Some Experiments with the Emerging Costs of a Hypothetical Pension Fund

1973 ◽  
Vol 20 (03) ◽  
pp. 143-171
Author(s):  
D. H. Loades
Keyword(s):  
Computer Model ◽  
Pension Fund ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Pension Funds ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Pension Schemes ◽  
Best Estimate ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Selection Of

1.1. In text-books concerned with the study of pension funds the space devoted to the calculation of emerging costs is usually small and this is probably in keeping with the number of occasions when such estimates are necessary.If, however, it is accepted that the purpose is to produce the best estimate of the emerging costs, the calculations become interesting and consideration of the appropriate bases provides a useful background to the selection of a suitable basis for valuing the capital liabilities of the fund.1.2. This paper develops some ideas generated while preparing detailed estimates of the emerging costs of several immature pension schemes with high rates of turnover of staff. A computer model is described which at the moment is in the early stage of development. Having outlined the pattern of costs derived from the model, the paper considers the effects of simplifying the original assumptions and in particular compares the results of using a traditional valuation basis.

Evaluating the impact on saving of tax-favored retirement plans

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
MONICA PAIELLA ◽  
ANDREA TISENO
Keyword(s):  
Pension Fund ◽  
Pension Funds ◽  
Retirement Plans ◽  
Household Saving ◽  
Pension Schemes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Recent Reform ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Retirement Wealth

AbstractThis paper exploits a recent reform of private pension schemes in Italy to identify the impact on household saving of tax-favored retirement saving plans. The reform was part of the restructuring of the social security system and was aimed at rising private long-term saving by making pension funds more attractive and convenient. We control for unobserved saver heterogeneity and a central focus is on substitution across saving instruments. We find that the pension fund legislation had a strong effect on the allocation of saving and triggered substantial substitution of non-tax-favored non-retirement wealth for tax-favored pension funds. In contrast, we find that it had little, if any effect on household saving flows. Our findings also suggest that the provision of ‘closed’ pension funds might significantly affect the decision to invest in private retirement schemes.

Determinants of Pension Fund Efficiency in Kenya: An Exploratory Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 182-218
Author(s):  
Amos G. Njuguna ◽  
Cecil Arnolds
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Pension Fund ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Pension Funds ◽  
Financial Efficiency ◽  
Retirement Benefits ◽  
Pension Schemes ◽  
Governance Practices ◽  
Pension Governance ◽  
Fund Size

Abstract This paper investigates the determinants of the operational and financial efficiency of pension funds in Kenya. A sample of 362 pension schemes was drawn from the Kenyan Retirement Benefits Authority (RBA) register. The empirical results show that pension governance, leadership and regulations do not significantly influence the operational and financial efficiency of pension funds. The results do however reveal that pension regulations influence the leadership and governance practices of the pension schemes. Moreover, the schemes with more middle-aged members (31-40 years) are perceived to be better governed. Lastly, the results reveal fund size to be an important determinant of the financial efficiency of the pension funds.

scholarly journals Formation and Development of Investigation of Misdemeanours as a Form of Pre-trial Investigation in Ukraine (the 18th–19th Centuries)

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Galagan ◽  
Mykola Yakovenko
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Modern Form

The article deals with the preconditions of differentiation of forms of pre-trial investigation in Ukraine in the 18th–19th centuries. The concept of investigation of misdemeanours as a form of pre-trial investigation at different stages of social development are considered. The base source of the Russian Empire is examined, with the aspects of using of the term “investigation of misdemeanours” in law enforcement practice thoroughly covered. It is established that this term at the legislative level and in the literary sources held for a long time is subject to transformation in terms of its functional direction. The paper offers a description of the study of the early stage of development and a comparison with the modern form of pre-trial investigation. It is established that at all stages of its development there is a common feature: the provision of a simplified order.The article presents the key differences between the knowledge at the early stage of its creation and the modern form of pre-trial investigation. However, the investigation of misdemeanours starts from the moment of the illegal act until the end of the pre-trial investigation. At first, this investigation of misdemeanours had few signs of research verification. The collected materials were examined by the proceedings and could not be determined by full evidence without appropriate “legalization” procedures. The investigation of misdemeanours had not clearly defined a procedural form and was not limited to specific deadlines, and depended almost entirely on the inner convictions of the individual who conducted this knowledge. In the legislation of the pre-revolutionary period, the investigation of misdemeanours should be carried out by a wide range of authorized persons (police ranks, military and civilian authorities, clergy, government officials, village elders, and others). The investigation of misdemeanours was carried out in everything without exception of crime, regardless of its severity at those times.It is proved that the modern model of pre-trial investigation represents the positive historical experience and the right opinion. Today we can observe a consistent procedure of the implementation of the exercise, a special circle of authorized persons, and the introduction of a balance of appropriate differentiation of forms of pre-trial investigation.

