Appearance and growth of individual leaves in the canopies of several potato cultivars

1995 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Firman ◽  
P. J. O'Brien ◽  
E. J. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Potato Cultivars ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

SUMMARYLeaf appearance of contrasting potato cultivars was examined in field experiments at Cambridge, UK, between 1985 and 1990. Three experiments examined the effects of N fertilizer on the appearance and growth of leaves. Four experiments examined leaf appearance over a wide range of planting dates and in two of these experiments different physiological ages of seed were compared.Linear regression of rate of appearance of main-stem leaves on air temperature indicated a strong dependence of rate of leaf appearance on temperature in the cultivar Maris Piper with a phyllochron of c. 31 K d/leaf but in Estima variation in rate of leaf appearance was only partly explained by differences in air temperature. The phyllochron of main-stem leaves in Estima and Home Guard was shorter for old seed than young seed but there was little effect of seed age in four other cultivars. The phyllochron of main-stem leaves was longer without N fertilizer than with N but the difference in the phyllochron between rates of applied N was small. Leaf appearance on sympodial branches was slower and more variable than on the main-stem. Growth of branches differed between cultivars, particularly with no N fertilizer. In the determinate cultivars Estima and Diana there was restricted growth of branches but in the indeterminate cultivar Cara, significant leaf area was contributed by branches. The duration of leaf appearance and longevity of individual leaves is discussed in relation to N, temperature and cultivar.

scholarly journals Improving predictions of leaf appearance in field grown potato

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nereu Augusto Streck ◽  
Isabel Lago ◽  
Fabiana Luiza Matielo de Paula ◽  
Dilson Antônio Bisognin ◽  
Arno Bernardo Heldwein
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Linear Temperature ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Leaf Appearance

The calculation of leaf appearance rate (LAR) and number of accumulated or emerged leaves (NL) on the main stem are part of many crop simulation models. The purpose of this study was to adapt and evaluate a model (WE model) for simulating the main stem LAR and NL in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). The WE model is a non-linear multiplicative model that takes into account the effect of genotype and environmental factors on LAR. A linear model (Phyllochron model) was also used as a comparison with the WE model. A series of field experiments with 14 planting dates over two years (2003 and 2004) was carried out in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, using the cultivar Asterix. Coefficients of the WE model and the phyllochron model were estimated with data from four planting dates in 2003, and the models were validated with data from the other ten plantings, which are independent data. The statistics used to quantify model performance was the root mean square error (RMSE). The WE model was a better predictor of NL (RMSE=2.0 leaves) than the phyllochron model (RMSE=3.7 leaves). The WE model has coefficients with biological meaning and a non-linear temperature response function, which renders generality and robustness to this LAR model.

Effect of Corn-Induced Shading and Temperature on Rate of Leaf Appearance in Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.)

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 590-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephane M. Mclachlan ◽  
Clarence J. Swanton ◽  
Stephan F. Weise ◽  
Matthijs Tollenaar
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Field Temperature ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

Leaf development and expansion are important factors in determining the outcome of crop-weed interference. The comparative effects of temperature and corn canopy-induced shading on the rate of leaf appearance (RLA) of redroot pigweed were quantified in this study. Growth cabinet results indicated a linear increase in RLA with increased temperature. Weed RLA was predicted utilizing both this function and field temperature data. The ratio of observed to predicted RLA of redroot pigweed grown in field experiments decreased in 1990 and 1991 as shading increased with increased corn density and delayed weed planting date. Results indicated that RLA is substantially affected by canopy-induced shading in addition to temperature.

