scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE CHEMISTRY OF SEROUS EFFUSIONS

1914 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 334-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert A. Epstein
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Normal Blood ◽  
Pleural Effusions ◽  
Albumin Ratio ◽  
Two Fluids ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Comparison Of The Results ◽  
Purulent Fluid

A comparison of the results obtained in the analysis of the different effusions shows that they vary, (1) according to location, and (2) according to the disease in which they are produced. Thus the subcutaneous effusions are totally different in their composition from the abdominal or pleuritic fluids; and again the abdominal fluid of nephritic origin is different from those of cardiac or other origin. The cutaneous effusions are characterized by a very low protein content and a small amount of incoagulable nitrogen. Of the protein present in these fluids, the globulin constitutes the greater portion. In the mixed cardionephritic fluids the ratio of globulin to albumin is lower than that in normal blood serum; but when compared with the blood sera of cardionephritic cases there appears to be a certain parallelism. The chloride content of these fluids is considerably above that found in normal blood serum, but is comparable with those of corresponding cases. The effusions occurring in serous cavities differ from the cutaneous ones by their higher protein content. The highest values are attained in the pleural fluids, in which the protein present is almost the same as that in normal blood serum. The incoagulable nitrogen in these fluids is uniformly low. The chlorides vary in amount according to the nature of the case. In the effusions of inflammatory origin the values are lower than those found in the blood. In the pleural fluids of other than inflammatory origin the chloride content is either the same or higher than that of blood serum. The globulin-albumin ratio in all of these fluids except one (table III, fluid 61) is higher than that of normal blood serum. Otherwise the highest value is presented by a pleural fluid from a case of nephritis (table III, fluid 205) and the lowest by an empyema fluid (table III, fluid 30). The latter case is of especial interest because of the theory, first propounded by Schmidt, that the leucocytes in the purulent fluid are largely responsible for high globulin content. The abdominal fluids in general are less rich in protein than the pleural effusions. Those of cardiac origin give the highest protein values, but the globulin-albumin ratios are lower than in the pleural fluids or in the blood sera of corresponding cases. Only in two fluids does the globulin reach a percentage of 62 and 52.2. In both these cases the chloride content is also high. The incoagulable nitrogen in all of them is rather low. In one fluid of purely nephritic origin the protein content is low and all of it is globulin. This is suggestive, when compared with the values obtained in the analysis of the blood sera from nephritic cases. The results obtained in the analysis of abdominal fluids from cardionephritic cases approach very closely those obtained in purely cardiac cases.

The composition and nutritive value of hay grown in the east of Scotland and the influence of late applications of nitrogenous fertilizers

1954 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. E. Moon
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Sodium Nitrate ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Ryegrass Hay ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

1. Examination of the composition of hay grown in the east of Scotland during the 4-year period 1948–51 has confirmed earlier work indicating the low protein content of this material. In addition, the digestibility of the protein was found to be low, particularly in the case of the seeds-hays, most of which contained insufficient digestible protein to balance the starch equivalent in meeting the maintenance requirements of cattle.2. In nutritive value the seeds -hays were markedly inferior to samples from England and Wales examined by other workers, but very similar to mature ryegrass hay grown in Northern Ireland. The meadow hays examined were of similar starch equivalent but somewhat richer in protein, and this was associated with a higher digestibility of the protein; in consequence the ratio between digestible protein and starch equivalent was more nearly balanced for the maintenance feeding of cattle.3. Applications of sodium nitrate or ‘Nitrochalk’ about 10–20 days before mowing produced very variable responses in the unusually dry season of 1949, but in other years significant increases in protein content were almost invariably obtained. Low protein seeds-hays of the type commonly found in the Lothians were more responsive to this fertilizer treatment than timothy meadow hay, and while increases in protein content of 20–30% were commonly obtained, when relatively heavy dressings of fertilizer (3 cwt. or more per acre) were used, increases in the region of 50% were sometimes recorded. In most years treatment about 10 days before mowing was fully effective in improving the protein content of the hay. Earlier treatment may be preferable in a very dry season, but in more normal years this may increase the yield of the hay and so diminish the effect on protein percentage.