Continuity of Affiliative Relationships among Infants and Juveniles in a Free-Ranging Group of Japanese Monkeys (Macaca Fuscata)

1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 691-700
Author(s):  
Yasuo Kojima
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Fuscata ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
First Year ◽  
Japanese Monkeys ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Selection Of

5 infants were observed during the first 13 mo. after birth in a free-ranging group of Japanese monkeys ( Macaco fuscata) to examine whether they maintained relatively frequent affiliative relationships with particular immature individuals. The number of immature affiliative partners rapidly increased from the first 3-mo. period after birth to the second 4-mo. period after birth, and the infants thereafter maintained affiliative relationships with particular individuals, mostly same-aged infants, at least in the second half of their first year. These findings show that infants were likely to interact with a larger number of different animals in the early stage of development, and thereafter selected particular individuals with whom they maintained affiliative relationships. The effects of sex on the selection of these long-term partners are also discussed.

scholarly journals Towards “Green” Trusteeship: new statutory amendments for occupational pension trustees

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd Brown
Keyword(s):  
Pension Fund ◽  
Pension Funds ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Occupational Pension ◽  
General Duty ◽  
Social Governance ◽  
Pension Schemes ◽  
Regulatory Landscape

Abstract This article looks at the amendments to occupational pension schemes that are brought in by the Pension Protection Fund (Pensionable Service) and the Occupational Pension Schemes (Investment and Disclosure) (Amendment and Modification) Regulations 2018. It is respectfully submitted that the named regulations are legally compelling because they amend the regulatory landscape in a manner to enforce greater consideration of Environmental Social Governance risks by UK pension funds. In particular, this article engages with how the amendments are going to increase the pension fund trustees’ appetite to consider environmental risks (including climate-related risks) when exercising their general duty of investment.

scholarly journals A new approach to the selection of sales staff

1982 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
Hugh G. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Body Movement ◽  
Task Orientation ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Profiling Techniques ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Postural Movement ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Sales Staff

Problems with selection procedures for sales staff are discussed. It is difficult to assess the variety of characteristics required for success in sales in an interview, but most interviewers undervalue information that can be gained from direct observation. The author proposes the use of 'action profiling', to assess personality based on body movement. Careful observation of postural movement (big body movements) and gestural movements (smaller limb movements) can provide information on motivational characteristics (assertion) and task orientation (perspective) of individuals. A brief overview is given of research on the relationship between body movement and personality, and the author gives his adaptation of these theories to interpreting behavioural-action tendencies in sales staff. It is proposed that action profiling techniques, although still in an early stage of development, could make a valuable contribution, in conjunction with existing techniques, to improved selection of 'the right person' for the sales job.

scholarly journals Opportunities and Challenges in Developing Islamic Pension Funds in Indonesia

ETIKONOMI ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahmatina Awaliyah Kasri ◽  
Banu Muhammad Haidlir ◽  
Muhammad Budi Prasetyo ◽  
Tika Arundina Aswin ◽  
Fenny Rosmanita
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Pension Fund ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Pension Funds ◽  
The Other ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Pension Schemes

