Heterotic and seed rate effects on nitrogen efficiencies in wheat

2004 ◽  
Vol 142 (6) ◽  
pp. 639-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. KINDRED ◽  
M. J. GOODING
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Wheat Hybrids

Four field experiments over 2 years investigated whether wheat hybrids had higher nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) than their parents over a range of seed rates and different N regimes. There was little heterosis for total N in the above-ground biomass (NYt), but there was high-parent heterosis for grain N yields (NYg) in two of the hybrids, Hyno Esta and Hyno Rista, associated with greater nitrogen harvest index (NHI). Overall, the hybrids did not significantly increase the total dry matter produced per unit N in the above-ground crop (NUtEt), but did increase the grain dry matter per unit N in the above ground crop (NUtEg). The improvement in NUtEg was at the partial detriment of grain N concentration. Heterosis for grain NYg in Hyno Esta was lower at zero-N, suggesting that it did not achieve higher yields through more efficient capture or utilization of N. The greater NHI in Hyno Esta appeared to be facilitated by both greater N uptake, and remobilization of N from vegetative tissues, after anthesis.The response of N efficiency and uptake to seed rate was dependent on N supply and season. Where N fertilizer was applied, N uptake over time was slower at the lower seed rates, but where N was withheld N capture at the lowest seed rate soon approached the N capture of the higher seed rates. During grain filling, the rate of accumulation of N into the grain increased with seed rate and the duration of N accumulation decreased with seed rate. With N applied, N yields increased to an asymptote with seed rate, when N was withheld there was little response of N yields to seed rate. In 2002, N utilization efficiency (NUtEt and NUtEg) also increased asymptotically with seed rate, but in 2003 seed rate had little effect on N utilization efficiency. When nitrogen fertilizer had not been applied, NHI consistently decreased with increasing seed rate. The timing of N application made little difference to NUE, NY, or NUtE.

Night-time warming affects N and P dynamics and productivity of winter wheat plants

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaohong Zhang ◽  
Renying Li ◽  
Yanling Wang
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Night Time ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
P Utilization

Zhang, Y., Li, R. and Wang, Y. 2013. Night-time warming affects N and P dynamics and productivity of winter wheat plants. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 397–406. The daily night-time temperature has currently increased faster than the daily daytime temperature over much of the Earth's surface. To understand how night-time warming affects the dynamics of winter wheat performance, open-field experiments, in which temperatures were elevated by covering the plots at night with reflective curtains, were conducted in the 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 growing seasons. The results show that, on average, night-time temperatures increased by 0.9°C under night-time covered (NC) treatment compared with the uncovered (CK). Plant total N accumulation was 17–43% higher in NC treatment than CK during the jointing, anthesis and ripening stages, whereas plant total P was affected by NC treatment depending on growing stage. Night-time covered treatment substantially decreased N translocation efficiency, leading to more N retained in plant stems during grain filling. Although P translocated to grain was 29–41% higher in NC plots than CK plots, NC treatment decreased post-anthesis P uptake by 27–41%, depending on the growing season, resulting in evident reduction of P harvest index and P utilization efficiency. When night-time temperature increased, grain yield was reduced by 6–25% due to a combination of decreased productive spikes, a lower number of kernels per spike and reduced weight of grain per kernel.

Effects of strobilurin fungicide programmes and fertilizer nitrogen rates on winter wheat: leaf area, dry matter yield and nitrogen yield

2011 ◽  
Vol 150 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. ISHIKAWA ◽  
M. C. HARE ◽  
P. S. KETTLEWELL
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Bread Making ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Yield ◽  
Wheat Leaf ◽  
Strobilurin Fungicide ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

SUMMARYFour field experiments were conducted on wheat, using the bread-making cultivar Hereward, over 3 years to study the interactions between nitrogen (N) and strobilurin fungicides with respect to yield and grain N. In one of the field experiments, above-ground dry matter (DM) yield was greater when the plots were treated with a mixture of triazole and strobilurin than when either no fungicide or triazole alone was applied. On plots that received no N fertilizer, above-ground DM and grain yield were lower for the plots treated with fungicides than for plots not treated with fungicide, which implied that the benefit of applying fungicides could only be exploited with N fertilization. There was no difference in above-ground N accumulation between fungicide programmes; however, greater N accumulation in grains was observed following the application of a mixture of triazole and the strobilurin trifloxystrobin compared with plots treated with either no fungicide or triazole alone. This increase in grain N appeared to be attributable more to improved translocation of N to grains rather than to increased N uptake from the soil. The two strobilurin fungicide ingredients kresoxim-methyl and trifloxystrobin, each mixed with a triazole and tested in the present study, performed differently. Better performance, especially with respect to grain N yield, was observed most frequently with trifloxystrobin compared to kresoxim-methyl.

