Lucerne investigations: III. Effect of heat treatment on germination and field establishment of lucerne seed

1957 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Zaleski
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Germination Capacity ◽  
Untreated Seed ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
Heavy Soil ◽  
Hard Seeds ◽  
Treated Seed ◽  
The Mean

1. Lucerne seed samples of known harvest history were treated by dry heat at various temperatures and durations; their germination capacity, emergence and establishment were tested by laboratory, greenhouse and field establishment tests on heavy Boil during 1952–6 at Cambridge.2. A successful and safe heat treatment was 42° C. for 5 days, increasing the germination by as much as 44% up to about 90% at the cost of hard seed.3. The establishment obtained on heavy soil from treated seed samples, although varying from season to season, was significantly higher (P > 0·001) at all seed rates than that obtained from untreated control samples.4. Significant differences were obtained in germination capacity and establishment between samples harvested at different conditions. High moisture content of seed and high percentage of dark brown seeds was associated with late harvest. Brown seeds had a significantly lower germination capacity than yellow seeds. Only samples with a high initial moisture and high percentage of brown seeds showed a substantial decrease in germination capacity during the storage period of 3 years.5. Although the mean number of plants established is significantly higher for higher seed rates the mean percentage of plants established decreases significantly with higher seed rates and the greatest wastage of seeds occurred at the high seed rate of 15 lb; per acre.6. The viability of seed and speed of germination and of emergence were the most important factors in determining the successful establishment of a crop on heavy soil.7. Hard seed is viable and could germinate and produce seedlings by the end of the season, but only a very small percentage of it could normally be established under field conditions. With untreated seed no significant correlations were established between laboratory germination and field establishment or between laboratory germination and greenhouse emergence, yet there were highly significant correlations in these cases for treated seed. With increased duration of laboratory germination test, corresponding to a decrease in the proportion of hard seed, values of r increased. Correlations between field establishment at three seed rates and greenhouse emergence were significant in the case of both untreated and treated seeds.8. When the hard seeds were added to germination or establishment the relationships between the results of these tests were very close and highly significant correlations were established for both lots of seed, untreated and treated. The high proportion of hard seeds was the main limiting factor preventing a close relation between tests for untreated seed.

Complement factor B and the alternative pathway of complement activation in bovine milk

2002 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
PASCAL RAINARD
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Complement Activation ◽  
Alternative Pathway ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Complement Factor ◽  
Factor B ◽  
Mild Heat ◽  
Alternative Pathway Of Complement ◽  
The Mean

The contribution of the alternative pathway of complement activation to the capacity of normal milk to deposit C3 fragments on bacteria was tested by attempting to block C3 deposition with antibodies to the alternative pathway component factor B (fB). Factor B was purified and antibodies of the IgY class, which does not activate mammalian complement, were obtained from the egg yolk of immunized laying hens. These antibodies specifically inhibited the deposition of C3. This inhibition and the absence of deposition of C4 demonstrated that C3 deposition in normal milk resulted from the activation of the alternative pathway. Antibodies raised in rabbit were used to develop an ELISA for measuring fB concentrations in milk. The mean concentration of fB was 2·06 μg/ml (±0·18, SEM), 0·57% of the mean value found in serum (360 μg/ml). This proportion was comparable to that of serum albumin (0·63% of serum value) but less than the proportion of C3 in milk (2·71%). Nevertheless, fB was apparently not a limiting factor for the functioning of the alternative pathway, since addition of purified fB to normal milk did not improve C3 deposition. In serum, mild heat-treatment (56 °C for 3 min or 50 °C for 45 min) blocked the alternative pathway and destroyed fB, as shown by loss of antigenicity in ELISA. In milk, mild heat-treatment did not abrogate C3 deposition, and fB was protected, retaining its functionality and antigenicity. Heating at 56 °C for at least 45 min was necessary to completely inhibit C3 deposition in normal milk.

Establishment of Stylosanthes species: changes in hardseededness and potential speed of germination at Katherine, N.T

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 491 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM McKeon ◽  
K Brook
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Untreated Seed ◽  
Slow Potential ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Germination Speed

