JOURNEYMEN, MIDDLEMEN: TRAVEL, TRANSCULTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE ORIGINS OF MUSLIM PRINTING

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nile Green
Keyword(s):  
State Support ◽  
Small Circle ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Technological Transfer ◽  
State Sponsorship ◽  
The Common ◽  
Printing Presses

Within a few years of 1820, Muslim-owned printing presses were established under state sponsorship in Iran, Egypt, and India, marking the true beginning of printing in the Islamic world. Printing projects had been initiated before this period—most famously by Ibrahim Müteferrika (1674–1745) in Istanbul—but these were isolated and unsustained ventures. None gathered the joint momentum of state support and technological transfer to compare with what emerged simultaneously in Tabriz, Cairo, and Lucknow. In attempting to understand the common processes behind this “triplet” birth of Muslim printing, this article reconstructs the small circle of individuals whose at times discordant projects collided in creating a sustainable Muslim print tradition in several distinct centers around 1820.

Communism in the Islamic World

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
The Other ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
Capitalist Development ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
History Of ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Impact

This essay explores some of the common patterns in the history of communism in Muslim-majority societies. The most important of these had little to with Islam. Rather, they reflected the impact of European imperialism and nationalist resistance, the uneven tempo of integration into the global economy, the timing of the anti-colonial revolutions and the location of the post-colonial regimes in the great games of geopolitics. However, the other side of this narrative is the interwoven story of the decline of communist movements in most Muslim-majority societies and the rise of their Islamist competitors. It is argued that this trajectory is best explained not by recourse to essentialist explanations about the appeal of Islamist politics to Muslim believers, but by the failures of the post-colonial states on which the communists had pinned their hopes for national liberation and non-capitalist development.

Understanding the Problems and Prospects of the Muslim Unity: An Analysis of Mawdūdī’s Views

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 421-433
Author(s):  
Muhammad Amanullah ◽  
Tazul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Location ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Effective Theory ◽  
Islamic Culture ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Common Culture ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Moral System ◽  
The Common ◽  
Practical Dimension

MawdËdÊ's thesis of Muslim unity touches core of the issue as he emphasizes on finding the basics of understanding the Muslim unity. Any attempt to set the theory of Muslim unity may not get the practical dimension until the standards of its understanding are laid out. In other words, it can be said that setting the basics of understanding the unity is a prerequisite for shaping effective theory of Muslim unity. After a thorough exploration, MawdËdÊ's works on Muslim unity appear to be written very systematic and methodological manner. He critically scrutinizes the basics of understanding the unity. As he claims, one must find out the common grounds that especially bind Muslim countries together and all Muslims in general; and the issue of Muslim unity may remain vague until the Islamic culture is completely conceived of. He says that ";;;the unity of Islamic world cannot be conceived of without Islamic culture";;;. MawdËdÊ recommends that the common things which unite all Muslims together are the common beliefs and thought, common culture, common moral system, civilizational relationship, vitality of the concept of one Ummah, universal brotherhood and geographical location of the Muslim world.  This paper is devoted to critically analyze MawdËdÊ’s ideas on Muslim unity.

IMPROVING THE DIGITALIZATION OF AGRICULTURE BASED ON THE CANADIAN EXPERIENCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
Yu. N. Romantseva ◽  
◽  
M. V. Kagirova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
State Support ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Statistical Monitoring ◽  
Canadian Experience ◽  
Innovative Solutions ◽  
The Common

The choice of the object of research is due to both the common soil, climatic and economic conditions for the development of agriculture in Canada and Russia, and the similarity of problems in the digitalization of the industry. The article examines the features, innovative solutions and measures to support the digital transformation of the agricultural sector in Canada. As a result of the analysis, the approaches to the implementation of digital solutions in the agriculture of Canada were identified that can be applied in Russia, the experience in conducting statistical monitoring of the activities of farmers using modern technolo-gies was studied, the directions of state support for agricultural producers in the period of digital transfor-mations were determined.

MODERN EUROPE AND THE CREATION OF THE “ISLAMIC WORLD”

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masashi Haneda
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
The Other ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Actual Reality ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One ◽  
European Colonialism ◽  
European Thought ◽  
North Western

AbstractThis article attempts to demonstrate that the notion of “Islamic world” was a creation of the modern age, emanating from north-western Europe in the nineteenth century. The term incorporates two opposing ideological meanings: on the one hand, Europe representing modern, positive values is set against the Islamic world, representing pre-modern, minus values, while on the other hand, the Islamic world was the common bond among all Muslims for their solidarity and unification against European colonialism. The article goes on to investigate why, how and when precisely the two concepts of “Islamic world” were created under the influence of modern European thought. It is stressed that in much of today's discourse too we can still perceive the two different meanings of the term, and this has often led to confusion and misunderstanding in discussion. Modern historians have played a role in substantiating the ideology of the “Islamic world”, because modern historiography has often described political objectives as actual reality.