Effects of Azospirillum inoculation on root infection and nitrogen incorporation in wheat

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 924-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera L. D. Baldani ◽  
José Ivo Baldani ◽  
Johanna Döbereiner
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Chloramine T ◽  
Heading Stage

In two field experiments, wheat was inoculated with various strains of Azospirillum spp. The two A. brasilense nir− strains isolated from surface-sterilized wheat roots increased the number of Azospirillum in surface-sterilized roots, plant dry matter, and percent N. The total N accumulated in plant tops at heading stage was increased by 30% in the first experiment (strain Sp 107 st) and by 51 and 89% (strains Sp 107 st and Sp 245, respectively) in the second experiment. The Azospirillum numbers (MPN) in chloramine-t treated roots were correlated with total nitrogen accumulation in plant tops (r = 0.92**). Numbers of Azospirillum in nonsterilized roots did not correlate with total plant N accumulation.

scholarly journals Waste composts as nitrogen fertilizers for forage leys

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. TONTTI ◽  
A. NYKÄNEN ◽  
M. KUISMA
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Plant Yields

Two field experiments, conventional grass ley and organic grass-clover ley, were established with barley as a nurse crop in spring 2000 and given either low or high fertilization with mineral fertilizer (Mineral) or composts. The compost types were municipal biowaste (Biowaste), biowaste + sewage sludge (BioSludge) and cattle manure (Manure). Plant yields and nitrogen (N) uptakes were measured for three years and efficiency of N utilization was estimated. In single application of compost, the total N was mainly in organic form and less than 10% was in inorganic form. Along with increasing amount of inorganic N applied in compost, the yield, N uptake and N recovery increased during the application year. The highest compost N recovery in the application year was 12%, found with Biowaste. In the following years the highest N recovery was found where the lowest total N had been applied. Clover performance was improved in the organic grass-clover ley established with BioSludge fertilization, producing total ley yield comparable with Manure compost. High total N application in composts caused high N surplus and low N use efficiency over three years. Generally, moderate compost fertilization is suitable for ley crops when supplemented with mineral N fertilizer or clover N fixation.;

scholarly journals Dry Matter and Nitrogen Accumulation During Vegetative and Grain Filling of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) as Affected by Nitrogen Rates

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurdilek GULMEZOGLU ◽  
Nihal KAYAN
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Rates

This research aimed to determine the effect of different levels of nitrogen (N) on the growth, yield and the N accumulation of lentil plants grown under rain-fed conditions. The two-year field experiments with lentil were arranged in a randomised complete block design. Nitrogen was applied at four rates (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg ha-1) and all of the plots received half of the N rates before sowing in October and the remaining N rate in spring. The plants were harvested in the following stages: the first multifoliate leaf unfolding at the fifth node (V5) full seed or seed on nodes 10-13 that fill pod cavities (R6) and maturity (R8). The dry weight and N concentration of the shoot (leaf+stem), pod wall, and seed were then measured. It has been found that N application significantly affected the lentil characteristics. The maximum biomass accumulation and N accumulation were obtained at R6, and the N fertiliser had a positive effect on the seed weight and N accumulation. It can be suggest that 20 kg N ha-1 will increase the per-plant dry matter and N accumulation of the seeds under rain-fed conditions.

scholarly journals Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and use in spring barley

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 36-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Przulj ◽  
V. Momčilović
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
N Losses ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Growing Conditions