The breakdown of hard seed, germination and establishment of heat-treated and untreated seed was compared for Stylosanthes humilis, S. hamata cv. Verano and S. scabra cv. Fitzroy at Katherine, N.T. Heat treatment significantly increased yield and seedling establishment for S. hamata and S, scabra. Recovery of seed samples at the end of the wet season showed that no decrease in hard seed occurred after the first wave of seedling establishment at the onset of the wet season. This result indicates that high surface temperatures are required for seed softening, and that hard seed which has not broken by the onset of the wet season is unlikely to contribute to the sward in the season of sowing. The lack of a significant heat-treatment effect for S. humdis was attributed to the high soft-seed content (29%) in the untreated seed at the time of sowing and the loss of seedlings from the heat-treated seeds owing to rapid germination on rainfall insufficient for seedling survival. In a second experiment, the changes in seed characteristics of heat-treated seed sown in the late dry season were studied. Seed was recovered before and after each major rainfall event. Standard germination tests were carried out at near optimal conditions of water availability, light and temperature to measure potential germination speed and changes in viability. Large increases in potential germination speed occurred over 4 weeks in the field-from < 10% germination in 18 h to 70-90% in 18 h. As a result, greater than 80% of germination occurred on isolated rainfall events with less than 18-h surface moisture and were followed by rapid seedling death. We found that slow potential germination speed of sown seed did not confer permanent protection against false-start germination, since large increases in potential germination speed are likely to occur under field conditions.

Sowing Method and Seed Treatment Effects on Jack Pine Direct Seeding

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 237-240
Author(s):  
Laird Van Damme
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Germination Capacity ◽  
Untreated Seed ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Thunder Bay ◽  
Treated Seed ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Upper Slope

Abstract Jack pine seed from local seed sources received six treatment combinations by Hilleshog AB of Sweden as follows: (1) control, no treatment, (2) pelleting, (3) coloring, (4) pelleting and coloring, (5) coloring and scenting, and (6) pelleting, coloring and scenting. Laboratory tests performed by Hilleshog AB, a Swedish agriculture seed treating company that pelleted the test seed, showed pelleting to slow the rate of germination, but germination capacity was greater than 90% after 21 days for all treatments. Treated seed were factorially combined with hand and mechanical sowing methods with Bracke scarification in May 1984 on a sandy jack pine site west of Thunder Bay. Another treatment consisted of manually made pyramidal impressions from a corrugated pallet, which compacted the upper-mid-slope region of the scalp. This treatment, randomized within the 2 × 6 factorial design was then hand sown with untreated seed. Percentage of stocked scalps 2 months after germination showed hand sowing to be superior to machine sowing (45% vs 36%). Hand-sown untreated seed performed slightly better than treated seed (58% vs 32%-49%), but differences between seed treatments were not significant when sown by machine. Best results were obtained from untreated seed sown onto the upper slope of a Bracke scalp stabilized by the corrugated pallet (79%). Microsite stabilization appears critical for successful stocking of jack pine and merits further study toward scarification machinery modification. North. J. Appl. For. 5:237-240, December 1988.

scholarly journals ​Effect of Seed Treatments and Storage Period on Seed Health Parameters of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) under Ambient Storage Conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravindra Kumar ◽  
Anuja Gupta ◽  
Kumkum Verma ◽  
Arjun Singh
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Untreated Seed ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Ambient Storage ◽  
Vigour Index ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Treated Seed

Background: Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an important leguminous crop utilized as vegetable and pulse, being an important source of proteins. Pea seeds harbour various mycoflora both in field and during storage, which plays important role in reducing seed viability, germination and vigour inflicting considerable losses in yield and quality. There is scarcely any recommendation available to maintain seed quality during storage of pea seeds, hence present study was carried out. Methods: Seeds of pea (cvs. Azad P. 1 and Arkel) were treated with Captan and Carbendazim 50%WP fungicides @ 2.0 g/Kg seed and stored under ambient conditions. The samples were drawn at three months interval to assess the effect of storage on seed quality parameters. The vigour index I, per cent germination and speed of germination of these seed samples were determined using ISTA rules. The detection of associated mycoflora in pea (Pisum sativum L.) seed samples was carried out by standard blotter method as recommended by International Seed Testing Association. Result: Total fourteen fungal species were found associated with different pea seed samples. Out of these, maximum incidence of Alternaria alternata (21.36%) followed by Aspergillus flavus (15.53%), A. fumigatus (14.56%), A. niger (11.60%) and Rhizopus stolonifer (9.71%), were recorded on untreated seed of pea cv. Azad P. 1, after 18 months of storage. The germination, speed of germination and vigour index of stored seed reduced with increase in storage period, whereas fungal incidence increased with the increasing storage period. Among the tested cultivars, germination in pea (cv. Arkel) remained above IMSCS even after 18 months of storage under ambient storage conditions. The maximum percent germination (99.0) was found in pea cv. Azad P. 1 seeds treated with Captan at 3 months of storage, whereas minimum percent germination (49.5) was found in untreated seed of pea cv. Azad P. 1 after 18 months of storage. The maximum speed of germination (23.88) was found in Captan treated seed of pea cv. Arkel at 0 month of storage and minimum speed of germination (3.52) was found in untreated seed of pea cv. Azad P. 1 at 18 months of storage. The maximum vigour index I (2339) was found in pea cv. Azad P. 1 (Captan treated seed) at 3 months of storage and minimum vigour index I (431) was found in untreated seed of pea cv. Azad P. 1 after 18 months of storage.

