. Донченко
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Police Department ◽  
Martial Law ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
North West ◽  
Chief Of Staff ◽  
The North ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Military

The whole period of the Soviet Union’s existence and the first years of independence of Ukraine didnot write and talked about the military conflict in the winter of 1939–1940. The reason for the strategicdefeat of the huge Soviet Union in the war with a small Finland. In the Soviet Union, they tried to createsuch a notion as the «Soviet people,» the relocation and mixing of a large number of people throughout thespace of the USSR. Therefore, no one has ever defined participants in events by nationality or territoriallocation. Ukrainians also did not stand out. It was only when Ukraine became independent that therewas a need to determine the participation of Ukrainians in the Soviet-Finnish war and their role. Duringthe Soviet-Finnish war, the North-West front was commanded by the future Marshal and Hero of theSoviet Union, Ukrainian Timoshenko Semyon Konstantinovich. Future Marshal and Hero of the SovietUnion, Ukrainian Kulik Grigory Ivanovich, as Deputy People’s Commissar for Defense of the USSR,participated in the preparation of Army and Artillery Parts for the Soviet-Finnish War. The commanderof the 70th division was Ukrainian Kirponos Mikhail Petrovich. Participated in the combat operations ofthe pilot-as and Hero of the Soviet Union, Ukrainian Kravchenko Grigory Panteleevich. Future Marshaland Hero of the Soviet Union, Ukrainian, Moskalenko Kirill Semenovich, during the Soviet-FinnishWar, was the head of the artillery 51st Perekopskaya Rifle Division of the Odessa Military District. Thefuture Colonel-General of the Tank Army and Hero of the Soviet Union, Ukrainian Kravchenko AndriyGrigorievich, during the war, was Chief of Staff of the 173th Motorized Infantry Division. In the threemonth conflict, nearly 40,000 Ukrainians died. Among those who fought in this war and received thehighest award – the Order of Lenin – Vasyl Petrenko from Poltava region. On the side of the USSR twodivisions participated in the war, which were completed in Ukraine. These are the 44th and 70th InfantryDivisions. The first of them fell into the environment and almost all died, trying to break away from theFinnish ring. Those who escaped were subjected to a martial law court. Division commander, chief ofstaff, chief of the police department and commissar were shot. In general, several thousand participantsin this war suffered repressions. Instructive that the Finnish side arranged the graves of the dead Sovietsoldiers. The city of Suomussalmi has a monument to the soldiers of the 44th Division, at the time whenthe names of the heroes were for gotten in the homeland.

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