Despite the rapid development of the Islamic financial sector in Indonesia, the development of Islamic pension funds is way behind those of the other Islamic financial sectors. This study aims to explore the opportunities and challenges faced by Indonesian Islamic pension funds. Utilizing a qualitative research method, the study conducted Focus Group Discussions with 23 large pension funds spread across five big cities in Indonesia. It was revealed that opportunities and prospects for developing Islamic pension funds in Indonesia are relatively good. However, various internal and external challenges were found, such as a lack of knowledge; the weak commitment of founders; lack of quality human resources; relatively unfavorable tax treatment; limited investment instruments; competition with government pension schemes; and public literacy problems.  Therefore, two broad strategies are recommended to develop the Islamic funds, namely the provision of direct/indirect incentives to market players, and literacy programmes to targeted/priority groups. These strategies are expected to encourage and accelerate the growth of Indonesia's Islamic pension fund industry in the future.JEL Classification: H55, H75, J32How to Cite:Kasri, R. A., Haidlir, B. H., Prasetyo, M. B., Aswin, T. A., Rosmanita, F. (2020). Probability of Paying Zakat from Micro Financing Project Return. Etikonomi: Jurnal Ekonomi, 19(2), xx – xx. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v19i2.16284.

scholarly journals AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON PENSION FUNDS’ PORTFOLIO AND INVESTMENT PERFORMANCE: THE EFFECT OF PENSION FUNDS’ SIZE

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-121
Author(s):  
Yulia Vidya Nanda ◽  
Apriani Dorkas Rambu Atahau
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Pension Fund ◽  
Pension Funds ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
T Test ◽  
Investment Performance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Selection Of

This study seeks to investigate whether larger pension funds exhibit better investment performance than smaller ones and differences in the selection of investment instruments between large and small pension funds. Our research sample is 13 pension funds that are the members of BKS Dapen-KI (Badan Kerja Sama Dana Pensiun Kristen Indonesia – the Cooperation Council of Christian Pension Fund in Indonesia) in 2010-2017. We use the quantitatively descriptive and independent-sample t-test methods. The results indicate no significant difference between the performance of large and small pension funds likely because both pension fund types have relatively similar total assets. However, large and small pension funds have exhibit different investment instruments selection.

scholarly journals Maloclusión pseudoclase III en la dentición decidua resolución con aparato progénico

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Porcel
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Class Iii Malocclusion ◽  
American Institute ◽  
Facial Deformity ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
Selection Of

Pseudo Class III malocclusion is a functional imbalance that generally results from premature occlusal contacts that causes a functional anterior displacement of the mandible. These cases, if not treated at an early stage of development, may interfere in normal growth of bone bases, resulting in facial deformity. This paper suggests the selection of an adequate appliance considering the available possibilities for early intervention of Class III malocclusion. The use of the progenic appliance in such dental malocclusion allows correction in a few months and therapeutic stability mesio-positioned mandible encouraging favorable skeletal growth in a child of 5.6 years of age who came to the Postgraduate Clinic of the Latin American Institute of Dental Research and Education (ILAPEO) in Curitiba, Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Resumen (español):La maloclusión pseudoclase III es caracterizada por un desequilibrio funcional que, por lo general, resulta de contactos oclusales prematuros que causan un desplazamiento funcional anterior de la mandíbula. Estos casos, si no son tratados en una etapa inicial de desarrollo, pueden generar interferencias en el crecimiento normal de las bases óseas y resultar en una deformidad facial. Este papel conlleva a la selección de un aparato apropiado, tomando cuenta opciones actuales, para una intervención temprana en el desarrollo de maloclusiones de clase III. El uso del aparato progénico en este tipo de maloclusión, permite la corrección dental en pocos meses y una estabilidad terapéutica de la mandíbula mesio-posicionada fomentando un crecimiento esquelético favorable en una niña de 5,6 años de edad que acude a la clínica de postgrado del Instituto Latino Americano de Investigación y Enseñanza Odontológica (ILAPEO) en Curitiba, Brasil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Application of UX Research in New Energy Vehicle Innovation

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Menghan TAO ◽  
Ning XIAO ◽  
Xingfu ZHAO ◽  
Wenbin LIU
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Innovative Product ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
New Energy ◽  
New Energy Vehicle ◽  
The One ◽  
New Energy Vehicles ◽  
Degree Of Innovation

New energy vehicles(NEV) as a new thing for sustainable development, in China, on the one hand has faced the rapid expansion of the market; the other hand, for the new NEV users, the current NEVs cannot keep up with the degree of innovation. This paper demonstrates the reasons for the existence of this systematic challenge, and puts forward the method of UX research which is different from the traditional petrol vehicles research in the early stage of development, which studies from the user's essence level, to form the innovative product programs which meet the needs of users and being real attractive.

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