Physiological reactions to imposed water deficit by Andropogon gayanus cv. Bisquamulatus and Cenchrus ciliaris cv. Biloela in a mixed fodder crop

1998 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. BULDGEN ◽  
J. FRANÇOIS
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Cenchrus Ciliaris ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Buffel Grass ◽  
Andropogon Gayanus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Guinea Grass

Guinea grass (Andropogon gayanus Kunth cv. Bisquamulatus) and Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L. cv. Biloela) are grown as temporary fodder crops in the Sahelo-Sudanese region of Africa. Differences in their responses to drought conditions may be important in optimizing cattle feeding programmes in integrated farming systems. An experiment conducted in a wind tunnel equipped with a tank forming a weighable lysimeter compared net photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs) and leaf water potential (Ψ leaf) of both species in a mixed sward during three simulated environmental conditions: (1) rainy season, (2) drought period within the rainy season and (3) dry season.With a soil water reserve (SWR in % volume) of 8% during the drought period and the dry season, the Ψ leaf and A parameters were significantly lower (P<0·001) when compared to those recorded with a SWR of 32% in the rainy season. Mean gs values were significantly different during each environmental condition (P<0·001). No significant difference (P>0·05) was found in gs and A between the two species during the rainy and the dry season or during a diurnal cycle, although a significant difference (P<0·05) in Ψ leaf existed between the species during the dry season. During this season, Guinea grass was dormant while Buffel grass was growing slowly.When the drought period was imposed during the rainy season (SWR declined from 25 to 5%), A was reduced from 19·8 to 7·7 μmol m−2 s−1 for Guinea grass and from 16·8 to 3·7 for Buffel grass. Ψ leaf in both species dropped below −2 MPa while gs declined slowly from 0·70–0·80 to 0·55–0·60 cm s−1. A was significantly higher (P<0·05) in Guinea grass during the last days of the drying cycle, but declined rapidly when drought was extended up to the wilting point. Two days after rewatering, all the parameters of both plants were restored to previous levels.It is concluded that Guinea grass was as drought-resistant as Buffel grass and that no competition for water existed between the species in the mixed sward. The study also gives relationships between the physiological parameters of both species and the soil water content during a drying cycle.

Coprolites Production of Native Earthworms in Braquiaria Fields Under Biofertilization

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Murielle Magda Medeiros Dantas ◽  
José Flavio Cardoso Zuza ◽  
Josinaldo Da Silva Henrique ◽  
Adailza Guilherme Cavalcante ◽  
Joaquim Emanuel Fernandes Gondim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Brachiaria Brizantha ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Foliar Fertilization ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Plot Area ◽  
Sampling Times

Aims: The objective of this study was to evaluate the coprolite production of native earthworms in a pasture with Brachiaria, with and without liquid-enriched biofertilization. Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was carried out between April of 2014 and August of 2015 at the Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Paraíba – UFPB. Methodology: A randomized complete block experimental design was used, with subdivided plots and four replicates, with a total of 40 plots in a 5x3x2 factorial arrangement, five grass species (Brachiaria brizantha, B. decumbens, B. humidicola, B. ruziziensise e B. brizantha MG5) and three sampling times, with and without liquid-enriched biofertilization. The plot area was composed of 50.0 m2 (10 m x 5 m) with subplots of 0.25 m2 (0.5 m x 0.5 m). Six foliar fertilization were performed in intervals of fifteen days, with three applications in the drought period and three applications in the rainy season. Each application consisted of 5% of biofertilizer (100 mL of biofertilizer diluted in 2 L of water), each plot received 2 L of biofertilizer. Results: In the dry season there was a significant difference in the means between the fertilization treatments, leading to the absence of fertilization, obtaining a better result, varying of 48, 24% in relation to the treatments that received fertilization, and there was no significant difference between the brachiaria. In the rainy season, it was verified that there was no significant difference in the means between the fertilization treatments, but there was a significant difference between the brachiaria. Conclusion: The study concludes that earthworm coprolites production is higher under pasture with B. MG5 during the dry season. In the rainy season, production increased under pasture with B. humidicula. Brachiaria fertilized with liquid-enriched biofertilizer provided lower results in the production of biogenic aggregates (earthworm coprolites). Under conditions of the present study, the hypothesis that the effect of the liquid -enriched biofertilizer increases the production of endogeic earthworm coprolites has not been proven.

Bovine trypanosomosis in Gimbi district of Western Oromia, Ethiopia

2010 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashenafi Hagos ◽  
Hailu Yacob ◽  
Asoke Basu ◽  
Degneh Efrem
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Trypanosoma Congolense ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Submorsitans ◽  
Bovine Trypanosomosis ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractA study on the epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis was conducted from September 2006 to April 2007 in six villages of the Gimbi district in west Wollega zone of Ethiopia. The prevalence of the disease, the apparent densities and distribution of tsetse and other biting flies in two seasons, the dry and rainy, were determined. The results of a questionnaire survey from 80 farmers revealed that trypanosomosis was a major health problem affecting animals and impeding agricultural activities.A total of 568 blood samples were collected from randomly selected animals (280 animals in rainy and 288 in dry season) and revealed the presence of Trypanosoma congolense Broden, 1904 and T. vivax Zieman, 1905 in the area. Trypanosoma congolense was the dominant species that accounted for 66.2% of the infections. The mean packed cell volume (PCV) concentrations were 22.77% (95% CI =19.99-21.55) in parasitaemic and 25.25% (95% CI=24.88-25.61) in aparasitaemic animals with a significant difference (P<0.005). There was a significant (P<0.012) difference in trypanosome infection between age groups of cattle, being higher in adults. The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was 12.5%, while the disease prevalence was higher during the rainy season (15 %) than the dry season (10.1%). In three villages of lowland areas (below 1600 meter above sea level), a higher prevalence was recorded 20.9% and 7.9% as compared to three villages of midland areas (≥ 1600 meter above sea level) 11.8% and 8.3% in late rainy and dry season, respectively.A fly-survey was conducted by using 80 monoconical pyramidal traps and revealed that two tsetse species, namely Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead and Glossina tachinoides Westwood were found along with other biting flies (Tabanus, Haematopota and Stomoxys species). Higher numerical catches of Glossina were recorded in late rainy season and the apparent density was positively correlated (r=0.5171) with the prevalence of infection.

