Growth and nitrogen dynamics of spring chickpea genotypes in a Mediterranean-type climate

2009 ◽  
Vol 147 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. KOUTROUBAS ◽  
M. PAPAGEORGIOU ◽  
S. FOTIADIS
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
Vegetative Period ◽  
Seed Filling ◽  
Rainfed Farming

SUMMARYChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important legume of rainfed farming systems, contributing to the sustainability of production and reducing the need for nitrogen (N) fertilization through fixing atmospheric N2. The relative importance of factors causing variations in growth, seed yield, N accumulation and N utilization efficiency among spring chickpea varieties grown in a Mediterranean-type climate was investigated in field experiments conducted in 2003 and 2004. Five chickpea varieties were grown in a silty clay soil in the farm of the Democritus University of Thrace in Orestiada, Greece. Yearly differences in plant growth and productivity were observed and were mainly associated with the variations in the weather parameters between the growing seasons. Nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) for biomass production during the seed-filling period was higher compared with that during the vegetative period. NUE for seed yield (SY) ranged from 18·3 to 24·5 g dry matter (DM)/g N and was positively correlated with seed yield, suggesting that high SY was associated with more efficient exploitation of N. When the environmental conditions favoured high early N accumulation, the differences among varieties in NUE were mainly due to the differences in N partitioning at maturity, e.g. the nitrogen harvest index (NHI). The amount and the efficiency of N content at the beginning of seed growth (growth stage (GS) R5) that was translocated to the seed differed among varieties and ranged from 7·0 to 16·6 g N/m2 and from 68·2 to 86·8 g DM/g N, respectively. Most of the variation (0·96) between varieties in N translocation could be accounted for by the differences in total N content at GS R5. N losses from the plant foliage between 0·61 and 9·92 g N/m2 were detected during the seed-filling period when SY was low and N content at GS R5 was high.

Heterotic and seed rate effects on nitrogen efficiencies in wheat

2004 ◽  
Vol 142 (6) ◽  
pp. 639-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. KINDRED ◽  
M. J. GOODING
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Wheat Hybrids

Four field experiments over 2 years investigated whether wheat hybrids had higher nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) than their parents over a range of seed rates and different N regimes. There was little heterosis for total N in the above-ground biomass (NYt), but there was high-parent heterosis for grain N yields (NYg) in two of the hybrids, Hyno Esta and Hyno Rista, associated with greater nitrogen harvest index (NHI). Overall, the hybrids did not significantly increase the total dry matter produced per unit N in the above-ground crop (NUtEt), but did increase the grain dry matter per unit N in the above ground crop (NUtEg). The improvement in NUtEg was at the partial detriment of grain N concentration. Heterosis for grain NYg in Hyno Esta was lower at zero-N, suggesting that it did not achieve higher yields through more efficient capture or utilization of N. The greater NHI in Hyno Esta appeared to be facilitated by both greater N uptake, and remobilization of N from vegetative tissues, after anthesis.The response of N efficiency and uptake to seed rate was dependent on N supply and season. Where N fertilizer was applied, N uptake over time was slower at the lower seed rates, but where N was withheld N capture at the lowest seed rate soon approached the N capture of the higher seed rates. During grain filling, the rate of accumulation of N into the grain increased with seed rate and the duration of N accumulation decreased with seed rate. With N applied, N yields increased to an asymptote with seed rate, when N was withheld there was little response of N yields to seed rate. In 2002, N utilization efficiency (NUtEt and NUtEg) also increased asymptotically with seed rate, but in 2003 seed rate had little effect on N utilization efficiency. When nitrogen fertilizer had not been applied, NHI consistently decreased with increasing seed rate. The timing of N application made little difference to NUE, NY, or NUtE.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Growth and Nitrogen Capture in Winter Oilseed Rape Hybrid and Line Cultivars under Contrasting N Supply

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangyang Zhang ◽  
Piaopiao Lu ◽  
Tao Ren ◽  
Jianwei Lu ◽  
Li Wang
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Winter Oilseed Rape ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Parental Lines

