Further studies on the prediction of the nutritive value of protein for ruminants

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-243
Author(s):  
H. Elsayed Osman ◽  
B. A. Amin
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Negative Nitrogen Balance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Butterfly Pea ◽  
Suitable Index ◽  
Desert Grasses

SummarySix successive trials with three adult rams (Sudan desert sheep) were conducted with the main object of finding a suitable index for the prediction of the nutritive value of protein in non-legumes for ruminants.The mean change in the concentration of ruminal ammonia, blood urea and ruminal V. F. A. 3 h after feeding legumes was considerably greater than after feeding the nonleguminous hays. Among the legumes berseem hay gave the least change in the concentration of ruminal ammonia, blood urea and V. E. A. The leguminous hays produced more gas underin vitroconditions than the non-legumes. Berseem hay produced the greatest volume of gas. Butterfly pea hay and lubia hay gave more or less similar results. Among the non-legumes the desert grasses gave the lowest values.Of all the feeds studied maize hay gave the highest nitrogen retention, followed by berseem hay. Despite this superiority of maize hay, the overall mean nitrogen retention of legumes was much greater than that of the non-legumes. Among the non-legumes dry desert grasses displayed a negative nitrogen balance.Regression equations based on the present data indicated that nitrogen retention only of leguminous hays could be always predicted from changes in blood urea concentrations. The present results also showed that the nitrogen retention of non-legumes and to a lesser extent that of all feeds taken together (i. e. legumes and non-legumes) can be assessed by using volume of gas producedin vitro(i. e. rate ofin vitrofermentation).

The use of ruminal ammonia and blood urea as an index of the nutritive value of protein in some food-stuffs

1967 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Abou Akkada ◽  
H. El Sayed Osman
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Urea Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Negative Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen ◽  
Butterfly Pea ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen ◽  
Desert Grasses

1. Nine successive trials with three adult desert rams were carried out, with the aim of using ruminal ammonia or blood urea concentration as an index of the nutritive value of the proteins in the various types of forage grown in irrigated parts of the northern Sudan.The change in the ruminal ammonia and blood urea concentration were considerably higher 3 h after feeding on leguminous forages than on the non-legumes. Among legumes, lubia and lubia hay produced the highest concentrations of both rumen ammonia and blood urea. Feeding the rams on berseem hay reduced the concentrations of ruminal ammonia and blood urea to levels below those given by feeding on fresh berseem.3. Most of the nitrogen excretion from leguminous forages was in the form of urinary nitrogen whereas for grasses faecal nitrogen made up the bulk of the nitrogen excreted. Berseem hay gave the highest nitrogen retention, followed by the butterfly pea and fresh berseem. Lubia and lubia hay gave the lowest nitrogen retention. The desert grasses produced a negative nitrogen balance when offered to the desert rams.

Factors affecting diet selection by sheep. 1. Potential intake rate and acceptability of feed

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 551 ◽  
Author(s):  
PA Kenney ◽  
JL Black
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Clover Pasture

In experiment 1, potential intake rates of several dried forages, varying widely in nutritive value, were measured by offering each alone to six hungry sheep for eight, separate 1-min periods. Intake rates ranged from 5.5 to 26.1 g/min, but, within each forage, it varied little between sheep (c.v. 13%) or between measurements with the same sheep (c.v. 8%). The forages were then offered in pairs in separate containers and preference for one forage was defined as the percentage of total intake derived from that forage. With the exception of a dried clover pasture, preference for a forage was strongly related to the rate at which it could be eaten. Reducing the length of wheaten straw particles from 30 to 10 mm increased intake rate from 5.5 to 12.4 g/min and resulted in an absolute preference for the short material. The mean preference for a forage over all comparisons was more strongly correlated with intake rate of the forage (r2 = 0.87) than with in vitro digestibility of organic matter (r2 = 0.30). In experiment 2, two wheaten straws and two wheaten hays were each chopped to two lengths and, within each forage, mixed (w/w) in the short : long ratios of 0 : 1, 1 : 2, 2 : 1 and 1 : 0. Mean intake rates were 7.3 and 12.5 g/min for the two straws and 15.7 and 23.2 g/min for the two hays. Within each forage, all mixtures were offered in pairs to establish preference. The slopes of regression equations relating preference (%) to intake rate (g/min) were 21.4, 17.0, 5.9 and 2.7 (%.min/g) for the four forages as mean intake rate increased from 7.3 to 23 2 g/min, which indicates that discrimination between forages with the same difference in intake rate was greater when mean intake rate was low. In experiment 3, finely ground clover pasture, lucerne hay, wheaten hay or wheaten straw were added to a base diet of either chopped lucerne or wheaten straw in the ratio 1 : 10. Although the additive had little effect on intake rate, sheep preferred lucerne to clover pasture and wheaten hay to wheaten straw. Equations developed from the results of experiment 2 to predict the preference for one forage over another on the basis of their relative intake rates, showed fair agreement with observations from experiment 1, particularly when the effects of acceptability factors such as taste, odour or feel were translated into differences in potential intake rate.

