The nutrition of the early weaned lamb:I. The influence of protein concentration and feeding level on rate of gain in body weight

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Andrews ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Body Weights

SUMMARYThe live-weight gains of male and female lambs were measured during growth from 16 to 40 kg live weight when five cereal-based diets varying in dietary crude protein concentration (from 10 to 20%) were given at three levels in a 5×3×2 factorial design.Males grew faster than females by about 15% (P < 0·001); this difference increased with age and with the amount of feed given (P < 0·05). Growth rate responded linearly to increase in feeding level (P < 0·001) and curvilinearly to increase in dietary protein concentration (P < 0·01). A significant interaction (P < 0·01) occurred whereby growth increased with higher protein concentrations as feeding level increased.At the highest feeding level (near ad libitum) the results suggest that the optimum dietary crude protein concentration for growth was about 17·5, 15·0, 12·5 and 12·5% at body weights of 20, 25, 30 and 35 kg respectively. The overall optimum dietary crude protein concentration for growth between 16 and 40 kg body weight was about 17·0, 15·0 and 11·0% when the mean digestible energy intake was 3·0, 2·6 and 2·1 Mcal/day.The results agree reasonably well with estimates of protein requirements for lambs given by the Agricultural Research Council (1965).

Effect of feeding level and dietary protein content on the growth, body composition and rate of protein deposition in pigs growing from 45 to 90 kg

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
D. M. Curic
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

ABSTRACT1. Eight diets of similar energy content, ranging in crude protein concentration from 95 to 256 g/kg, were given at either 2·5 or 3·2 times the energy level for maintenance to entire male pigs growing from 45 to 90 kg live weight.2. Growth rate improved with increase in feeding level and with increasing dietary crude protein up to 164 g/kg (P < 0·05). The food conversion ratio improved with each increase in dietary CP up to 186 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 0·05). It was also improved with increase in level of feeding of the lower-protein diets but deteriorated with increase in level of intake of the higher-protein diets (P < 005).3. Rate of protein deposition improved with increasing dietary crude protein up to 186 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 005). The results showed that, for pigs given diets deficient in crude protein, rate of protein deposition was linearly related to protein intake (P < 0·001) but independent of energy intake. For pigs given a diet adequate in crude protein, rate of protein deposition was related to energy intake and independent of crude protein intake.4. Body fat content at 90 kg decreased with increasing dietary crude protein up to 210 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 0·05), and was increased by raising the level of intake of the higher-crude protein diets (P < 0·05). However, the influence of feeding level on body fat diminished as dietary crude protein was reduced.

The nutrition of the early weaned lamb:II. The effect of dietary protein concentration, feeding level and sex on body composition at two live weights

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Andrews ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Extract Content

SUMMARY1. In an experiment with ninety-nine lambs the effects on the body composition of male and female lambs were examined when five diets containing different concentrations of crude protein (in the range 10–20%) were given at three levels of feeding and lambs were slaughtered at two live weights (27·5 and 40 kg).2. With lambs slaughtered at 27·5 kg there were significant increases in the rate of both nitrogen and fat retention with increases in levels of feeding. There were also linear increases in the rate of protein deposition and decreases in fat deposition with increases in the concentration of crude protein. This effect was particularly marked at the high level of feeding.3. With lambs slaughtered at 40 kg live weight there were also linear increases in fat and in nitrogen deposition with increasing feeding level but the effect of increasing the protein concentration on increases in nitrogen retention departed from linearity.4. While at 27·5 kg there were no significant effects of feeding level on nitrogen and ether-extract content of the bodies at slaughter, with animals slaughtered at 40 kg there was a significant linear decrease in ether-extract content with increasing feeding level and a corresponding linear increase in nitrogen content with increased level of feeding.5. Male lambs deposited more nitrogen and less fat than females. This was true of both rate of deposition and of carcass composition at 40 kg live weight.

scholarly journals Effect of concentrate: voluminous ratio on the performance of Santa Inês lambs

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1637-1642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Palomo de Oliveira ◽  
Juan Rámon Olalquiaga Perez ◽  
Joel Augusto Muniz ◽  
Antonio Ricardo Evangelista ◽  
José Camisão de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Santa Inês ◽  
C 50 ◽  
Concentrate Inclusion

The experiment was carried out in the sheep division of Universidade Federal de Lavras, aiming to evaluate the effect of different concentrate : voluminous ratio on the performance of Santa Inês lamb after wean. 40 lambs, male uncastrated, were used and fed with four different diets: diet A (100% concentrate), diet B (75:25 concentrate : voluminous) , diet C (50:50 concentrate : voluminous) , diet D (25:75 concentrate : voluminous). The experimental diets were isoproteic, differing only on its levels of concentrate : voluminous and balanced to meet the nutritional demands according to the recommendation of the Agricultural Research Council (1980). The experimental period was not pre-established, because it corresponded to the necessary period for the last lamb to reach the live weight of 35kg. The dry matter consumption (DMC), crude protein consumption (CPC), fiber in neutral detergent consumption (FNDC) and fiber in acid detergent consumption (FADC), were affected by the different concentrate : voluminous ratio, in which, the animals that received diets with higher concentrate inclusion presenting better results for the variables related to the development. The lambs fed with the diet containing higher inclusion of voluminous did not present weight gain, on the contrary, presented weight loss, since none of the animals reached slaughter weight and the mortality rate was extremely high (80%).