Nothing Eternal About It

2021 ◽  
pp. 249-298
Author(s):  
Azmi Bishara
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Local Identities ◽  
Ruling Elites ◽  
The Common ◽  
Opposition Movements ◽  
Alternative Identities

This chapter addresses the common claims that sectarianism is either an ancient Arab phenomenon that has always existed and will always exist or a foreign conspiracy intended to divide the Arabs. It shows that both of these propositions abdicate responsibility for explaining a sectarianism cast as fundamentally inscrutable. In fact, this chapter argues that before the Ottoman Tanzimat reforms, there was no political public sphere in the Islamic World, and thus political sectarianism simply could not have existed. However, the chapter also observes that both Arab governments and opposition movements have drawn increasingly on primordial ties to strengthen their authority or make their case, with local loyalties often forming the basis of ruling elites. Rural people have fallen back on traditional social structures, while urbanites have suffered from social atomization and gone looking for alternative identities. As the state’s authority declined, sectarian and local identities took its place.

A Blessing or a Curse? State Support for Terrorist Groups

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Military Operations ◽  
Safe Haven ◽  
State Support ◽  
Failure State ◽  
State Sponsorship ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
Target States

AbstractLittle existing work has systematically examined the factors that help terrorist groups survive or contribute to their failure. State support for terrorist groups is commonly thought to be a factor that helps groups to survive. I demonstrate with newly collected data that state sponsorship is not always helpful to terrorist groups. The resources provided by sponsors increase a group's ability to maintain itself internally. However, when a group has a sponsor that provides it with safe haven, the risk of the group being forcefully eliminated by the target increases. I argue that sponsors that provide safe haven can have incentives to provide information to the target about the groups to avoid potential costs from target military operations within their territory. The key empirical findings suggest that state sponsorship is a less serious problem for target states than many previously thought.

scholarly journals Silent Sources of the History of Epidemics in the Islamic World: Literature on Ṭāʿūn/Plague Treatises

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-158
Author(s):  
Mustakim Arıcı
Keyword(s):  
World Literature ◽  
Main Subject ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Medical Paradigm ◽  
The Common ◽  
New Literature ◽  
Different Levels

From 1347 onwards, new literature emerged in the Islamic and Western worlds: the Ṭā‘ūn [Plague] Treatises. The literature in Islamdom was underpinned by three things: (i) Because the first epidemic was a phenomenon that had been experienced since the birth of Islam, ṭā‘ūn naturally occurred on the agenda of hadith sources, prophetic biography, and historical works. This agenda was reflected in the treatises as discussions around epidemics, particularly plague, as well as the fight against disease in general in a religious and jurisprudential framework. (ii) Works aimed at diagnosing the plague and dealing with various aspects of it tried to explain disease on the basis of Galenic-Avicennian medicine within the framework of miasma theory, thus deriving their basis from this medical paradigm. (iii) Finally, the encounter with such a brutal illness prompted a quest for all possible remedies, including the occultist culture. This background shaped the language and content of the treatises at different levels. This article first evaluates the modern studies on plague treatises written in the Islamic world. Then, it surveys the Islamic historical sources in order to pin down the meaning they assign to the concepts of wabā’ [epidemic disease] and ṭā‘ūn [plague]. Certain medical works that were the resources for medical doctrines and terminology for plague treatises are also evaluated with a focus on these two concepts. Thus, the aim of this survey is to understand the general conception of epidemic disease and plague in the Islamic world before the Black Death (1346-1353). I discuss and analyze the characteristics of the Ṭā‘ūn literature, which constitutes the main subject of the article and present a database on the literature. While the works from the Mamluk and Ottoman periods constitute a continuous tradition in some respects, Ottoman treatises differ from the Mamluk works in terms of certain features, especially content. Although this study touches on the common aspects of the works from the two periods, it instead analyzes this literature with a focus on points where the two traditions diverge.

scholarly journals Are the Kalasha really of Greek origin? The Legend of Alexander the Great and the Pre-Islamic World of the Hindu Kush1

1970 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Augusto S. Cacopardo
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Knowledge ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Hindu Kush ◽  
European Heritage ◽  
The Common ◽  
Written Sources

The paper refutes the claim that the Kalasha may be the descendants of the Greeks of Asia. First, traditions of Alexandrian descent in the Hindu Kush are examined on the basis of written sources and it is shown that such legends are not part of Kalasha traditional knowledge. Secondly, it is argued that the Kalasha were an integral part of the pre-Islamic cultural fabric of the Hindu Kush, and cannot be seen as intruders in the area, as legends of a Greek descent would want them. Finally, through comparative suggestions, it is proposed that possible similarities between the Kalasha and pre-Christian Europe are to be explained by the common Indo-European heritage rather than by more recent migrations and contacts.

Catalogue reduction techniques

1978 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 389-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chr. de Vegt
Keyword(s):  
Adjustment Process ◽  
Proper Motions ◽  
Measuring Process ◽  
Aerial Photogrammetry ◽  
Reduction Techniques ◽  
Observational Technique ◽  
The Common ◽  
Astrometric Data

AbstractReduction techniques as applied to astrometric data material tend to split up traditionally into at least two different classes according to the observational technique used, namely transit circle observations and photographic observations. Although it is not realized fully in practice at present, the application of a blockadjustment technique for all kind of catalogue reductions is suggested. The term blockadjustment shall denote in this context the common adjustment of the principal unknowns which are the positions, proper motions and certain reduction parameters modelling the systematic properties of the observational process. Especially for old epoch catalogue data we frequently meet the situation that no independent detailed information on the telescope properties and other instrumental parameters, describing for example the measuring process, is available from special calibration observations or measurements; therefore the adjustment process should be highly self-calibrating, that means: all necessary information has to be extracted from the catalogue data themselves. Successful applications of this concept have been made already in the field of aerial photogrammetry.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document