Effects of variations in dietary protein levels on hair growth and pelt quality in mink (Mustela vison)

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Palle V. Rasmussen ◽  
Christian F. Børsting
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Hair Growth ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Hair Fibre

The effect of different and shifting dietary protein levels on hair growth and the resulting pelt quality in mink was studied. Two groups of pastel female mink were fed either 59% (high protein, HP) or 40% (low protein, LP) of metabolisable energy (ME) from protein during pregnancy and lactation. Shortly after weaning, kits from females fed the LP diet were put on a new LP diet (21% protein of ME). Kits from females fed HP were randomly distributed to four experimental groups fed a new HP diet (34% protein of ME) and three of these groups were shifted to diets with 21% protein at different times during June until September. Skin biopsies were taken at 4, 6, 23 and, 29 wk of age. Histological techniques and computer-assisted light microscopy were used to determine the ratio of activity (ROA) of underfur and guard hairs, respectively, defined as the number of growing hairs as a percentage of the total number of hairs. The hair fibre length and thickness were determined by morphometric methods and correlated with fur properties of dried pelts judged by sensory methods. It was documented that 40% of ME from protein during pregnancy and lactation was sufficient for mink kits to express their genetic capacity to produce hair follicles. In males, a reduced protein level from the age of 15 wk or 22 wk until pelting disturbed moulting, indicated by a low ROA of underfur hairs at 23 wk, and consequently reduced the growth and development of the winter coat. A constantly low protein level from conception until the age of 29 wk did not disturb moulting, but led to a reduction of primeness and especially of the underfur length and fibre thickness of the winter coat. A low protein level from the age of 9 wk only reduced the thickness of the underfur fibres. Hair growth, final fur volume, and general quality of the winter coat of males were influenced negatively and to the same degree in all groups fed the LP diet in part of the growth period. The number of underfur hairs per area (hair density) of the winter coat was not influenced by the dietary treatment meaning that the protein content of 21% of ME in the LP diet was high enough for the mink to express its genetic capacity to develop hair follicles. However, this low protein content led to a reduction of hair fibre length and hair fibre thickness of the underfur. Overall, this study demonstrated that hair growth and hair properties in pelts are very dependent on the dietary protein supply in the period from 22 wk of age until pelting, irrespective of the supply in the preceding periods. Key words: Fur properties, hair fibres, nutrition, pelage, protein requirement

scholarly journals Sensory Acceptability and Proximate Composition of 3-Blend Plant-Based Dairy Alternatives

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 482
Author(s):  
Ama Frempomaa Oduro ◽  
Firibu Kwesi Saalia ◽  
Maame Yaakwaah Blay Adjei
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Acceptance Testing ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Preference Mapping ◽  
Relative Preference ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Hedonic Scale ◽  
Melon Seeds

Limitations of plant-based dairy alternatives as sustainable foods are their relatively low protein content and low sensory appeal. In this study, we used a consumer-led product development approach to improve the sensory appeal of existing prototypes of 3-blend dairy alternatives produced from melon seeds, peanuts and coconut. We used Relative Preference Mapping (RPM) and consumer acceptance testing using the 9-point hedonic scale to respectively identify innovative flavours and deduce the effect of ingredient components on consumer sensory appeal. Mixture design was used as the formulation tool to obtain optimized prototypes of the 3-blend dairy alternatives. Proximate analysis of the new prototypes, instrumental color assessment and consumer testing provided a basis to select a sustainable 3-blend dairy alternative. This prototype had a relatively high protein content (2.16%), was considered innovative by target consumers and also had a moderate liking score (6.55 ± 1.88) on the 9-point hedonic scale. Prototypes with higher protein content had low sensory appeal and were not considered innovative. Other prototypes with innovative sensory appeal had low protein content. By combining different plant raw materials and utilizing different sensory testing methods, we were able to design sustainable plant-based dairy alternatives which can be further optimized.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF RHEUMATOID FACTORS AND OF ANTIGLOBULINS ON IMMUNE HEMOLYSIS IN VIVO