A study of the energy requirements of weaned lambs

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Forbes ◽  
J. J. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
High Level

SUMMARYTwo experiments were carried out to study the energy requirements of young fattening lambs for maintenance and production. Forty weaned lambs were used in each experiment, 20 being allocated to a high level of feeding (900 g air-dry feed per day) and 20 to a low level (540 g). The animals used in Experiment 1 were approximately 12 months of age and their mean live weight was 35·3±4·03 kg. Those in Experiment 2 were approximately seven months of age and their mean live weight was 36·7 ± 4·57 kg. Experiment 1 continued for 100 days and Experiment 2 for 47 days. Three digestibility trials, involving three animals from each feeding level, were carried out during the course of each experiment to obtain precise estimates of digestible organic matter intake (DOMI). The estimated mean DOMI required for maintenance for a 45-kg lamb was 400 g (0·88 lb) or 1500 kcal metabolizable energy per day. The estimated maintenance requirement was not affected by the age of the animal. The DOMI required for production ranged from 1·55 kg per kg live-weight gain for the younger animals to 1·71 kg for the older animals. Both these requirements were lower than those obtained by other workers and those suggested by the Agricultural Research Council (1965).

Studies with the Australian Cashmere Goat. II. Effects of dietary protein concentration and feeding level on body composition of male and female goats

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 971 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Ash ◽  
BW Norton
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Ad Libitum

The effects of plane of nutrition (ad libitum and 75% ad libitum) and dietary crude protein concentration (11.3, 16.0 and 20.9% crude protein) on body composition of male and female weaner goats were studied in a comparative slaughter experiment. The initial chemical composition of the body (water, ash, protein, fat) and dissectible tissue fractions of the carcass (muscle, fat, bone) of the experimental goats were estimated from regression equations, derived from a group of twelve comparable kids. The final chemical composition and carcass tissue distribution were determined directly by chemical and dissection analyses. There was no effect of dietary crude protein concentration on the chemical composition of the empty body weight (EBW) gain or on carcass tissue distribution. The lack of any response to dietary protein was attributed to similar levels of protein/energy available at the small intestine despite large differences in crude protein intake. Ad libitum feeding, however, resulted in significantly more fat (31.0 v. 22.6% of EBW gain) and less water (51.1 v. 56.4% of EBW gain) in the composition of the gain compared with restricted feeding. There was no effect of feeding level on protein or ash content of the body. Goats fed ad libitum had significantly less muscle (60.1 v. 62.5%) and more dissectible fat (19.5 v. 16.3%) in their carcasses than kids restricted in their intake. Females had significantly more fat (32.7 v. 22.4% of EBW gain) but less water (48.4 v. 57.9% of EBW gain) and nitrogen (2.2 v. 2.8% of EBW gain) in their body gain than did males. Similarly, the carcass of females contained more dissectible fat (22.6 v. 13.2%) but less bone (15.8 v. 19.3%) and muscle (58.5 v. 64.1%) than males. The efficiency of utilization of dietary energy for growth and fattening (kf) was similar (0.32) for all groups of kids.

Studies on goat nutrition Part II. Digestible protein requirements for maintenance from balance studies

1960 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. N. Majumdar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Endogenous Urinary Nitrogen ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

1. The crude protein requirement of goats for maintenance has been determined from balance studies. The requirement per kg., as found by three different methods of treatments of the balance data, is practically the same, viz. 2·63 g. crude protein.2. The digestible crude protein requirement also has been calculated, again by two different methods, and is estimated at 1·12 lb./1000 lb. body weight. This value is undoubtedly very much higher than the value (0·65 lb./1000 lb.) obtained previously from the endogenous urinary nitrogen determinations alone.3. The dry-matter requirement of goat per 100 lb. live weight has been determined. Calculated on the basis of live weight raised to the power 0·734, the requirement was found to be 2·6 lb./100 lb.

scholarly journals Meat production of young and adult Kejobong goats fed diets with different protein concentration

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-59
Author(s):  
Nuning Ari Purnami ◽  
Endang Purbowati ◽  
Edy Rianto
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein

This study was aimed to examine the effect of dietary crude protein (CP) concentration on carcass and meat production in young and adult Kejobong goats. This study used 8 young (5 months) and 8 adult (9 months) Kejobong goats; which were allocated to a randomized nested design, with an age of goat as the nest, and treatment applied was dietary protein concentration (T1: 9.96%; T2: 14.66%). The parameters observed were dry matter intake (DMI), CP intake (CPI), body weight gain (BWG), and the production of carcass meat. The results showed that the DMI of adult goats (910 g/d) was higher (P<0.05) than that of young goats (680 g/d). The goats fed diet T2 had higher (P<0.05) DMI, CPI, and BWG (855 g, 140 g, and 94 g/d, respectively) than those of T1 (725 g/d, 80 g/d, and 59 g/d). Slaughter weight, carcass weight and carcass meat weight, and carcass meat percentage of adult goats (28.09 kg, 13.19 kg, 8.60 kg and 64.94%, respectively) were higher (P <0.05) than those of young goats (20.06 kg, 8.72 kg, 5.46 kg, and 62.06%, respectively). The weight and percentage of carcass meat of T2 (8.30 kg and 64.99%, respectively) were higher (P<0.05) than those of T1 (5.75 kg and 62.06%, respectively). The meat-bone ratio of adult goats was higher (P<0.05) than that of young goats (3.53 vs 2.85). The meat-bone ratio of T2 (3.58) was higher (P<0.05) than that of T1 (2.80). It was concluded that adult Kejobong goats produced more meat than the young ones, and the goat-fed diet with 14.66% CP produced more meat than that with 9.96% CP.

Responses to variations in dietary energy intakes by growing pigs 3. Effect of level of intake of diets of differing protein and fat content on the performance of growing pigs

1972 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Davies ◽  
I. A. M. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Daily Allowance ◽  
Four Levels

SUMMARYThree diets were given separately, each at four levels of digestible energy (DE) intake, to gilts, castrates and boars growing from 21 to 92 kg live weight. The energy levels were those suggested by the Agricultural Research Council, compared with a 5% increase or 10% or 20% decreases in daily allowance. One diet (ME 18) had 3·0 Meal DE/kg and 18·2% crude protein; the other two (HE 16 and HE 19) had 3·26 Meal DE/kg and 16·1% or 19·3% crude protein.They were given unchanged throughout the experiment. Responses to change in daily DE intake were not affected by sex or diet, except in shoulder fat thickness. Feed eaten per kg gain did not vary by more than 4% over the intake levels investigated, and no difference was significant. On average, each reduction in daily intake below the ARC+5% allowance led to an increase of 1·2 percentage units of carcass lean and a decrease of 1·3 percentage units of carcass fat.In comparison with HE 16, the higher protein diet HE 19 gave improved feed conversion efficiency and growth rate, particularly in gilts. It did not cause significant changes in carcass measurements. In comparison with ME 18, HE 19 gave more efficient conversion of DE to weight gain, and faster growth.Boars required less feed per kg gain and had faster growth rates and leaner carcasses than gilts, which were superior to castrates. There was a high incidence of unpleasant odour in fat from boars, but some was also detected in that from gilts and castrates.

scholarly journals Effect of crude fibre, feeding level and body weight on apparent digestibility of compound feeds by swine.

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-503
Author(s):  
H. Everts ◽  
B. Smits ◽  
A.W. Jongbloed
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Body Weights

Compound feeds containing 43, 76 or 113 g crude fibre in DM were given to 22 adult sows and 18 growing male pigs. Digestibilities of DM, organic matter and crude protein were decreased with increased crude fibre in the diet, were decreased with increased intake from 1.2 times maintenance to 2.4 times maintenance and were increased with increased body weights. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

2.1 The Nitrogenous Constituents of Fresh Forages

1982 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 25-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Mangan
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Fraction I

The nitrogenous composition of forage is largely determined by the requirements of plant physiology, with variables such as anatomy, e.g. monocotyledons v. dicotyledons, maturity, fertilizer treatment, climate, light intensity, etc., superimposed. One would therefore expect to find many broad similarities in the composition of plants. Chibnall (1939) recognized this and gave a comprehensive review of early work on metabolism and nitrogenous composition of leaves. Present systems for the assessment of protein requirements of ruminants (e.g. Agricultural Research Council, 1980) require a detailed knowledge of the composition of feedstuffs in terms of rumen degradable and undegradable proteins and of non-protein nitrogenous compounds utilized by rumen microorganisms. It is also apparent that the biological value of protein which bypasses the rumen should be determined. Descriptions in terms of “crude protein” (Kjeldahl N × 6.25) are no longer adequate. The proteins of fresh forages may be considered in 3 main groupings (1) Fraction I leaf protein (2) Fraction 2 proteins and (3) Chloroplast membrane proteins.

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