Leaf and flower initiation in potato (Solanum tuberosum) sprouts and stems in relation to number of nodes and tuber initiation

1991 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Firman ◽  
P. J. O'Brien ◽  
E. J. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Tuber Initiation ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Time To Initiation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Young Seed

SUMMARYExperiments were conducted in controlled environment cabinets and in the field at Cambridge, UK, in 1987–90 and in Valencia, Spain 1989–90 with several varieties of potato. The initiation of leaf primordia and flowers was recorded in sprouts stored for long periods at 13°C with constant illumination and in sprouts exposed to different photoperiods and periods of cold storage. In field experiments, the effects of a wide range of planting dates, differences in physiological age, the time at which seed tubers were sprouted and of imposing an 8 h photoperiod were investigated.More than 40 leaf primordia were initiated in the sprouts of Home Guard and Arran Comet stored at 13 °C, but, in other varieties, fewer leaves were initiated. Flowers were initiated in the sprouts of some varieties. In field-grown plants, the number of nodes to the first flower differed between varieties and was increased by ageing sprouts before planting. Stems from physiologically old seed of all varieties had more nodes below ground than young seed but the number of aerial leaves to the first flower increased only slightly with increasing physiological age. The number of aerial leaves to the first flower was lower and less variable in Estima than in Maris Piper.Initiation of flowers usually occurred before tuber initiation and within two weeks of emergence but was earlier in some varieties than others. There was little influence of photoperiod on the time to initiation of flowers and tubers in most experiments but, with low levels of radiation, flowering was completely inhibited in the variety Maris Piper.

Parameterization of the Phenological Development of Select Annual Weeds Under Noncropped Field Conditions

Weed Science ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 446-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil Shrestha ◽  
Clarence J. Swanton
Keyword(s):  
Field Conditions ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Competition Models ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

Barnyardgrass, common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, and wild mustard are among the most common weeds in cropping systems throughout North America. Crop and weed competition models that predict phenological development across environments are useful research tools for advancing our knowledge of population dynamics or crop and weed competition. Phenological parameter estimates for such models require verification under field conditions. Field studies were conducted in 1999 and 2000 to determine growth and phenological development of these species under noncropped conditions to compare parameters developed previously from controlled environment studies. Weeds were planted on three separate planting dates in each year. Growth and phenological development were recorded. Number of leaves on the mainstem of all weed species, except common lambsquarters, was not affected by planting dates. Rate of leaf appearance described as a function of days after emergence ranged from 0.48 to 0.89, 0.10 to 0.31, 0.33 to 0.65, and 0.24 to 0.29 leaves d−1 for common lambsquarters, barnyardgrass, redroot pigweed, and wild mustard, respectively. When expressed as a function of growing degree days (GDD), rate of leaf appearance for these species ranged from 0.04 to 0.05, 0.01 to 0.02, 0.04 to 0.07, and 0.02 to 0.03 leaves GDD−1, respectively. Planting date had differential effects on the rate of stem elongation and final plant height of each species in the 2 yr. Final plant biomass was also influenced by the time of planting; in general, weeds planted by mid-May had more biomass than those planted later. Parameters developed to describe phenological development under field conditions were comparable to those reported previously from controlled environment studies. We conclude that phenological parameters quantified under controlled environmental studies were comparable to those developed under field conditions for these weed species. Thus, either experimental method can be used to parameterize weed phenological development to initialize crop and weed competition models with reasonable confidence.

Mechanisms of Yield Loss in Maize Caused by Weed Competition

Weed Science ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Cerrudo ◽  
Eric R. Page ◽  
Matthijs Tollenaar ◽  
Greg Stewart ◽  
Clarence J. Swanton
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Rapid Loss ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

The physiological process underlying grain yield (GY) loss in maize as a result of weed competition is not understood clearly. We designed an experiment to test the hypotheses that early season stress caused by the presence of neighboring weeds will increase plant-to-plant variability (PPV) of individual plant dry matter (PDM) within the population. This increase in PPV will reduce GY through a reduction in harvest index (HI). Field experiments were conducted in 2008, 2009, and 2010. A glyphosate-resistant maize hybrid was cropped at a density of 7 plants m−2. As a model weed, winter wheat was seeded at the same time as maize and controlled with glyphosate at the 3rd or 10th to 12th leaf-tip stage of maize. Weed competition early in the development of maize decreased PDM and GY. This reduction in PDM, which occurred early in the development of maize, was attributed initially to a delay in rate of leaf appearance. Reductions in PDM were accompanied by an increase in PPV of PDM. This increase in PPV, however, did not reduce HI and did not contribute to the GY reductions created by weed competition, as hypothesized. As weed control was delayed, a reduction in fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (fIPAR) accounted for a further reduction in PDM and notably, a reduction in DMA from 17th leaf-tip stage through to maturity. The rapid loss of PDM and the subsequent inability to accumulate dry matter during maturation accounted for a rapid decline in kernel number (KN) and kernel weight (KW).

