Investigations into the Intensive System of Grassland Management. By the Agricultural Research Staff of Imperial Chemical Industries, Limited. II. The Mineral Content of Intensively Treated Pasture and a Relationship Between the Nitrogen and Phosphorus Contents.

1931 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Greenhill ◽  
H. J. Page
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Grassland Management ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Research Staff ◽  
Intensive System

1. The mineral content of pastures farmed under the Intensive System of Grassland Management, and representing three to five weeks'growth, from three centres in two seasons, is reported.2. The lime content fluctuated considerably during the season, but the fluctuations showed no definite seasonal trend. The average seasonal content was practically identical in all cases.3. The phosphoric acid content showed a definite seasonal variation, falling during drought or the early summer flush period and recovering again after the drought or flush period respectively. The phosphoric acid showed consistently a very highly significant positive correlation with the nitrogen content of the herbage. The bearing of this correlation on the metabolism of the plant and on the phosphatic and nitrogenous manuring of pastures is discussed.

Investigations into the Intensive System of Grassland Management. By the Agricultural Research Staff of Imperial Chemical Industries, Limited. X. A Further Study of the Mineral Content of Intensively Treated Pasture

1932 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Grassland Management ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Research Staff ◽  
Intensive System

1. The mineral content of pasture as grazed under the Intensive System of Grassland Management has been examined. The pasture samples were collected from two centres in 1927 and from one centre in 1929. Magnesium, manganese, iron, sulphur and chlorine were determined in addition to the more common elements.2. The mineral content of intensive pasture is equal to that of the best type of pasture produced by other systems of management, and superior to that of average good cultivated pasture in Great Britain.3. The seasonal variations of the soluble ash, potash, soda and phosphoric acid depend principally on the climatic conditions.4. The effect of drought at one centre has been to lower the percentages of soluble ash, potash and phosphoric acid.5. Correlations exist between nitrogen and phosphoric acid, and soluble ash and potash. There is no evidence of further correlations between the constituents.

Investigations into the Intensive System of Grassland Management. By the Agricultural Research Staff of Imperial Chemical Industries, Limited. III. The Seasonal Variation in the Mineral Content of Pasture with Particular Reference to Drought.

1931 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Content ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Grassland Management ◽  
Research Staff ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Mineral Constituents ◽  
Intensive System

Seventeen samples of pasture collected from May to December, 1929, have been analysed for mineral constituents.1. The results show that drought conditions seriously affect the mineral composition of pastures.2. The calcium content showed a slight fall during the months of drought, and a more marked fall in the months of heavy rain from October to December.3. The phosphorus content fell during the drought period and rose rapidly at the end of the year.

Investigations into the Intensive System of Grassland Management. By the Agricultural Research Staff of Imperial Chemical Industries, Limited. VIII. The Comparative Digestibility and Feeding Value of Fresh and Artificially Dried Grass

1932 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Watson ◽  
W. S. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Grassland Management ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Research Staff ◽  
Heated Air ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Intensive System

Two series of trials have been carried out to compare the digestibility of fresh grass with the material obtained by drying grass, from the same source and cut at the same time, in a band drier by heated air at an inlet temperature of 200° C.This process has not affected the digestibility of the various constituents with the possible exception of the crude protein which is slightly depressed.In the second series of trials a drier operating with air at an inlet temperature of 600° C. was also used. In this drier a depression of the digestibility of the constituents of the grass was noted. This was particularly so in the case of the protein which was depressed to a very marked degree.It would therefore appear that although the use of the higher temperature increases the output of the drier, it adversely affects the digestibility of the final product.

Investigations into the Intensive System of Grassland Management. By the Agricultural Research Staff of Imperial Chemical Industries, Limited. IX. The Digestibility of Artificially Dried Hay

1932 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-250
Author(s):  
S. J. Watson ◽  
W. S. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Grassland Management ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Research Staff ◽  
Water Pipes ◽  
Excellent Quality ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
A Current ◽  
Intensive System

Hay of excellent quality and high digestibility has been made by a process of artificial drying in which a current of warm air is blown through the grass in a stack. The air is heated by a system of hot-water pipes round which the stack is built.The resultant product was of much greater feeding value than good meadow hay or seeds hay and was made at a season of the year when hay-making conditions were poor.The economics of the process have not been worked out.

Investigations into the Intensive System of Grassland Management. By the Agricultural Research Staff of Imperial Chemical Industries, Limited. XI. The Effect of Nitrogen on the Yield, Composition and Digestibility of Grassland Herbage. (With Five Text-figures.)

1932 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Watson ◽  
J. Procter ◽  
W. S. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Grassland Management ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
Research Staff ◽  
Intensive System

An experiment was carried out in 1929 and 1930 to obtain a measure of the effects of nitrogenous fertilisers used in combination with rotational grazing, on grass adequately supplied with phosphates, potash and calcium. A comparison of the two years has shown that the magnitude of these effects is governed by climatic conditions, and in the absence of a sufficient supply of moisture the increase in the quantity of herbage produced is reduced.