During growth, kernel of cereals can be provided with carbohydrate and nitrogen (N) from the translocation of pre-anthesis accumulated reserves stored either in the vegetative plant parts or from current assimilation during kernel development. This study was conducted to assess the effects of nitrogen level and cultivars on dry matter and N accumulation and mobilization during pre-anthesis and post-anthesis. Twenty two-rowed spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars were grown on a non-calcareous chernozem soil in four growing seasons (1995–1998) atNovi Sad (45°20'N, 15°51'E,86 m a.s.l.) at two nitrogen levels. Dry matter accumulation before anthesis ranged from less than 50% in unfavorable to 90% in favorable growing conditions. Dry matter translocation occurred in favorable growing conditions only. Pre-anthesis accumulated N represented 57–92% and 54–129% of total N at maturity at the low and high N levels, respectively. Translocated N represented 41–85% and 37–153% of grain N at the low and high N level, respectively. N losses occurred in favorable growing conditions when anthesis N exceeded 150 kg/ha. N accumulation during grain filling was in negative correlation with dry matter and N accumulation before anthesis. The N harvest index was 0.57–0.63 and 0.71–0.74 in unfavorable and favorable growing conditions, respectively. Selection of genotypes with a higher ability of pre-anthesis reserve utilization or genotypes with longer leaf area duration after anthesis may be two possible solutions in spring barley breeding for Mediterranean growing conditions.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Growth and Nitrogen Capture in Winter Oilseed Rape Hybrid and Line Cultivars under Contrasting N Supply

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangyang Zhang ◽  
Piaopiao Lu ◽  
Tao Ren ◽  
Jianwei Lu ◽  
Li Wang
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Winter Oilseed Rape ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Parental Lines

Cultivation of winter oilseed rape hybrids has been introduced as a promising solution to improve the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and to reduce the large N balance surpluses in this crop. To achieve a better understanding of the underlying physiological mechanisms, field experiments were conducted over two years to investigate the dynamics of growth and N capture in an oilseed rape hybrid and its parental lines under both low (0 kg ha−1) and high (180 kg ha−1) N supply. The results showed that the dynamic trajectories of crop growth and N capture could be accurately characterized by logistic equation using growing degree days as the independent variable. At both N rates, the oilseed rape hybrid outperformed the parental lines in seed yield and aboveground biomass accumulation, which was more closely associated with the longer duration (td) of the rapid growth period (RGP), than with the higher maximum growth rate (vm). N uptake was the main factor driving genotypic variation in seed yield, with an increasing importance of N utilization efficiency at high N supply. The hybrid had significantly higher N uptake than the parental lines at both low and high N supply, because of larger vm for N accumulation during the RGP, which may present a scope for genetically improving NUE in oilseed rape. High N application enhanced crop biomass production and N accumulation, as a result of prolonged td and larger vm during the RGP. The initiation of RGP for N accumulation occurred after overwinter period, which could not be accelerated by high N supply, suggesting rational distribution of N fertilizer with reduced basal dose. However, larger amounts in spring would be beneficial for a better synchronization to crop N demand with lower environmental risks.

Growth and nitrogen dynamics of spring chickpea genotypes in a Mediterranean-type climate

2009 ◽  
Vol 147 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. KOUTROUBAS ◽  
M. PAPAGEORGIOU ◽  
S. FOTIADIS
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
Vegetative Period ◽  
Seed Filling ◽  
Rainfed Farming

SUMMARYChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important legume of rainfed farming systems, contributing to the sustainability of production and reducing the need for nitrogen (N) fertilization through fixing atmospheric N2. The relative importance of factors causing variations in growth, seed yield, N accumulation and N utilization efficiency among spring chickpea varieties grown in a Mediterranean-type climate was investigated in field experiments conducted in 2003 and 2004. Five chickpea varieties were grown in a silty clay soil in the farm of the Democritus University of Thrace in Orestiada, Greece. Yearly differences in plant growth and productivity were observed and were mainly associated with the variations in the weather parameters between the growing seasons. Nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) for biomass production during the seed-filling period was higher compared with that during the vegetative period. NUE for seed yield (SY) ranged from 18·3 to 24·5 g dry matter (DM)/g N and was positively correlated with seed yield, suggesting that high SY was associated with more efficient exploitation of N. When the environmental conditions favoured high early N accumulation, the differences among varieties in NUE were mainly due to the differences in N partitioning at maturity, e.g. the nitrogen harvest index (NHI). The amount and the efficiency of N content at the beginning of seed growth (growth stage (GS) R5) that was translocated to the seed differed among varieties and ranged from 7·0 to 16·6 g N/m2 and from 68·2 to 86·8 g DM/g N, respectively. Most of the variation (0·96) between varieties in N translocation could be accounted for by the differences in total N content at GS R5. N losses from the plant foliage between 0·61 and 9·92 g N/m2 were detected during the seed-filling period when SY was low and N content at GS R5 was high.