Overcoming dormancy and storage of sapoti seeds

2020 ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Marcus Vinicius Sandoval Paixão
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Germination Capacity ◽  
Time Treatment ◽  
Germination Speed ◽  
Permanent Storage ◽  
Ice Water ◽  
And Storage

The objective of this study was to overcome dormancy and germination capacity in sapoti seed storage. The study was conducted at IFES Seed Laboratory from January to December 2015. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications of 25 seeds, in a split plot. The plots were represented by combinations of treatments of seeds: seeds without treatment; seeds stored for 24 hours in a refrigerator (8-10 ºC); seeds immersed in ice water for 30 min (0 ºC) and seeds stored permanently in a refrigerator at a temperature between 8-10 ºC. The subplots comprised the following storage period of the seeds: 0; 30; 60; 90; 120, 180; 270 and 360 days, at room temperature between 20-26° C. After each storage period were evaluated germination (%), germination speed index and average germination time. Treatment with ice for 30 min. showed the best germination. Permanent storage in refrigerator (8-10° C) presented the best-preserved viability. Heat treatment with ice for 30 min and/or permanent storage in the refrigerator can be used to break dormancy of sapoti seeds.

scholarly journals O15 Using a smartphone app to characterise and quantify skin colour changes in Raynaud's attacks

Rheumatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Dinsdale ◽  
Joanne Manning ◽  
Ariane Herrick ◽  
Mark Dickinson ◽  
Christopher Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Skin Colour ◽  
Smartphone App ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Bhattacharyya Distance ◽  
Automated Method ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background/Aims  The lack of objective outcome measures for Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) has been a major limiting factor in development of effective treatments. At present, the Raynaud's Condition Score (RCS) is the only validated outcome measure, and is highly subjective. Mobile phone technology could provide a way forward. We have developed a smartphone app for RP monitoring that guides the patient through the process of capturing images of their hands during RP episodes, as well as capturing other data through post-attack and daily questionnaires. One of the objectives of our research programme (reported here) was to compare digital image (photographic) parameters to the RCS. Methods  40 patients with RP (8 with primary RP, 32 with RP secondary to systemic sclerosis) were recruited (40 female, median age (range): 57 years (25-74), median (range) duration of RP symptoms: 17 (0-53) years). Patients were given a smartphone handset with a pre-installed Raynaud’s Monitoring app and were trained on how to use it/take usable photographs. They were then asked to take photographs of RP attacks over a 14 day period and also to record the RCS for each episode. The app specifically prompts the patient to take a picture of their hand every minute during an attack, until confirmation is given that the attack is complete. At a 2nd visit, the handsets, images, and data were collected for analysis. The mean colour change during each RP attack was quantified (semi-automated method) by the Bhattacharyya distance (BD) in colour space between a region of interest (e.g. a section of a digit) and a control region (dorsal hand). BD was then compared to the RCS using ANOVA, after controlling for patient variability in the range of RCS values used by each patient. Results  A total of 3,030 images were collected, describing 229 RP attacks. The median RCS reported was 6 (inter-quartile range [IQR]: 4), while the median for BD was 5.6 (IQR 3.2). ANOVA showed that measured values of the mean image BD were significantly different when different values of RCS were recorded by the patient (p &lt; 0.001), i.e. attacks where patients selected different values of RCS had significantly different values of BD. Across all attacks/patients the F-value from ANOVA for RCS was 76.2, suggesting that the variation in BD for different values of RCS is much greater than the variation in BD for any one value of RCS. Conclusion  Patients successfully used a smartphone app to collect photographs and data during episodes of RP. A strong association was found between skin colour change (via BD) and the gold-standard RCS. Mobile phone-documented colour change therefore has potential as an objective measure of RP. Further validation work is now required, as well as studies examining sensitivity to change. Disclosure  G. Dinsdale: None. J. Manning: None. A. Herrick: None. M. Dickinson: None. C. Taylor: None.

scholarly journals Impact of Type of Sugar Beet Pectin–Sodium Caseinate Interaction on Emulsion Properties at pH 4.5 and pH 7

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 631
Author(s):  
Zhang Juyang ◽  
Bettina Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Small Deformation ◽  
Sodium Caseinate ◽  
Ph Adjustment ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Emulsifier System ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Droplet Sizes ◽  
The Mean

Equal parts of sugar beet pectin and sodium caseinate were interacted through electrostatic attraction, enzymatic crosslinking, and the Maillard reaction to prepare three oil-in-water emulsifier systems. Oil-in-water emulsions (10%) were processed via high shear overhead mixing at the natural pH of the emulsifier systems, followed by pH adjustment to pH 4.5 and pH 7. The emulsions were stable against coalescence, except for a slight increase in the mean droplet size for the enzymatic cross-liked emulsion at pH 4.5 over a 14-day storage period. This emulsion also showed the lowest absolute zeta (ζ)-potential value of near 30 mV. The Maillard interaction emulsifier system resulted in larger droplet sizes compared to the other two emulsifier systems. Small deformation oscillatory shear rheology assessment of the emulsion cream phases revealed an impact of the emulsifier system design at pH 4.5.