The Use of NIR in Predicting Nutritive Value of Mediterranean Tree and Shrub Foliage

1993 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Meuret ◽  
P. Dardenne ◽  
R. Biston ◽  
O. Poty
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Spectral Variation ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Pls Regression ◽  
Quercus Pubescens ◽  
Plant Parts

To upgrade grazing management recommendations in the Mediterranean area, one needs to assess the nutritive value of woody foliages including their changes over time and with location. Using a wide range of native and cultivated foliages, our objective was to evaluate the potential of near infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy to determine foliage chemistry and in vitro digestibility for ruminants. The samples, representative of small ruminant eating bites, were divided into the different plant parts. Samples were carefully conditioned, being air-dried at 60°C; drying times were individually varied to ensure complete dehydration without excessive heating. Samples were analysed for organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL) and in vitro digestibility with a pepsin–cellulase method developed for forages (IVDMD). NIR scans were made with an NIRSystems 5000 instrument and data analysis was performed using ISI software. Partial least squares (PLS) regression equations were developed for IVDMD and each constituent. Nine mathematical treatments, with and without scatter correction, were compared. The database of woody foliage spectra and a reference fodder database were compared in two ways: the first involved a comparison of the spectral variation in each collection while the second measured the Mahalanobis distance of each spectrum in one database from the average spectrum in the other. In the case of N, a broad-based calibration was compared with others derived from various sample sub-sets; these latter were formed either according to sample type or following a proximity analysis of five spectral groups by principal component analysis. NIR predictions of IVDMD were applied to describe the effect of phenological changes in the edible parts of Quercus pubescens Willd. The foliage base is very heterogeneous and wider than the reference fodder base. The fodder base variation does not include the foliage samples. The lowest standard errors of calibration (SEC) and cross-validation (SECV) are comparable to literature results on forest leaves, but better for lignin (SECV of 1.5 compared to SEC values of 2.5–2.9). SECV for IVDMD is satisfactory at almost 2.0 because this value is similar to precision data normally reported for in vitro digestibility estimations on narrower sample sets than the current one. The broad-based calibration for N gave similar or lower standard errors to those obtained using sample sub-sets. One can show that IVDMD values for Quercus pubescens leaves decrease from 65 to 15% with increasing maturity; leaf IVDMD values are approximately 15% higher than the previous year's stem value from May until October. NIR spectroscopy appears to be an adequate technique for the prediction of the nutritive value of Mediterranean foliages from trees and shrubs, with a reliability similar to that obtained from classical fodder analysis procedures. This study shows that broad-based calibrations with PLS regression could be made on extremely diverse sets of data (IVDMD ranging from 28 to 94%), grouping distinct edible plant parts within the same data base.

The apparent digestibility of Atriplex barclayana and its effect on nitrogen balance in sheep

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Benjamin ◽  
E. Oren ◽  
E. Katz ◽  
K. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
The Mean

AbstractAn in vivo digestibility trial was conducted by feeding sheep the leaves, fruits and twigs of Atriplex barclayana in a proportion roughly equivalent to that eaten by sheep grazing freely in Atriplex plantations. Four treatments were imposed on each of four sheep in a 4 × 4 Latin-square experimental design: Atriplex offered alone or with 100, 200 or 300 g/day tapioca meal.The mean apparent digestibility of the Atriplex dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) consumed were 0·59 and 0·56, respectively. Addition of tapioca to the Atriplex in the diet did not improve these digestibility coefficients. The low OM content of 760 g/kg together with its digestibility of 0·56 resulted in the Atriplex having a low metabolizable energy concentration of 6·28 MJ per kg DM. The in vitro apparent DM digestibility of Atriplex was approximately 0·09 higher than the in vivo apparent digestibility.The mean nitrogen concentration of the Atriplex DM was 16·6 g/kg, and its apparent digestibility 0·73, which was not improved by the addition of tapioca to the diet. Nitrogen retention of the sheep eating only Atriplex was proportionately 0·17 of the nitrogen intake. The addition of 300 g tapioca improved nitrogen retention to 0·27 but was not significantly different from the other treatments.Water intake and urine excreted were as high as 14 and 12 I/day respectively, for an Atriplex DM intake of about 1300 g/day. During the experiment the sheep only maintained live weight, despite daily intakes of up to 1200 g Atriplex DM and up to 300 g tapioca.