Response of low-N pool maize population to nitrogen uptake and use efficiency after three cycles of full-sib recurrent selection

2007 ◽  
Vol 145 (5) ◽  
pp. 481-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. O. OMOIGUI ◽  
S. O. ALABI ◽  
A. Y. KAMARA
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Recurrent Selection ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
Maize Population ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Use Efficiency

SUMMARYIdentification of plant cultivars efficient for nitrogen (N) uptake and utilization may contribute to the improvement of crop yield potential in areas of low-N (LN) availability. Three cycles of full-sib recurrent selection were applied on a LN pool-yellow (LNP-Y) maize population to improve its level of tolerance to low soil N in the savannah ecosystem. The progress after three cycles of selection was evaluated for two years (2000 and 2001). The objectives of the study were to classify the cycles in relation to response to N levels under field conditions and to investigate the progress in selection for improved grain yield and other agronomic traits at two N levels, LN (30 kg N/ha) and high-N (HN, 90 kg N/ha). The experiment was conducted under field conditions at the LN screening site of the Institute for Agricultural Research, Samaru, in the northern Guinea savannah of Nigeria. The experimental design consisted of randomized complete blocks with three replications. The aboveground biomass and grain at harvest were analysed for total N content. The results indicated differences in plant population response to N levels. Mean grain yield ranged from 2·5 t/ha in cycle 1 to 2·7 t/ha in cycle 3 under LN and from 4·2 t/ha in cycle 1 to 4·3 t/ha in cycle 3 under HN. The observed gains were 4·8% per cycle under LN and 1·4% per cycle under HN. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) traits, viz. N uptake efficiency and N utilization efficiency were positively affected by selection. Gains for N utilization efficiency were 6·3% per cycle at LN and 9·1% per cycle at HN, while observed gains for NUE were 3·9% at LN and 1·4% per cycle at HN. However, N utilization efficiency was identified as the most important component of NUE for selecting cycles of selection in population development. Total N content and N utilization efficiency were significantly correlated with each other at LN, and had a significant, positive, direct effect on grain yield. Grain yield was positively correlated with N content and N utilization efficiency at both N levels. Also, a significant positive correlation was observed at LN between 300 kernel weight and N utilization efficiency. N utilization efficiency was correlated with ears/plant at HN and negatively correlated with anthesis-silking interval (ASI). The present study revealed that selection for improved productivity under LN stress conditions could be further enhanced by simultaneously selecting for high grain yield performance based on N utilization efficiency and on secondary traits, such as ears/plant, 300 kernel weight, and reduced ASI.

scholarly journals Ethephon Reduces Maize Nitrogen Uptake but Improves Nitrogen Utilization in Zea mays L.

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yushi Zhang ◽  
Yubin Wang ◽  
Churong Liu ◽  
Delian Ye ◽  
Danyang Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
Ethephon Treatment ◽  
N Use

Increasing use of plant density or/and nitrogen (N) application has been introduced to maize production in the past few decades. However, excessive planting density or/and use of fertilizer may cause reduced N use efficiency (NUE) and increased lodging risks. Ethephon application improves maize lodging resistance and has been an essential measure in maize intensive production systems associated with high plant density and N input in China. Limited information is available about the effect of ethephon on maize N use and the response to plant density under different N rates in the field. A three-year field study was conducted with two ethephon applications (0 and 90 g ha−1), four N application rates (0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N ha−1), and two plant densities (6.75 plants m−2 and 7.5 plants m−2) to evaluate the effects of ethephon on maize NUE indices (N agronomic efficiency, NAE; N recovery efficiency, NRE; N uptake efficiency, NUpE; N utilization efficiency, NUtE; partial factor productivity of N, PFPN), biomass, N concentration, grain yield and N uptake, and translocation properties. The results suggest that the application of ethephon decreased the grain yield by 1.83–5.74% due to the decrease of grain numbers and grain weight during the three experimental seasons. Meanwhile, lower biomass, NO3- and NH4+ fluxes in xylem bleeding sap, and total N uptake were observed under ethephon treatments. These resulted in lower NAE and NUpE under the ethephon treatment at a corresponding N application rate and plant density. The ethephon treatment had no significant effects on the N concentration in grains, and it decreased the N concentration in stover at the harvesting stage, while increasing the plant N concentration at the silking stage. Consequently, post-silking N remobilization was significantly increased by 14.10–32.64% under the ethephon treatment during the experimental periods. Meanwhile, NUtE significantly increased by ethephon.

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