Investigation of Microstructure and Property of Fe3Al/Al2O3 Composites

2010 ◽  
Vol 150-151 ◽  
pp. 1409-1412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Phase Composition ◽  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Sintering Process ◽  
Composite Powders ◽  
Al2o3 Composite ◽  
Al2o3 Phase ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Xrd Patterns ◽  
Al2o3 Matrix

The Fe3Al/Al2O3 composites were fabricated by pressureless sintering process. The Fe3Al intermetallics compounds powders were fabricated by mechanical alloying and heat treatment, then the Fe3Al powders and Al2O3 powders were mixed and the Fe3Al/Al2O3 composite powders were prepared, so the Fe3Al/Al2O3 composites were fabricated by sintering process at 1700oC for 2h. The phase composition and microstructure of Fe3Al intermetallics compounds powders produced by mechanical alloying and heat treatment were investigated. The phase composition, microstructure and mechanical properties of the Fe3Al/Al2O3 composites sintered bulks were investigated. The XRD patterns results showed that there existed Fe3Al phase and Al2O3 phase in the sintered composites. The Fe3Al/Al2O3 composites sintered bulks exhibited the homogenous and compact microstructure, the Fe3Al particles were homogenously distributed in the Al2O3 matrix, the mean particles size of Fe3Al intermetallics was about 3-5μm. The Fe3Al/Al2O3 composites exhibited more homogenous and compact microstructure with the increase of Fe3Al content in the Al2O3 matrix. The density and relative density of the Fe3Al/Al2O3 composites increased gradually with the increase of Fe3Al content. The fracture strength and fracture toughness of the Fe3Al/Al2O3 composites increased gradually with the increase of Fe3Al content. The elastic modulus and hardness (HRA) of the Fe3Al/Al2O3 composites decreased gradually with the increase of Fe3Al content.

scholarly journals Seed Germination Variation among Crop Years from a Pinus sylvestris Clonal Seed Orchard

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Melusi Rampart
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Thermal Time ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Germination Capacity ◽  
Seed Collection ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
The Mean

Maternal effects were assessed by germinating seeds sourced over multiple years from the same cloned mother trees, comparing germination capacity and rate between crop years. The relationships between climatic variables, seed characteristics and germination capacity were determined, and thermal time parameters were used to predict seed dormancy release and germination under the climatic conditions in the year after seed collection. There were significant differences in seed weight (P < 0.05), seed length and embryo occupancy (both P < 0.001) among crop years. Temperature during the seed development period explained 70% of the variation in seed weight and 63% of the variation in embryo occupancy. Germination capacity was significantly (P <0.001) different among crop years, among temperatures and among chilling durations, and thermal time requirements for germination increased from older (2007) to younger (2012) seeds. The mean base temperature without chilling was 7.1°C, while after chilling it was 4.6°C and 3.6°C for four and eight weeks chilling respectively. The mean thermal time to 50% germination without chilling was 135.1°Cd, while after chilling it was 118.3°Cd and 154.0°Cd for four and eight weeks chilling respectively. This experiment demonstrates that year-to-year differences in the environment experienced by mother trees during seed maturation can affect seed germination characteristics.

Effect of Storage and Consumer Handling on Staphylococcal Counts of Dried Beef and Dried Fish

1984 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 352-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. ADESIYUN
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dried Fish

Changes in staphylococcal counts of dried beef and dried fish during storage and while exposed to prospective buyers in a Nigerian market were investigated. The mean staphylococcal counts in dried beef and dried fish were 9.9 × 105 and 4.6 × 106 colony-forming units (CFU)/g and the mean aerobic plate counts were 2.0 × 107 and 1.2 × 108 CFU/g, respectively. Over a 28-d storage period at room temperature, the mean staphylococcal count declined about 100-fold for both products, i.e., from 9.9 × 105 to 3.0 × 103 CFU/g in dried beef and 4.6 × 106 to 2.2 × 104 CFU/g in dried fish. The decline in aerobic plate counts were from 2.0 × 107 to 6.5 × 104 CFU/g for dried beef and 1.2 × 108 to 1.4 × 105 CFU/g for dried fish, about a 1000-fold decline. Market samples of both products, though from the same batch but exposed to handling by prospective buyers, consistently showed higher staphylococcal contamination over the study period. Consumption of these products repeatedly exposed to human handling in the market for long periods may be a health hazard, particularly those that are ready-to-eat.

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