Investigations into the Intensive System of Grassland Management. By the Agricultural Research Staff of Imperial Chemical Industries, Limited. IV. The Digestibility and Feeding Value of Artificially Dried Grass.

1931 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Grassland Management ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Research Staff ◽  
Adequate Amount ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Intensive System

Digestibility trials have been carried out with sheep on a sample of dried grass and a grass meal, both of which were artificially dried on an experimental band drier. The analyses of the two materials were affected by the fact that the grass was cut in August after a very dry summer and the herbage was contaminated with a certain amount of stemmy material.The digestibility of the two samples is of a high order and, with the exception of that of the crude protein, equal to the values quoted by Woodman for short grass. The sheep put on weight during both trials and there was a retention of nitrogen and mineral matter in all cases. The dried grass would appear to contain an adequate amount of available calcium, phosphorus and potash for the plane of nutrition at which it was fed.

Investigations into the Intensive System of Grassland Management. By the Agricultural Research Staff of Imperial Chemical Industries, Limited. VI. The Digestibility and Feeding value of Grass Silage made in a Stack.

1931 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 452-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Grassland Management ◽  
Research Staff ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Made In ◽  
Intensive System

It may be concluded from this trial that the making of stack silage is a useful method of conserving surplus grass, particularly of the after-math type, when good haymaking weather may not obtain. Though no actual feeding trials were carried out with the silage, it was fed to stock with satisfactory results and formed a large proportion of their winterration.

Investigations into the Intensive System of Grassland Management.

1930 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Greenhill
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grassland Management ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Fibre Content ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Grazing Season ◽  
Average Fibre ◽  
Intensive System

1. Herbage from pastures managed under the Intensive System of Grassland Management, and representing three to five weeks’ growth, from three centres in three seasons, was closely comparable with that obtained by other workers from “pasture cuts” at one- to three-weekly intervals from unmanured pastures, in respect of the chemical composition of its dry matter, which is, in fact, a concentrated feeding stuff of narrow nutritive ratio and low in fibre content.2. The nutritive ratio is somewhat wider in a dry than in a wet season, but the average fibre content is not markedly different.3. During the grazing season, drought or the early summer flush period produce some reduction in protein content and an increase in fibre content, with a recovery following the cessation of the drought or after the flush period respectively.

Investigations into the Intensive System of Grassland Management. By the Agricultural Research Staff of Imperial Chemical Industries, Limited. VII. The Digestibility and Feeding Value of Grass Silage Made in a Pit

1931 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-475
Author(s):  
S. J. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Grassland Management ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Made In ◽  
Intensive System

Silage has been made satisfactorily in a pit from grass cut at the flowering stage when it was impossible to make hay. The digestibilities of all the constituents compare favourably with meadow hay with the exception of the protein which shows a depression.The silage is richer in starch equivalent than meadow hay, if compared on a dry matter basis, and equal in digestible protein content to poor meadow hay though not to good meadow hay. It is therefore better to make grass silage when weather conditions are bad rather than attempt to make hay which, under such conditions, would be of poor quality.The silage was used within four weeks of being made and was eaten readily by dairy cows on grass.

scholarly journals Seasonal variation of mono- and sesquiterpene emission rates of Scots pine

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hakola ◽  
V. Tarvainen ◽  
J. Bäck ◽  
H. Ranta ◽  
B. Bonn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Emission Pattern ◽  
Defensive Role ◽  
Monoterpene Emission

Abstract. The seasonal variation of mono-and sesquiterpene emission rates of Scots pine was measured from April to October in 2004. The emission rates were measured daily in the afternoons with the exception of weekends. Emissions were measured from two branches; one of them was debudded in May (branch A), while the other was allowed to grow new needles (branch B). The monoterpene emission pattern remained almost constant throughout the measurement period, Δ3-carene being the dominant monoterpene (50-70% of the VOC emission). The standard monoterpene emission potential (30°C) was highest during early summer in June (the average of the two branches 1.35 µg g-1h-1) and lowest during early autumn in September (the average of the two branches 0.20 µg g-1h-1. The monoterpene emission potential of branch A remained low also during October, whereas the emission potential of branch B was very high in October. The sesquiterpenes were mainly emitted during mid summer, the dominant sesquiterpene being β-caryophyllene. Branch A had a higher sesquiterpene emission potential than branch B and the emission maximum occurred concomitant with the high concentration of airborne pathogen spores suggesting a potential defensive role of the sesquiterpene emissions. The sesquiterpene emissions were well correlated with linalool and 1,8-cineol emissions, but not with monoterpenes. Sesquiterpene and 1,8-cineol emissions were equally well described by the temperature dependent and the temperature and light dependent algorithms. This is due to the saturation of the light algorithm as the measurements were always conducted during high light conditions.

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