scholarly journals The Artificial-rumen Technique for Estimating the Nutritive Value of Forages

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-179
Author(s):  
José A. Arroyo-Aguilú ◽  
Joseph L. Evans ◽  
M. Wight Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Cellulose Digestion ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Digestion Technique ◽  
Cellulose Fermentation ◽  
X 24 ◽  
Complete Fertilizer

Nine forages of known nutritive value, as determined in conventional digestibility trials with cattle, were used as controls to further evaluate the artificial rumen or in vitro cellulose fermentation technique at 12 and 24 hours with the following results. The correlation of the relative intake (R.I.) and of the nutritive value index (N.V.I.) with 12-hour in vitro cellulose digestion was by no means the best. Low correlation coefficients (r) of 0.48 and 0.41, respectively, were obtained. Further research is needed to improve the efficiency and precision of the 12-hour fermentation. The 24-hour in vitro cellulose digestion in the artificial rumen gave the best estimates of the apparent digestibility of forages. Regression equations to predict biological T.D.N. (Y) and digestible energy (K cal./gm.) (F) from 24-hour in vitro cellulose digestion (X) were calculated: Y = 12.2 + 1.19X and Y = 0.75 + 0.05-X, and highly significant correlations of 0.98 and 0.90 were obtained. By means of these equations, the biological T.D.N, and digestible energy were calculated for all samples, and the results were tested statistically by means of the analysis of variance. N.V.I, correlated to 24-hour in vitro cellulose digestion and to 12-hour X 24-hour in vitro cellulose digestion gave coefficients of 0.70 and 0.71, respectively. In addition to the control samples, different forages, bromegrass, orchardgrass, and timothy from 13 different plots harvested on 4 first-cutting dates at 3 different locations in northern, central, and southern New Jersey, and fertilized with a complete fertilizer containing 50 pounds of nitrogen per acre, 1 plot receiving no nitrogen and 1 plot 100 pounds, were used in this study. They were evaluated by means of the artificial-rumen or in vitro cellulose-fermentation technique as a biological means of estimating their nutritive value. Advancing harvest dates (May 5 to June 6) were found to decrease the biological T.D.N, of orchardgrass, timothy, and bromegrass by 0.80 T.D.N, percentage units per day. It can be concluded that the 24-hour in vitro cellulose digestion can be used as a means of estimating the digestibility of forages or to predict T.D.N., or digestible energy, but the use of this 12-hour in vitro cellulose-digestion technique to predict intake or N.V.I, for cattle requires further refinement and precision.

NITROGEN BALANCES ON LOW NITROGEN INTAKES IN INFANTS AND THE EFFECTS OF GELATIN SUPPLEMENTATION WITH AND WITHOUT VITAMIN B12 AND AUREOMYCIN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-313
Author(s):  
ROBERT KAYE ◽  
RONALD H. CAUGHEY ◽  
WALLACE W. MCCRORY
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Negative Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Low Nitrogen

1. A group of five male infants who received an average nitrogen intake of 98 mgm./kg./day, derived from cow's milk protein, retained an average of -2.0 mgm./ kg./day. Small positive balances were achieved at intakes of 110 mgm./kg./day in two subjects. An intake of 100 mgm./kg./ day in two subjects resulted in one instance of nitrogen equilibrium and one of negative nitrogen balance. In the subject given the lowest nitrogen intake, 70 mgm./kg./day a negative nitrogen balance was encountered. These data suggest that the lower limit of nitrogen intake for equilibrium in infants under the experimental conditions reported here is approximately 110 mgm./kg./day. 2. Two of these subjects received gelatin supplements providing 120 mgm. N/ kg./day, and responded with increased nitrogen retentions of 50 and 60 mgm. N/ kg./day. 3. Retention of the gelatin supplements was not further increased in either subject by the administration of 300 µg. of vitamin B12, and 200-300 mgm. of aureomycin daily. 4. The provision of a protein which does not contain all of the essential amino acids, as a supplement to protein of good biological quality permits real augmentation of nitrogen retention. 5. Certain implications of the data in regard to the nutritional value of sub-optimal intakes of nitrogen and total calories have been discussed.