Sowing date and photoperiod effects on leaf appearance in field-grown wheat

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. K. Hotsonyame ◽  
L. A. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Wheat Field ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Leaf Appearance Rate ◽  
Supported Work ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

Rate of leaf appearance is a characteristic that can impact on the rate of development of a crop canopy. For wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), it is generally thought to be constant within a sowing date, but to vary among sowing dates. Such variation has been variously attributed to differences in the rate of change of photoperiod, the absolute photoperiod, or the mean air temperature. This study was undertaken to provide further information on the photoperiod and temperature effects on rate of leaf appearance in wheat. Field studies were conducted at Elora, Ontario at five sowing dates under natural and extended (20 h) photoperiod conditions. Two genotypes each of spring and winter wheat were grown under 0 and 150 kg ha−1 nitrogen fertilization. The results indicated that variations in rate of leaf appearance were not due to rate of change in photoperiod or absolute photoperiod at emergence. The change in rate of leaf appearance during a growth cycle was constant when mean air temperature during growth varied in a narrow range (less than 10 °C), but varied when there were wider ranges (over 10 °C) of temperature variation. Rate of leaf appearance was lower for the September seeding, at which time temperatures were around 5 °C, but were quite similar for May, June, July and August seedings even though temperatures ranged from approximately 15 °C (May) to 23 °C (June). The results suggested that the leaf appearance rate–temperature response curve is curvilinear, as found in some growth room studies, and supported work indicating that the phyllochron would depend on the temperature at the time of measurement. Key words: Wheat, photoperiod, temperature, nitrogen, sowing date, leaf appearance rate

scholarly journals Quantification of crop weather relationship and the effect of different planting dates on growth and yield of potato cultivars in a sub-tropical environment at Hisar

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Yogesh Kumar ◽  
Raj Singh ◽  
Anil Kumar ◽  
C S Dagar
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Potato Cultivars ◽  
Tropical Environment ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Meteorological Observatory ◽  
Plot Design ◽  
Agricultural Meteorology

Field experiments were carried out at research farm of Department of Agricultural Meteorology, CCSHAU, Hisar during Rabi seasons of 2016-17 to quantify crop weather relationship and the effect of different planting dates on growth and yield of potato cultivars in a sub-tropical environment at Hisar. The experimental field was adjacent to Agro-meteorological observatory at 290 10' N latitude, 750 46' E longitude and altitude of 215.2 m. The main plots treatments consisted four date of sowing viz. D1- 8th Oct., D2-22th Oct., D3- 5th Nov. and D4- 23rd Nov. The sub-plots treatment consisted of three varieties (V1- Kufri Bahar, V2- Kufri Pushkar and V3- Kufri Surya). The forty eight treatment combinations were tested in split plot design with four replications. The results revealed that various growth and yield observations were recorded higher in second sown crop (22th Oct.) as followed by other planting dates. The maximum tuber yield were produced in D2 (20810.45 kg/ha) and it was least in D4 (14525.46 kg/ha). Among the varieties, Kufri Pushkar recorded highest tuber yield (21478.06 kg/ha) followed by Kufri Bahar (17432.26 kg/ha) and Kufri Surya (15378.11 kg/ha). In crop weather relationship, Tuber yield and plant height were significantly positively correlated with rainfall (0.80 and 0.92) and rainy days (0.50 and 0.53). Evening relative humidity was also positively correlated with LAI (0.59) and tuber yield (0.78) of potato. Vegetables production is considered to be particularly important in satisfying world food demand. Specific research therefore is needed in order to evaluate the effects of environmental factors that crop encounters during its growth period and its production.