Cultivation of winter oilseed rape hybrids has been introduced as a promising solution to improve the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and to reduce the large N balance surpluses in this crop. To achieve a better understanding of the underlying physiological mechanisms, field experiments were conducted over two years to investigate the dynamics of growth and N capture in an oilseed rape hybrid and its parental lines under both low (0 kg ha−1) and high (180 kg ha−1) N supply. The results showed that the dynamic trajectories of crop growth and N capture could be accurately characterized by logistic equation using growing degree days as the independent variable. At both N rates, the oilseed rape hybrid outperformed the parental lines in seed yield and aboveground biomass accumulation, which was more closely associated with the longer duration (td) of the rapid growth period (RGP), than with the higher maximum growth rate (vm). N uptake was the main factor driving genotypic variation in seed yield, with an increasing importance of N utilization efficiency at high N supply. The hybrid had significantly higher N uptake than the parental lines at both low and high N supply, because of larger vm for N accumulation during the RGP, which may present a scope for genetically improving NUE in oilseed rape. High N application enhanced crop biomass production and N accumulation, as a result of prolonged td and larger vm during the RGP. The initiation of RGP for N accumulation occurred after overwinter period, which could not be accelerated by high N supply, suggesting rational distribution of N fertilizer with reduced basal dose. However, larger amounts in spring would be beneficial for a better synchronization to crop N demand with lower environmental risks.

Night-time warming affects N and P dynamics and productivity of winter wheat plants

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaohong Zhang ◽  
Renying Li ◽  
Yanling Wang
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Night Time ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
P Utilization

Zhang, Y., Li, R. and Wang, Y. 2013. Night-time warming affects N and P dynamics and productivity of winter wheat plants. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 397–406. The daily night-time temperature has currently increased faster than the daily daytime temperature over much of the Earth's surface. To understand how night-time warming affects the dynamics of winter wheat performance, open-field experiments, in which temperatures were elevated by covering the plots at night with reflective curtains, were conducted in the 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 growing seasons. The results show that, on average, night-time temperatures increased by 0.9°C under night-time covered (NC) treatment compared with the uncovered (CK). Plant total N accumulation was 17–43% higher in NC treatment than CK during the jointing, anthesis and ripening stages, whereas plant total P was affected by NC treatment depending on growing stage. Night-time covered treatment substantially decreased N translocation efficiency, leading to more N retained in plant stems during grain filling. Although P translocated to grain was 29–41% higher in NC plots than CK plots, NC treatment decreased post-anthesis P uptake by 27–41%, depending on the growing season, resulting in evident reduction of P harvest index and P utilization efficiency. When night-time temperature increased, grain yield was reduced by 6–25% due to a combination of decreased productive spikes, a lower number of kernels per spike and reduced weight of grain per kernel.

Grain yield and N benefits to sequential wheat and barley crops from single-year alfalfa, berseem and red clover, chickling vetch and lentil

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Bullied ◽  
M. H. Entz ◽  
S. R. Smith, Jr. ◽  
K. C. Bamford
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
First Year ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
N Content

Single-year hay alfalfas (Medicago sativa L.), berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and red clovers (Trifolium pratense L.), chickling vetch (Lathyrus sativus L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) were evaluated for rotational yield and N benefits to the following first-year wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and second-year barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crops. Field experiments were initiated in 1997 and 1998 on a Riverdale silty clay soil at Winnipeg, Manitoba. Yield and N content of the following wheat crop were increased following legumes compared to wheat following a canola control. Wheat yield and N content averaged 2955 kg ha–1 and 76.1 kg ha–1, respectively, following the chickling vetch and lentil, 2456 kg ha–1 and 56.4 kg ha–1 following single-year hay legumes, compared with 1706 kg ha–1 and 37.9 kg ha–1 following canola. Non-dormant alfalfas (dormancy rating of eight or greater) contributed to larger grain yields than the dormant alfalfas only in the first year of each experiment. The chickling vetch and lentil provided similar or higher subsequent crop yields and N content for 2 yr compared to a canola control or fallow treatment. This study shows that some increase in yield can be achieved by using a single-year alfalfa hay crop instead of fallow; however, exclusive green manuring of chickling vetch and lentil crops can produce the most increase in yield and N uptake in subsequent crops. Key words: Alfalfa (single-year), legumes (annual), green manure, nitrogen, cropping system

scholarly journals Mycorrhiza-released glomalin-related soil protein fractions contribute to soil total nitrogen in trifoliate orange

