Effect of amendments and saline irrigation water on soil properties and yields of rice and wheat in a highly sodic soil

1994 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Dubey ◽  
R. C. Mondal
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Saline Irrigation

SUMMARYA field experiment at Gudha Experimental Farm, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, India, in 1983/84 evaluated the effect of gypsum (12·5 t/ha, 50% of gypsum requirement of soil), pyrite (10·2 t/ha, equivalent to gypsum on a sulphur basis), farmyard manure (FYM) (30 t/ha), gypsum + FYM, pyrite + FYM and a control, with saline (ECiW 4·0 dS/m) and non-saline (0·4 dS/m) irrigation water on soil properties and yields of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a highly sodic soil (pH 10·5, 96% exchangeable sodium). Application of these amendments enhanced the yield of both crops significantly, irrespective of the quality of the irrigation water used. Soil properties and crop yields were improved in the following order: control < FYM < pyrite < gypsum < pyrite + FYM < gypsum + FYM. Irrigation with saline water resulted in significantly higher yields of both crops than irrigation with non-saline water. Decreases in soil pH and exchangeable sodium and increases in exchangeable Ca + Mg and infiltration rate were greater after rice than wheat in the rotation, particularly when non-saline water was used.

scholarly journals PERFORMANCE OF CASTOR BEAN SELECT UNDER SALINE IRRIGATION WATER

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsahookie & et al.
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Castor Bean ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Plant Seed

To determine the influence of selection on castor bean (Ricinus communis cv. Hindi 21) grown on a saline sodic soil, two experiments were conducted in 2011 and 2012. The first experiment was applied on the Farm of College of Agric./Univ. of Baghdad. It involved planting castor bean in three methods in saline-sodic soil. The second experiment was applied by planting the original cultivar and the new select. Three levels of irrigation water salinity were used; 1.5, 6, and 12 dS.m1. However, plants of higher salinity did not grow normal, so they were discarded. The results revealed that the new select outyielded the original when it gave 174.3 g plant seed yield. This select characterized by heavier seed weight (0.24 g/seed), higher number of each of seed/plant (724) and plant fruiting racemes (12.7).When irrigating with 6 dS.m-1 saline water, it gave 188.7 g plant seed yield, 0.26g.seed-1, and 11.7 raceme.plant-1. However, the best genetic/environmental variance ratio were with plant seed number, total dry matter, and crop gowth rate. This indicate the validity of using these traits when selecting for abiotic stress tolerance due to their high heritabilities. It was suggested that re-selection on same selected plants tolerant to salinity would bring more QTLs of abiotic stress to the new select. Selecting on large population under several salinity levels will give better results. Covering selected tolerant plants with muslin cloth bags will tend to increase selfing.

SOIL AND SOLUTION pH AND SODIUM:CALCIUM RATIO: EFFECTS ON CATION EXCHANGE PROPERTIES OF A SODIUM-SATURATED CHERNOZEMIC SOIL

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-146
Author(s):  
THERON G. SOMMERFELDT
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Chernozemic Soil ◽  
Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchange Properties

The effects of soil and solution pH and Na:Ca ratio in solution on the exchangeable Na, Ca, and (Na + Ca) of a Na-saturated Dark Brown Chernozemic soil were studied. At soil pH 9.0, the exchangeable Na, Ca, and (Na + Ca) were 14.5, 25.4, and 21.8% greater than at soil pH 6.0. Solution pH (6.0–9.0) had small but statistically significant effects on the amount of Na and Ca adsorbed by the soil. The logarithm of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) was related to the Na fraction in the solution by a polynomial equation, log ESP = 0.93 [Na/(Na + Ca)]2 + 0.16 [Na/(Na + Ca)] + 0.82. Not only is replacement of exchangeable Na with Ca important in the reclamation of this soil, should it become sodic and have a high pH, but also lowering of its surface charge, through lowering of its pH, would be an important factor in its reclamation. It appears impractical to reduce soil pH by applying acidified irrigation water. Acidic amendments such as gypsum and sulfur may be more suitable. Key words: Cation exchange, solution pH, soil pH

scholarly journals Salinization effects on coastal ecosystems: a terrestrial model ecosystem approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 374 (1764) ◽  
pp. 20180251 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Pereira ◽  
I. Lopes ◽  
I. Abrantes ◽  
J. P. Sousa ◽  
S. Chelinho
Keyword(s):  
Seawater Intrusion ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Ecosystem Approach ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Delayed Effects