1963 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel E. Kaplan ◽  
James H. Jandl
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Rheumatoid Factors ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Immune Hemolysis

Studies were undertaken in man and in the rat comparing the effects of rheumatoid factors and immune antiglobulins on red cells sensitized with incomplete antibodies. The interaction of immune antiglobulins with sensitized red cells produced (a) agglutination in vitro and (b) an accelerated sequestration of the sensitized cells in vivo. In contrast, rheumatoid macroglobulins, although capable of agglutinating Rh-sensitized red cells in vitro, did not modify their destruction in vivo. The failure of rheumatoid factors to function as antiglobulins in vivo appears to reflect their non-reactivity with sensitized cells in whole serum. It is suggested: (a) that the native (7S) gamma globulins of plasma competitively inhibit rheumatoid factors from reacting with fixed antibody in the blood stream; (b) that if these macroglobulins do indeed have pathogenetic activity, this may be limited to body fluids of low protein content.

scholarly journals Diagnostic importance of zinc in the clarification of pleural effusions etiology

2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-387
Author(s):  
Bosko Rankovic ◽  
Ruzica Djordjevic
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Pleural Effusion ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Zinc Concentration ◽  
Pleural Effusions ◽  
Pleural Diseases ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Tuberculous Pleurisy ◽  
Diagnostic Importance

Concentration of zinc in blood serum and effusion was determined in 104 patients with the pleural effusion of different etiology. The importance of zinc concentration in serum and effusion was analyzed, as well as their relation regarding the differential diagnosis of pleural effusion. It was established that the isolated zinc concentrations in serum and pleural effusion could not be used separately either in differing transudates from exudates or in the diagnosis of the pleural diseases. The average value of zinc in the pleural effusion in relation to the serum value in patients with tuberculosis effusion was 1.37, higher than 1 in all patients and was significantly different from the average value of the ratio 0,74 in patients with nonspecific and malignant pleural effusions. The relation of zinc concentration in the effusion and serum higher than 1.0 reliably indicated the presence of tuberculous pleurisy.

scholarly journals Performance of Broilers Fed Low Protein Diets with Lysine and Methionine Supplements

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-59
Author(s):  
Nancy Montilla ◽  
◽  
Lolito Bestil ◽  
Sulpecio Bantugan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Broiler Performance ◽  
Acid Supplementation ◽  
Low Protein

A feeding trial with broilers was conducted to evaluate the effects of amino acids (lysine and methionine) supplementation of diets low in protein content on the voluntary intake, feed conversion efficiency, broiler performance, and cost and return of broiler production. Results showed cumulative voluntary feed intake was not significantly affected by lowering the protein content of the diet. Cumulative weight gain of broilers was lower with diet when supplemented iwht lysine and methionine to meet requirements. Birds fed with diets low in protein has less efficient feed converstion, but became comparable with those receiveing diets high in protein when supplemented with amino acids. Feed cost per kilogram broiler produced was not significantly affected by diets used in the study, although the low-protien diet with amino acid supplement had the lowest values. In terms of return above feed and chick cost, broilers fed with high-protein diet had the greatest value, but not significantly different from birds fed with low-protien diet with amino acid supplementation which gave about P10 per bird higher returns than those fed low-protein diet without amino acid supplementation.

scholarly journals Production of low protein and gluten-free cookies for phenylketonuria (PKU) and/or celiac patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Ozen Parlak ◽  
Ayse Neslihan Dundar
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Sensory Evaluation ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Glycerol Monostearate ◽  
Dried Fruits ◽  
Low Protein

Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyse the production of gluten-free, low protein cookies, which can easily be consumed by celiac and phenylketonuria (PKU) patients. The formula was adopted to prepare the control cookies (without dried fruits) from maise starch, stabilisers, salt, sodium bicarbonate, protein-reduced milk powder, and sunflower oil. Different cookies were made by adding raisins (R), dried black currants (Cu), dried dates (D), dried apples and cinnamon (A) separately. In cookies, two different stabilisers were calculated according to starch weight [pectin (P): 0.15%, glycerol monostearate (GMS, G): 0.4%]. The effects of stabilisers and dried fruits on the physicochemical and sensory properties of cookies were investigated. The protein content was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the cookies including R with pectin (PR), Cu with pectin (PCu), and A with pectin (PA). The amount of phenylalanine (Phe) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in PR. The values of dietary fibre were the highest in the A cookies, while the lowest values appeared in the control (C). In the sensory evaluation (appearance, tasting properties, and affordability), it was found that PD (pectin with dries dates) was chosen as the best cookie (P < 0.05).