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 183-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu-Lu Meng ◽  
Jia-Dong He ◽  
Ying-Ning Zou ◽  
Qiang-Sheng Wu ◽  
Kamil Kuča
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
Root Box ◽  
Area And Volume ◽  
Soil Protein

Glomalin released from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has important roles in soil nutrient cycles, whereas contributing to glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) fractions to soil nitrogen (N) is unknown. In this study, a two-chambered root-box that was divided into root chamber (root and mycorrhizal fungi hypha) and hypha chamber (free of the root) was used, and three AMF species including Diversispora epigaea, Paraglomus occultum, and Rhizoglomus intraradices were separately inoculated into the root chamber. Plant growth, soil total N, N content of purified GRSP fractions, and its contribution to soil total N, and leaf and root N contents were analysed. After four months, total biomass and root total length, surface area, and volume were improved by all AMF inoculations. AMF inoculations dramatically increased soil total N content in two chambers. The N content of purified easily extractable GRSP (EE-GRSP) and difficultly extractable GRSP (DE-GRSP) was 0.10 ± 0.01 mg/g and 0.16 ± 0.02 mg/g, respectively, accounted for 15.6 ± 1.6% and 18.1 ± 1.8% of soil total N, respectively. AMF inoculations stimulated the N accumulation in EE-GRSP and DE-GRSP, especially in the hypha chamber. It concluded that GRSP, especially DE-GRSP, acts as a soil N pool accounting for 33.8 ± 1.9% of soil total N in orchards.

Nitrogen fixation in field beans (Vicia faba) as affected by population density, shading and its relationship with soil moisture

1977 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet I. Sprent ◽  
Alison M. Bradford
Keyword(s):  
Acetylene Reduction ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Reduction Technique ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Nodule Senescence ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Acetylene Reducing Activity ◽  
High Yields

SUMMARYN fixation data, estimated by the acetylene reduction technique and by total N content are given for the field experiments reported by Sprent, Bradford & Norton (1977).Maximum potential acetylene reducing activity per plant varied little from year to year. At low population densities a maximum rate of activity was observed shortly after flowering. As density increased this maximum became less pronounced and environmental factors (such as water supply) exerted increasing effects on activity. Shading prolonged activity and delayed nodule senescence.Total plant N continued to increase almost to seed maturation. As plants aged, the acetylene reduction technique progressively underestimated N accumulation. Maximum Nfixed/ha/year was over 600 kg. Itis concluded that the potential for N fixation in this crop is sufficient to sustain high yields.

Increase in growth, productivity, nutritional status of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and enrichment in soil fertility applied with Azospirillum and nitrogen level

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (02) ◽  
pp. 242-248
Author(s):  
V. Namdeo ◽  
N. G. Mitra ◽  
S. R. Jakhar ◽  
R. K. Sahu
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Block Design ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Agricultural Chemistry

Field experiments were conducted to Influence of different levels of nitrogen and Azospirillum inoculation on direct-seeded rice in a Vertisol, during kharif season of 2015 at Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, JNKVV, Jabalpur. The experiment was laid out under randomized block design (RBD) with 3 replications and 8 treatments namely (unfertilized+uninoculated (UFUI), recommended dose of nitrogen 50%+uninoculated (RDN50%+UI), RDN75%+UI, RDN100%+UI, UF+Azospirillum (UF+Azosp.,), RDN50%+Azosp., RDN75%+Azosp and RDN100%+Azosp.,). It was observed that significant improvement was noticed in yield attributes and soil properties. The response from the treatment of RDN100% +Azosp., was found statistically best to increase available nitrogen (N) content in soil at 45 DAS and at harvest of the crop by 29% and 27%, respectively and N content in the plant, grain and straw by 46%, 50% and 55%, respectively over the control of UFUI. Similarly, trend was significantly enhanced total N uptake by crop with 129% over the control of UFUI. While, same treatment combination increasing azospiral population in rhizospheric soil at 45 DAS, 65 DAS and at harvest by 2.28, 2.07 and 2.05 log folds, respectively over the control of UFUI and enhanced yield attributes and yields of grain and straw of rice with 113 and 58%, respectively over the control of UFUI. While the treatment RDN100%+Azosp., exhibited numerically higher values but was statistically at par to RDN75%+Azosp.