In coastal areas, intrusion/irrigation with seawater can threaten biodiversity along with crop yields, and the leaching of salts from areas affected by these processes can increase the salinity of water bodies nearby. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of salinization on coastal soil ecosystems due to saline intrusion/irrigation. Terrestrial model ecosystems were used to simulate two soil salinization scenarios: (i) seawater intrusion and irrigation with distilled water and (ii) seawater intrusion and irrigation with saline water. Three sampling periods were established: T0—after acclimation period; T1—salinization effects; and T2—populations' recovery. In each sampling period, the abundance of nematodes, enchytraeids, springtails, mites and earthworms, and plant biomass were measured. Immediate negative effects on enchytraeid abundance were detected, especially at the higher level of saltwater via intrusion+irrigation. Eight weeks after the cessation of saline irrigation, the abundance of enchytraeids fully recovered, and some delayed effects were observed in earthworm abundance and plant biomass, especially at the higher soil conductivity level. The observed low capacity of soil to retain salts suggests that, particularly at high soil conductivities, nearby freshwater bodies can also be endangered. Under saline conditions similar to the ones assayed, survival of some soil communities can be threatened, leading to the loss of biodiversity. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Salt in freshwaters: causes, ecological consequences and future prospects’.

scholarly journals Saline Irrigation Water Retards Growth of Amaranthus in Coastal Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ogalo Baka Oluoch ◽  
Esther Mwende Muindi ◽  
Elisha Otieno Gogo
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Coastal Kenya ◽  
Emergence Rate

Salinity is a major biotic factor that negatively affects growth and yield of crops. Over 90% of the coastal region of Kenya is arid and semi-arid, most farmers in the region use borehole irrigation water which is saline. Amaranthus spp. is one of the main vegetables grown in coastal region. There is limited information regarding the effect of salinity on amaranthus production. The study sought to determine the effect of saline irrigation water on amaranthus growth in coastal Kenya. Two experiments were set up, one at Mivumoni Secondary School farm in Kwale County and another at Pwani University farm in Kilifi County from beginning of September 2019 to the end of January, 2020. The experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times. The six treatments tested were: fresh water alone, 75% saline water alone, 100% saline water alone, fresh water + DAP, 75% saline water + DAP, 100% saline water + DAP. Crop growth data collected were: emergence rate, plant height, leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content, stem thickness, root density, root weight, root volume and total plant biomass. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS statistical package (SAS, Version 10) and treatment effects were tested for significance using F-test. Significant means at F-test was ranked using Tukey’s test at 5% level of significance. Amaranthus seeds sown in fresh water had higher emergence rate compared to seeds sown in saline water. Salinity regardless of concentration used and application of DAP, resulted in decrease in height, leaf number, leaf area, stem tickness, chlorophyll content, root length, root weight, root volume and total biomass. The study demonstrates that saline irrigation water in coastal Kenya has a negative effect on Amaranthus growth.

scholarly journals Production of Pityrocarpa moniliformis (Benth.) Luckow & R.W. Jobson (Fabaceae) seedlings irrigated with saline water

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 182-188
Author(s):  
Adriana dos S. Ferreira ◽  
Caio C. P. Leal ◽  
Bruno da S. Guirra ◽  
Salvador B. Torres ◽  
Marco Porceddu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Total Soluble Sugars ◽  
Chlorophylls A And B

ABSTRACT Saline irrigation water at high levels causes disturbance in the growth of more sensitive plants. The objective of this research was to evaluate the initial growth of Pityrocarpa moniliformis seedlings under different electrical conductivity in irrigation water through physiological and biochemical analyses. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with five water electrical conductivities (0.5, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 dS m-1) and four repetitions of 20 plants each, arranged in a randomized block design. Application of the treatments with irrigation water containing NaCl began at 30 days after sowing. To determine the behaviour of the species, the following variables were analysed: stem diameter, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, Dickson quality index, shoot dry mass, root dry mass and total dry mass, as well as the biochemical variables, such as the concentrations of total soluble sugars, free proline and chlorophylls a and b. The increase in irrigation water salinity hampered the growth of P. moniliformis seedlings, with electrical conductivity of 0.5 dS m-1 being the limit for maximum production. The results also indicated that the deleterious effects of salt stress on P. moniliformis seedlings variables increase in concentrations of proline, total soluble sugars and betaine glycine.

scholarly journals Growth and Water Relations of Sun-cured Tobacco Irrigated with Saline Water

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 394-401
Author(s):  
G Angelino ◽  
S Ascione ◽  
C Ruggiero
Keyword(s):  
Water Relations ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Plant Salt Tolerance

AbstractWe have investigated the effects of saline irrigation on growth and water relations of two sun-cured tobacco genotypes, Xp102 and Px107, which belong to the Xanthia and Perustitza tobacco ecotypes, respectively. We compared three commercial sea salt concentrations of the irrigation water (0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% w/v) plus a non-salinized control, corresponding to an electrical conductivity (ECw) of 4.4, 8.5, 15.7, 0.5 dS m-1 and osmotic potentials of -0.22, -0.35, -0.73, -0.02 MPa, respectively. The ECsoil increased with the salinity of the irrigation water. At high salinity (1%), the soil where Px107 plants were grown showed a significantly higher salinity compared to the soil of Xp102. For both genotypes, the soil water content increased at increasing salinity and during the growth season. Increasing salinity progressively reduced the leaf turgor pressure and enhanced the cellular osmotic adjustment. The latter resulted to be more pronounced in Px107 compared to Xp102 (0.36 vs. 0.20 MPa). At higher salinity (0.5% and 1%), both genotypes showed reduced leaf surface area, dry matter accumulation, water use, net assimilation rate (NAR) and crop growth rate (CGR). Px107 roots were more sensitive than shoot to salinity (3% reduction per dS m-1) and compared to Xp102 roots, which showed a reduced development only at 1% salinity. Assessment of plant salt tolerance according to the Maas and Hoffman model revealed a slope of 1-2% for both genotypes, indicating that these tobaccos are relatively more salt tolerant compared to other species.