Evaluation of protein quality of poultry feedingstuffs. 3. Expeller-processed oilseed cakes

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-123
Author(s):  
S. S. Zombade ◽  
G. N. Lodhi ◽  
J. S. Ichhponani
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Nitrogen Solubility ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
True Protein

SummaryA study was made to evaluate the protein quality of groundnut cake (GN), mustard cake (MS) and cottonseed cake (CS) and to find a suitable laboratory test for predicting the protein quality of these cakes for chicks. Different oilseed cakes varied considerably in their crude protein, true protein and crude fibre content. The nitrogen solubility was higher in GN (87·7%) followed by MS (78·7%) and CS (60·9%). A similar trend was evident with regard to in vitro protein digestibility. The GN protein was, however, lower in available lysine (2·54%) than MS (3·97%) or CS (3·19%). The albumin, globulin, prolamin and glutelin fractions accounted for 74·1, 57·0 and 48·0% in GN, MS and CS, respectively. The nitrogen solubility, globulin content and modified relative nutritive value (RNV) correlated (P < 0·05) with gross protein value (GPV). The accuracy and precision of various regression equations for predicting the quality of protein in GN, MS and CS are discussed.

Studies on the nutritive value of the diet selected by grazing sheep. III. A Comparison of oesophageal fistula and faecal index techniques for the indirect estimation of digestibility

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Langlands
Keyword(s):  
Reasonable Agreement ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
General Relationship ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Indirect Estimation ◽  
Selective Grazing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen ◽  
Grazing Sheep

Regression equations relating the intake factor to the dissolved faeces fraction, faecal nitrogen and faecal cellulose contents were derived in a continous digestibility trial with cut herbage, and also with sheep fitted with oesophageal fistulae grazing the pasture from which the herbage was cut. In the grazing trial the intake factor was calculated from the in vitro digestibility of the fistula samples.The relationships established in the digestiblity trial differed significantly (P<0·001) from those in the grazing trial. These differences may have arisen from selective grazing or from bias in estimating digestibility from fistula samples.The digestibility of the diet selected in the grazing trial was estimated from the various faecal index relationships established. These estimates were very variable. In contrast there was reasonable agreement between estimates derived by the fistula technique and those predicted from a ‘general’ relationship between the intake factor and faecal nitrogen as established at this Laboratory with a wide range of herbages.It is concluded that faecal index relationships must be derived with material similar to that selected by the sheep when grazing.

scholarly journals IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF RANGE FORAGE PLANTS OF THE FESTUCA SCABRELLA ASSOCIATION

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 692-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Bezeau ◽  
A. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Forage Plants ◽  
Browse Species ◽  
Regional Adaptation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Digestible Protein

The in vitro digestibility of cellulose was determined for 20 grasses, 6 f orbs, and 6 miscellaneous browse species of the Festuca scabrella association of southwestern Alberta. From this was calculated the "Nutritive Value Index" (N.V.I.) and percentage of digestible protein. The mean N.V.I. and the mean digestible protein of the four cultivated grasses, Bromus inermis, Elymus junceus, Festuca rubra, and Phleum pratense, at each stage of growth, was higher than the respective mean of the native species of grasses. However, Bromus pumpellianus, a native species, had a higher mean N.V.I. for all stages of growth than any of the other grasses studied. The forbs as a class were equal or superior to the grasses in N.V.I. and percentage of digestible protein. It is suggested that other factors such as palatability, toxicity, and regional adaptation should be considered before a species is adequately evaluated as a range forage.

scholarly journals Leaf protein production from energy willow leaves

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-162
Author(s):  
Matti Näsi
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Protein Extraction ◽  
Leaf Protein ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Leaf Protein Concentrate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Leaf Juice

The extraction of protein from leaves of two energy willow clones (Salic cv. Aquatica and S. viminalis) and the chemical composition and nutritive value of the leaf fractions were investigated in six experiments. The preservation of leaf juice and wet leaf protein concentrate (LPC) was also studied. The extraction of juice averaged 33 % of the fresh weight, and the extraction ratios of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) were 10.5 % and 2.9 %. The percentages of juice DM, CP and TP (true protein) separated in LPC were 6 %, 21 % and 48 %, respectively. The separation values were higher when LPC was precipitated by heating than by acidification. Removal of nutrients from the leaves was low and there were only minor differences in composition between the pressed pulp and the leaves. The leaf juice contained 8.3 % DM, of which 20.9 % was ash, 4.9 % CP, 1.9 % TP and 43.2 % sugars. The LPC had an average DM content of 19.6 %, CP being 21.4 % and TP 19.5 % of DM. The in vitro digestibility and pepsin-HCI-solubility of the protein were low. The mean tannin content of the LPC averaged 3.6 % of DM. The mean lysine and methionine contents of the LPC were low, 3.3 and 1.5 g/16 g N, respectively. The preservation of the leaf juice was satisfactory even without addition of preservative. Preservation of wet LPC was good with additives used at the 1.0 % v/w level. Leaf protein extraction was low and the nutritive value of LPC was not particularly high. This may have been partly due to the late date of harvesting and to the fact that the leaves were frozen for storage.

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