The carcass composition of male, castrated male and female pigs resulting from two levels of feeding

1980 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Davies ◽  
G. Pearson ◽  
J. R. Carr
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Large White ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Nutritional Effects ◽  
Entire Male

SUMMARYAn anatomical study compared the effects of sex and a twofold nutritional difference in growth rate between 20 and 100 kg live weight, on 63 entire males, castrated male and female Large White × Landrace pigs. While the effect of growth rate was significant for overall fat deposition in the carcasses of all three sexes, it was greatest for the entire male. In contrast, sex and nutritional effects on the distribution of fat and on the proportion and distribution of muscle and bone were small.

The effect of certain dietary regimes on growth pattern and performance of young Friesian bulls fattened for beef

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. Boaz ◽  
G. Kirk ◽  
C. L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Development ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Weight One ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Tibia Length ◽  
Entire Male

SUMMARYTwenty-four Friesian bull calves purchased at 10 weeks old were reared in three groups to slaughter at 420 kg live weight. One group (BB) was fed on a barley-concentrate diet to grow rapidly at 1·41 kg/day, a second (GG) was fed on dried grass cubes to grow slowly at 0·97 kg/day and the other (BG) was fed to grow rapidly to a live weight of 250 kg and thereafter at a slow rate, overall 1–20 kg/day.Efficiency of food conversion, energetic efficiency and efficiency of dissectible muscle production were best for BB animals, followed by BG and then GG. Changes in carcass composition mainly resulted from differential fat deposition, and bone/ muscle development was allometric in relation to fat-free empty body mass. The development of certain characteristics, the head, depth of forequarter, pelvic length and tibia length followed a time scale and may have reflected the priority for nutrients of some entire male characteristics irrespective of body size.In addition to being most efficient, the fastest growing bulls yielded carcasses with sufficient fat deposition to meet grading requirements, whereas both the slower growing groups of bulls were penalized in this respect.

The growth and development of nine European sheep breeds. 1. British breeds: Scottish Blackface, Welsh Mountain and Shetland

1997 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. Friggens ◽  
M. Shanks ◽  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
J. D. Oldham ◽  
T. H. McClelland
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growth Function ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Full Description ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Mature Weight ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Entire Male

AbstractThe objective of this study was to assess the growth and development of carcass composition of entire male and female lambs of three British hill breeds (Scottish Blackface, Welsh Mountain, and Shetland), from weaning to approaching maturity, when kept under conditions designed to be nutritionally non-limiting. Lambs were weaned at 8 weeks of age and given a high-quality pelleted diet ad libitum until slaughter at one offive different degrees of maturity. The Gompertz growth function was used to characterize, for each genotype, the growth curve and to provide estimates of mature weight. As expected, there were significant effects of breed and sex on both food intake and growth rate. Growth rate was depressed, relative to the Gompertz fit, during the months of October to January, and intake was similarly depressed. The estimates of mature weight for the females of each breed were: Scottish Blackface, 69; Welsh Mountain, 61; Shetland, 46 kg. The mature weights of the males were found to be not significantly different from 1-3 times the mature weight offemales. Relationships between carcass composition and live weight were derived by allometric regression. This study provides the first full description of the growth and meat production potential of the three breeds.

A note on the effect of individual penning on the performance of fattening pigs

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Fattening Pigs ◽  
Entire Male

ABSTRACTIndividual and group-penning, and entire male and female sexes were investigated in a factorial design. The size of group was five pigs. The diets were given to a scale based on live weight.Individual penning gave significantly faster gains than group penning (679 v. 653 g/day, P < 0·01) but the improvement in food conversion ratio was not significant. Loin sample joints from individually-penned pigs had less lean and significantly more fat than did those from group-penned pigs. The faster growth rate and greater fatness of the individually-penned pigs indicated that more energy was retained by these animals and it was concluded that the greater retention of energy derived primarily from an apparently reduced metabolic heat production. The associated increase in initial growth rate was accentuated by the nature of the feeding scale.There was some indication that boars did not grow as well as gilts in individual pens. Boars grew faster than gilts and converted food more efficiently to live-weight gain especially above 50 kg. They had lower killing-out yields and less fat than gilts.

Influence of energy and protein concentration in the diet on the performance of growing pigs 2. Differing nutrient density at a constant energy: protein ratio

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Lodge ◽  
M. E. Cundy ◽  
R. Cooke ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Amino Acid Balance

SUMMARYForty-eight gilts by Landrace sires on Large White × Landrace females were randomly allocated to eight pens and within pens to six treatment groups involving three diets and two levels of feeding from 23 to 59 kg live weight. All diets were formulated to have approximately the same ratio of digestible energy to crude protein (160 kcal DE/unit % CP) but different energy and protein concentrations: (A) 3500 kcal/kg DE and 21 % CP, (B) 3150 kcal/kg DE and 19% CP, and (C) 2800 kcal/kg DE and 17% CP. Amino acid balance was maintained relatively constant with synthetic lysine, methionine and tryptophan. The levels of feeding were such that the lower level of diet A allowed an intake of energy and protein similar to the higher level of diet B, and the lower level of B was similar to the higher level of C.On the lower level of feeding, growth rate, efficiency of feed conversion and carcass fat content increased linearly with each increment in nutrient concentration; on the higher level of feeding growth rate and EFC increased from diet C to B but not from B to A, whereas carcass fat content increased linearly with diet from the lowest to the highest concentration. There was a non-significant tendency for the higher density diets at a similar level of nutrient intake to give better EFC and fatter carcasses than the lower density diets.