Effects of Azospirillum inoculation on root infection and nitrogen incorporation in wheat

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 924-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera L. D. Baldani ◽  
José Ivo Baldani ◽  
Johanna Döbereiner
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Chloramine T ◽  
Heading Stage

In two field experiments, wheat was inoculated with various strains of Azospirillum spp. The two A. brasilense nir− strains isolated from surface-sterilized wheat roots increased the number of Azospirillum in surface-sterilized roots, plant dry matter, and percent N. The total N accumulated in plant tops at heading stage was increased by 30% in the first experiment (strain Sp 107 st) and by 51 and 89% (strains Sp 107 st and Sp 245, respectively) in the second experiment. The Azospirillum numbers (MPN) in chloramine-t treated roots were correlated with total nitrogen accumulation in plant tops (r = 0.92**). Numbers of Azospirillum in nonsterilized roots did not correlate with total plant N accumulation.

scholarly journals Relationship of nitrogen use and nitrate reductase activity by sugarcane cultivars

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
C. L. R. Santos ◽  
J. O. Cazetta ◽  
L. M. Saran ◽  
M. F. Moraes ◽  
C. F. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Reductase ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Physiological Parameter ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Content ◽  
Productive Potential ◽  
N Metabolism ◽  
Nr Activity

Intrinsic genetic potential of each cultivar of sugarcane may determine the absorption intensity and nitrogen assimilation. It is possible to occur a lower expression of the productive potential by limitations related to low nitrate reductase (NR) activity, since this enzyme is "key" of the N metabolism. The objectives were to compare cultivars of sugarcane as the level of NR activity and its relationship to productive and nutritional variables. The experiment was conducted under condition of a greenhouse, where were grown ten sugarcane cultivars in pots of 4 dm3, filled with sand and vermiculite plus nutrients as indicated for the crop. The variables evaluated were: plant height, NR activity, dry matter (shoot and roots), N content and N accumulation and N uptake and utilization efficiency, moreover, the correlation between the variables was evaluated. The results showed that NR activity varies with the cultivar and further, that NR activity in sugarcane leaves does not correlate with the N uptake efficiency, but is positively correlated with N content and negatively with N utilization efficiency. The NR activity is not a good physiological parameter to discriminate N efficient use sugarcane genotypes

N2 fixation and dry matter and N accumulation in soybean lines with different seed-fill periods

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 1067-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Vasilas ◽  
R. L. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Seed Fill

A positive relationship generally exists between the duration of seed-fill period (SFP) and seed yield in soybean, but exceptions have been reported. The objective of this research was to determine if differences in N2 fixation or N accumulation could explain inconsistent relationships between duration of SFP and seed yield in soybean. For this study, five experimental soybean (Glycine max L. [Men.]) lines were selected on the bases of differences in SFP and seed yield in previous experiments. The experiment was designed to compare lines differing in both SFP and seed yield, differing in SFP but not seed yield, and differing in seed yield but not SFP. Total N2 fixation, using 15N-dilution techniques; total N accumulation, using a semi-micro-Kjeldahl procedure; and total dry matter accumulation, including all vegetative material abscised before maturity were measured on these lines grown in a Flanagan silt loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Aquic Argiudolls) in 1984 and 1985 at Urbana, IL. Mean dinitrogen fixed ranged from 36 to 76 kg ha−1 in 1984 and from 65 to 113 kg ha−1 in 1985. The percentage of the total plant N derived from fixation ranged from 17 to 35% in 1984 and from 32 to 48% in 1985. Statistically significant differences in seed yield were not detected in this experiment because of the high coefficient of variation associated with the small plot size. High N2 fixation was not related to duration of SFP or previous seed yield classification. Total plant N did not differ among these genotypes. For these soybean lines differences in duration of SFP and previous seed yield classification were not related to total N2 fixation or N accumulation.Key words: Glycine max, harvest index, N partitioning, N2 fixation, seed-fill period

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