scholarly journals Green-shell bean production in Puerto Rico at different planting dates

1969 ◽  
Vol 78 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
James S. Beaver ◽  
Obed Román-Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Disease Susceptibility ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Stability ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Highly Correlated

Field experiments were conducted at the Isabela and Fortuna substations during a 4-year period to measure the whole pod and green-shell yields of five white-seeded bean genotypes planted at different dates. Results from this study show that green-shell beans can be produced in Puerto Rico over a wide range of planting dates. The greatest yields were produced when beans were planted from October to December. Results from a yield stability analysis show that whole pod yields tended to be lower and more variable when beans were planted during the warm and humid summer months. However, higher prices during the summer help to offset the greater risk associated with green-shell bean production during this time of year. The variety Arroyo Loro had the greatest overall yield and the most yield stability. Early maturity and disease susceptibility contributed to the poor yield stability of the variety Cuarentena. Since whole pod yield was positively and highly correlated with green-shell yield, whole pod yields can be used by bean researchers to predict green-shell yield.

Pre-maturation cold acquisition in Trifolium subterraneum

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 875 ◽  
Author(s):  
WJ Collins ◽  
DF Smith
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Seed Maturation ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Appearance Time ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance ◽  
Different Levels

The influence of different levels of temperature during seed maturation on the subsequent rate of development in plants grown from that seed was studied in a range of subterranean clover cultivars. In one study the cultivars Carnamah, Yarloop, Woogenellup and Mt. Barker were grown at 7, 11, 14 and 17°C, and the seed produced grown on at 17°. Observations were made on the rate of leaf appearance, time of flower initiation, and time and node of first flowering. The rate of development was closely related to the temperature under which the seed was produced—the lower the temperature the faster was the rate of development. This effect was greatest with the later-flowering cultivars. In a second experiment, seed of a number of cultivars harvested commercially from a wide range of sites in southern Australia was grown on at 17°C and the rate of development observed. Time of flowering varied markedly between samples of only three cultivars. Accordingly seed of these samples were grown on for a further generation in a controlled environment. Within two of the cultivars, Mt. Barker and Bacchus Marsh, the differences in flowering observed in the previous generation persisted, which suggests that such differences were not based on environmental factors. In the cultivar Woogenellup the differences in flowering disappeared, which suggests that the original differences arose through different environmental conditions occurring during seed maturation. Cold acquisition in the maturing embryo does not seem to be a matter of practical consequence at present in subterranean clover, but may become so with changes in the location of seed production.

scholarly journals Leaf appearance rate and final main stem leaf number as affected by temperature and photoperiod in cereals grown in Mediterranean environment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezio Riggi ◽  
Danilo Scordia ◽  
Concetta Foti Cuzzola ◽  
Giorgio Testa ◽  
Salvatore L. Cosentino
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Wheat Bread ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Leaf Appearance Rate ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Stem Leaf

In the present study, a two-year field trial was carried out with the aim to evaluate daylength and air temperature effects on leaf appearance and related rates in two durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.), two bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars, using six different sowing dates (SD). Significant effects of SD on final main stem leaf number (FLN), thermal leaf appearance rate (TLAR), daily leaf appearance rate (DLAR) and phyllochron (PhL) were found. Cultivars resulted inversely correlated to mean air temperature in the interval emergence - fifth leaf full expansion (E-V). Linear response of leaf number over days after sowing was shown for all SD and cultivars, with R2 higher than 0.95. FLN linearly decreased from the first to the last SD for durum wheat, while more variable behaviour was observed in bread wheat. TLAR and DLAR showed a linear increment of the rate from the first to the last SD in durum wheat, while did not for bread wheat and barley. PhL in durum wheat decreased from the first to the last SD. Barley and bread wheat showed the highest values on those SDs which did not reach flowering. The increase of TLAR was affected by photoperiod and photothermal units in durum wheat, while by temperatures only in barley and bread wheat. Present results might find practical application in the improvement of phenology simulation models for durum wheat, bread wheat and barley grown in Mediterranean area in absence of water and nutrient stress.

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