scholarly journals Straw or hay as environmental improvement and its effect on behaviour and production traits of fattening pigs

2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 549-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Jordan ◽  
S. Žgur ◽  
G. Gorjanc ◽  
I. Štuhec
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Lean Meat ◽  
Housing Systems ◽  
Fattening Pigs

Abstract. Fattening pigs are commonly kept in intensive housing systems with slatted floor which represent a very barren environment, causing poor animal welfare. To improve such conditions a small amount of straw or hay (100 g per animal per day laid daily in a rack) was used in our study as an environmental enrichment (EE). Two replications, each including 96 fattening pigs of both sexes (3 pens of 16 females and 3 pens of 16 male castrates) from 60 kg to slaughter at average 96 kg live weight, were used to test the effect of EE and sex on behaviour, growth rate, and carcass composition. EE significantly increased the proportion of total activity during the illumination period (between 6 a. m. and 2 p. m.) on account of increased occupation with substrate (P<0.01). EE also significantly reduced time spent biting pen bars and frequency of aggressive encounters (P<0.01). The EE increased total activity in female animals during the observation period, but not in male castrates. None of the EE significantly influenced pigs‘ growth rate and lean meat percentage; however females in enriched environment grew slower and had greater lean meat percentage than the castrated males. Provision of a small amount of straw or hay to pigs in intensive housing systems can enrich barren environment in inexpensive and efficient way. Therefore such enrichment can be widely used also in large commercial pig production systems.

Genetic components of growth and ultrasonic fat depth traits in Meishan and Large White pigs and their reciprocal crosses

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Haley ◽  
E. d'Agaro ◽  
M. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Impact

AbstractGenes from the Chinese Meishan pig have the potential to enhance reproductive performance of European pigs. In order to allow prediction of the impact of Meishan genes in a range of alternative improvement programmes all traits of economic importance must be evaluated and genetic crossbreeding effects estimated. Entire male and female pigs of four genotypes, purebred Meishan (MS) and Large White (LW) pigs and both reciprocal Fl crossbred genotypes (MS ♂ × LW ♀ and LW ♂ × MS ♀), were farrowed in Edinburgh and subsequently performance tested at either Edinburgh or Newcastle. In Edinburgh, animals were penned in groups of four and fed ad libitum between pen mean weights of approximately 30 and 80 kg. At the end of test fat depths at the shoulder, last rib and loin were measured ultrasonically. In Newcastle, animals were penned in groups of six and fed ad libitum between pen mean weights of approximately 30 and 70 kg. Genotypic means and genetic crossbreeding effects (additive and heterosis direct effects and additive maternal effects) were estimated using restricted maximum likelihood.When compared with the LW, the direct additive effect of genes from the MS produced increased growth rate up to the time of weaning, no change in growth rate between weaning and start of test and greatly reduced growth rate during the performance test. The maternal additive effect of genes from the MS was to reduce growth rate up to the time of weaning, with little effect thereafter. There was substantial direct heterosis for growth rate in all periods measured, but heterosis was less in males than in females during the performance test. The combined effect was such that, within sex, the LW and the two crossbred genotypes were of similar ages when they reached 70 and 80 kg, but MS pigs were 38 to 60 days older. The direct additive effect of MS genes was to increase subcutaneous fat levels and there was little evidence for the effects of maternal genes or direct heterosis on these traits. There was a direct additive effect of MS genes reducing food intake and increasing food conversion ratio and there was direct heterosis for increased food intake. There were significant interactions between genotype and sex. Male and female LW pigs had a similar performance but male MS pigs had slower growth rates on the performance test with lower food intakes, food conversion ratios and subcutaneous fat levels than the females.

Effect of level of feed intake on the performance and carcass composition of growing pigs

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Barber ◽  
R. Braude ◽  
K. G. Mitchell ◽  
R. J. Pittman
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Large White ◽  
Enzootic Pneumonia ◽  
Litter Mate ◽  
Different Genetic Background ◽  
Different Levels

SUMMARY1. Twelve blocks of six enzootic-pneumonia-free Large White litter-mate pigs were individually fed, wet, from 20 to 92 kg live weight on six different levels of feed intake. Four groups were fed according to scales based on live weight and two were fed on a ‘semi-ad libitum’ system. One of the scales used was based on the ARC (1967) recommendations.2. Pigs on ‘semi-ad libitum’ feeding grew significantly faster than those on scale feeding although the feed: gain ratios were similar. Differences in performance between the four scale-fed groups were relatively small.3. Although treatment differences in carcass measurements were in the main small, the commercial grading results favoured the carcasses from the scale-fed pigs. The firmness of backfat assessed by thumb pressure was reduced as the level of feeding was increased.4. The results were compared with those obtained in a similar trial carried out at Shinfield in 1957 using pigs of a completely different genetic background. The general conclusions reached were similar in the two trials, that to obtain the most satisfactory overall results some form of controlled scale-feeding was necessary.