scholarly journals FURTHER STUDIES ON THE CHEMISTRY OF BLOOD SERUM

1913 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert A. Epstein
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Standard Values ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Chronic Interstitial Nephritis ◽  
Functional Deficiency

The following conclusions may be drawn from the results obtained in this study. 1. In the minor surgical cases (considered normal) the chemical composition of the blood serum agrees, as far as its proteins are concerned, with the usual standard values. When examined at different times, the serum of such cases shows no variation in the total protein content or in its individual fractions. The incoagulable nitrogen, however, varies considerably in the total amount in the different cases, as well as in its percentage relations to the other constituents of the serum. 2. The cases of prostatic hypertrophy, with or without chronic interstitial nephritis, show no change from the normal in the character of the protein composition of the serum, nor in the ratio which the individual fractions bear to each other. On the other hand, the incoagulable and non-protein nitrogen of the serum show marked fluctuations, some of which correspond to the degree of functional deficiency of the kidneys. 3. In cases of localized infections of the kidneys, the changes in the blood serum are twofold. One concerns the proteins, and is traceable to the infection; and the other concerns the non-protein nitrogen, results from functional impairment, and varies with the amount of destruction of the kidney substance. Thus an increase in the globulins is observed in these sera similar to that occurring in infections in other localities; the non-protein content increases apparently in direct proportion to the degree of deficiency of the kidney, and becomes diminished when the function of the kidneys improves.

scholarly journals Procedures for Breadmaking Quality Assessment of Rye Wholemeal Flour

Foods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 331
Author(s):  
Sylwia Stępniewska ◽  
Waleed H. Hassoon ◽  
Anna Szafrańska ◽  
Grażyna Cacak-Pietrzak ◽  
Dariusz Dziki
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Rye Bread ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Rye Flour ◽  
Flour Properties ◽  
Lower Protein

The aim of this study was to evaluate the baking value of rye flours from industrial mills and to indicate which rye flour quality parameters are the most important predictors of wholemeal rye bread quality for commercially milled rye grains. Ten wholemeal rye flours, which were characterized by ash content ranging from 1.43% to 2.42% d.m. (dry mass), were used for the study. The parameters that characterize the flour properties and the baking test were assessed. The study revealed that for the analyzed commercial rye flours, the falling number test and the amylograph properties are insufficient parameters for predicting the quality of wholemeal rye bread. The manufacture of good quality wholemeal bread requires the use of rye flour with superior quality, such as fine granulation, low protein content, low total and insoluble pentosans content, and, in particular, a high percentage of water-soluble pentosans content. Breads with a higher volume were obtained from rye flours that were generally characterized by lower protein content, lower total and insoluble pentosans content, and higher water-soluble pentosans content. Flour granulation and the percentage of water-soluble pentosans content especially, had a significant impact on bread’s hardness of crumb and the hardness of crumb’s increase during bread storage.

Die Untersuchung von Körperflüssigkeiten mit geringer Proteinkonzentration mittels einer Kombination von Mikro-Disk- Elektrophorese und Elektroimmundiffusion /Investigations of Body Fluids with Low Protein Content by the Combination of Micro-Disc-Electrophoresis and Electroimmunodiffusion

1977 ◽  
Vol 32 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 405-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Schmut ◽  
H. Katschnig ◽  
M. Zirm
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Aqueous Humour ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Disc Electrophoresis ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Low Protein

Abstract Fluids of the human body with low protein content, i.e. aqueous humour, tears, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine were analyzed by a combination of micro-disc-electrophoresis and electroimmuno-diffusion. By this method both qualitative and quantitative statements about the proteins of these fluids can be established.

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