scholarly journals The Response of Fordhook Giant / Swisschard (Beta vulgaris var Cicla) and Mustard (Brassica Juncea) Spinach Vegetables to Irrigation with Saline Water

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
M. V. Dlamini ◽  
M. T. Masarirambi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
The University

Saline irrigation water is becoming an important water source as fresh water is fast becoming a scarce resource in many areas of the world, including Eswatini, especially in arid and semi-arid regions.  A study to test the response of two varieties of spinach (fordhook giant and mustard) to salinity was conducted in a field pot experiment at the Faculty of Agriculture at the Luyengo Campus of the University of Eswatini.  The treatments were laid in a randomized block design (RCBD).  The experiment consisted of four treatments, each replicated twelve times.  Treatments were salinity levels of 0.0 dS/m, 1.5 dS/m, 2.0 dS/m and 3.5 dS/m.  All the treatments were subjected to similar agronomic practices. Spinach was grown and observed for a period of five weeks.  Plant height was measured and the number of leaves counted weekly throughout the experiment. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between salinity treatments were obtained for plant height beginning in week 2 but were more pronounced in week 3, 4 and week 5.  No significant differences were obtained for the number of leaves.  There were however, clear significant differences between spinach irrigated with none saline irrigation water compared to saline irrigation water.   It was concluded that irrigating spinach with saline water of more than 2.0 dS/m drastically reduce plant growth but not the number of leaves under the conditions of the experiment.

Long-term Forage Yields of Five Tropical Grasses on an Extremely Sodic Soil and the Resultant Soil Amelioration

1988 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashok Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Forage Yields

SUMMARYA long-term field study was conducted from 1979 to 1985 in the Karnal district of Haryana, India to evaluate the effect of three rates of gypsum (0, 5.2 and 10.4 kg ha−1) on the performance of five grasses (Diplachne fusca, Panicum laevifolium, P. antidotale, Chloris gayana and Cynodon maritimus) on an extremely sodic soil with an initial pH of 10.6 and an exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of 94. Diplachne, Chloris and Cynodon usually gave their maximum yield in the second year of planting, P. antidotale in the third year and P. laevifolium in the fourth year. The results showed that Chloris can be recommended for such situations as it maintains a higher productivity over a longer period than the other grasses. Alternatively P. antidotale and P. laevifolium can be planted in association with Diplachne to provide a steady forage supply for a long time. Increasing doses of gypsum resulted in decreases in soil pH, exchangeable sodium and ESP and increases in calcium, magnesium, organic carbon and the infiltration rate of soil.

scholarly journals Biochar Reduces the Adverse Effect of Saline Water on Soil Properties and Wheat Production Profitability

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1112
Author(s):  
Mohamed E. A. El-sayed ◽  
Mohamed Hazman ◽  
Ayman Gamal Abd El-Rady ◽  
Lal Almas ◽  
Mike McFarland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Spring Bread Wheat ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Saline Groundwater ◽  
Wheat Production ◽  
Growing Seasons

The goal of this study is to assess the use of saline groundwater in combination with soil amendments to increase the efficiency of wheat production in new agricultural soil in Egypt. The experiment was conducted during the two consecutive growing seasons, 2019/2020 and 2020/2021, at the Shandaweel Agricultural Research Station, Sohag, Egypt. In this study, plants of Shandaweel 1 spring bread wheat cultivar were grown under the combinations of the two water treatments, i.e., freshwater (307.2 ppm) and saline water (3000 ppm (NaCl + MgCl2)) representing groundwater in Egypt delivered by drip irrigation and the two biochar rates, i.e., zero and 4.8 ton/ha as a soil amendment. The cob corn biochar (CCB) was synthesized by using the slow pyrolysis process (one hour at 350 °C). The results revealed that saline water reduced the grain yield ratio by 8.5%, 11.0%, and 9.7% compared to non-saline water during seasons 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 and over seasons, respectively. Concerning, combined over seasons, the biochar addition enhanced the grain yield by 5.6% and 13.8% compared to non-biochar addition under fresh and saline irrigation water conditions, respectively. Thus, the results indicated and led to a preliminary recommendation that saline groundwater is a viable source of irrigation water and that biochar seemed to alleviate salinity stress on wheat production and in reclaimed soils of Egypt.

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