scholarly journals Study on effect of different levels of concentrate on growth performance of both male and female lamb

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-278
Author(s):  
Masum Billah ◽  
Md Humayun Kabir ◽  
Md Hafizur Rahman ◽  
Md Abdul Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Concentrate Mixture

The present study was carried out to assess the effect of concentrate on growth performances of both male and female lamb. For this purpose twenty four (12 male and 12 female) lamb aged about 5-6 months were selected and divided into three groups (Treatment group T1, T2 and control group T0). In each group having 4 males and 4 females lamb, all lambs were supplied green roughages ad-libitum, control group T0 was allowed no concentrate and treatment group T1 & T2 were supplied 100 gm & 200 gm concentrate mixture respectively for 90 days experimental period. Animals were weighed at 15 days interval. Significant differences of live weight gain among these three groups were found. Allowing 100 gm (T1) concentrate mixture along with green grass improved growth rate in both male and female lamb. Increasing of concentrate supplementation improved live weight gain (found in T2 group). Total live weight gain (kg) and average daily live weight gain (g/d) were 4.25±0.52 kg and 47.20±5.75 g, 5.38±0.83 kg and 59.73+9.17 g and 7.00±0.54 kg and 77.78±6.00 g in male lambs and 2.25±0.21 kg and 25.00±2.34 g, 3.18±0.32 kg and 35.39±3.63 g and 3.81±0.24 kg and 42.33±2.77 g in female lambs for the To, T1 and T2 groups respectively. Live weight was significantly (P<0.05) higher in male than female lambs. The results showed that 100 g concentrate supplementation with green roughages improved growth rate in lambs (male and female) under stall feeding condition. Increase of supplementation might improve nutrients supply to promote higher live weight gain.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2016, 2(2): 274-278

Carcass and meat quality in “iron age” pigs

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 74-74
Author(s):  
J.D. Wood ◽  
G.R. Nute
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Large White ◽  
Wild Pigs ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Wild Pig

There is anecdotal evidence that the meat of wild pigs is particularly tasty and their carcasses are lean. However it may be that the nature of the wild existence - high energy demands, low energy diet, unusual ingredients eg acorns and plant roots - is important in conferring these qualities. This Study was done to determine whether semi-wild pigs - the so called “Iron Age” breed - are different from typical modern white pigs (Large Whites) when both are reared on ‘modern’ commercial diets. Tests on carcass composition and meat quality were therefore made.“Iron Age” pigs (IAP) were formed at the Cotswold Farm Park by crossing the European Wild Pig with the Tamworth. Three litters were obtained from 2 sires and 1 female and the progeny reared from about 20 kg on a pelleted diet (13.0 MJDE/kg) fed ad libitum. Slaughter was at approximately 60 kg live weight for the 18 IAP and 6 Large White (LW) pigs (balanced for sex) used in the tasting tests and between 10 and 240 kg for the dissected animals (250 LW, 19 IAP) - these data were then corrected to 65 kg live weight. The LW pigs were from several litters reared on the Institute farm.

Further observations on the effects of growth checks in pigs of 50 lb. live-weight and over

1962 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. M. Lucas ◽  
R. M. Livingstone ◽  
I. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Severe Restriction ◽  
Minimum Thickness ◽  
Large White ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Gut Fill

Forty-eight individually-fed Large White pigs, initially 10 weeks of age, were used to test the effects of growth checks induced by severe restriction of feed intake. The checks were imposed at 50 lb. or 100 lb. live-weight and lasted for 5 weeks, during which live-weight gains averaged only 1·6 lb. and 4·1 lb. per pig, respectively. The daily feed allowances of the unchecked controls and of other pigs while not on check were according to a fixed scale based on live-weight. All pigs were slaughtered as their individual weights reached 200 lb. and a number of measurements were made on the carcasses.Excluding the period of the check, efficiency of feed conversion and rate of gain were better for pigs checked at 50 lb. than for the controls. The difference in age at a given weight caused by the check was narrowed by about 6 days at the end of the experiment. Indications of a similar compensation in growth of pigs checked at 100 lb. were mostly explained by the rapid growth of these pigs before 100 lb. and by the sudden increase i n their weight at the end of the check period which was probably due to increased gut fill.A check at 50 lb. or 100 lb. did not affect either the specific gravity of the carcass, which was taken as an indication of the overall proportion of lean to fat, the area of ‘eye’ muscle, the depth of backfat over the shoulder, the thickness of streak or the Danish ‘slight of lean’ measurement, but the check at 50 lb. increased the thickness of fat at position (1) over the ‘eye’ muscle. Both checks increased the minimum thickness of back fat in females but not in castrates and reduced the average rump fat in castrates but not in females. It was concluded that the checks did not affect carcass composition although they probably caused changes in the distribution of the backfat.

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