scholarly journals Pediatric infectious diseases admissions: Sex differences and seasonal variations

2021 ◽  
Vol 015 (02) ◽  
pp. 049-058
Author(s):  
Samuel Olorunyomi Oninla ◽  
Michael Olaniyan Onigbinde ◽  
Akinyemi Olaleye Fadugbagbe ◽  
Emmanuel Olaseinde Bello ◽  
Omolayo Adebukola Olubosede
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dry Seasons

Objective: This study set out to assess sex differences and seasonal variations in Pediatric Infectious Diseases (PID) admissions. Methods: One year retrospective study of PID admissions was conducted among children aged one month to 15 years. Relevant information retrieved from patients’ hospital records were dates of admission and discharge, age, sex, final PID diagnoses and outcome. Results: Of 1,035 patients’ records assessed, 603 (58.3%) were males and 432 (41.7%) females (p<0.001). Males in ages 1-12 and 13-59 months contributed largely to the gender difference. Over the 12 months period, PID admissions mean was 86.25±21.92, with rainy and dry seasons means of 92.57±20.7 and 77.4±20.9, respectively (p<0.001). Ages 13-19, 60-119 and ≥120 months had significantly higher admissions mean during the rainy season (p<0.001 in each group), while higher admissions occurred among ages 1-12months in dry season (p<0.001). Top six PID managed were malaria, gastroenteritis, pneumonia, septicemia, meningitis and typhoid, and males had higher incidence in all except for typhoid, with only malaria having significant difference (p<0.001). Malaria, septicemia and typhoid incidence were higher significantly during the rainy season, while gastroenteritis occurred more in the dry season. Overall fatality rate was 4.6%; females and males rates were 6.3% and 3.5%, respectively (p=0.661). Rainy and dry seasons mortality means were 5±1.77 and 2.6±0.8, respectively (p<0.001). Conclusion: Male children were more vulnerable to PID, with significant higher malaria incidence among them than females. PID incidence and mortality were significantly higher during the rainy season than dry. Malaria and gastroenteritis occurred significantly in rainy and dry seasons, respectively.

scholarly journals FORAGE PRODUCTION AND PRESERVATION OF SPECIES BY ENRICHING CAATINGA WITH GRASSES AND THINNING AREAS INTO STRIPS

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 814-825
Author(s):  
JEFTE ARNON DE ALMEIDA CONRADO ◽  
ANA CLARA RODRIGUES CAVALCANTE ◽  
RAFAEL GONÇALVES TONUCCI ◽  
MARIA SOCORRO DE SOUZA CARNEIRO ◽  
MAGNO JOSÉ DUARTE CÂNDIDO
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Exotic Grasses ◽  
Buffel Grass ◽  
Herbaceous Biomass

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the thinning into strips and the enrichment with exotic grasses in a Caatinga area in order to maintain and increase the biodiversity of native vegetable species and forage production. Two studies were carried out-one in an area of Caatinga thinned into strips and one in an unmanipulated Caatinga area-during the rainy and rainy-dry season transition periods in 2016. The production of herbaceous biomass was evaluated, and the diversity and equability of the two areas were assessed through Shannon-Weaver (H’) and Pielou (J’) indexes. The establishment of massai and buffel grasses at the center and edges of the area thinned into strips was also evaluated. During the rainy season, the production of herbaceous biomass in the area thinned into strips and the unmanipulated area was 1,228 kg ha-1 and 833.33 kg ha-1, while during the rainy-dry transition period, it was 1,973 kg ha-1 and 836.00 kg ha-1, respectively. The indexes remained similar: H’ (1.86) and J’ (0.74) for the area thinned into strips, and H’ (1.77) and J’ (0.85) for the unmanipulated area. The massai grass presented better establishment and development than that by the buffel grass in the center and edges of the area thinned into strips. Thus, thinning into strips increases the biodiversity of an area, and this combined with enrichment through grasses increases the biomass of herbaceous forage.

scholarly journals Yield and Irrigation Water Productivity of Three Varieties of Buffel Grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) in the Southern Coastal Plains of Yemen

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Khader Balem Atroosh ◽  
Gamhuryah Al-Khader Ahmed ◽  
Omer Saeed Lardi ◽  
Zahrah Ahmed Eissa ◽  
Aziez Olad Belgacem
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Coastal Plains ◽  
Cenchrus Ciliaris ◽  
Buffel Grass ◽  
Loamy Sand Soil ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Irrigation Water Productivity

Small stakeholder farmers in southern coastal plains of Yemen as in other Arabian Peninsula countries are fanciers and suffering from shortage of forages mainly during winter season. This study was carried out during three years (2012-2014) at farmers’ fields in the southern coastal plain in Bir Jabir, Lahej in Yemen on loamy-sand soil, to determine the best irrigation water productivity of two exotic and one indigenous (local) accessions of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.), cultivated at two farmer fields. Irrigation water has been added by the quantity and dates according to the farmer experience without any intervention of the researcher. The amount of added irrigation water was measured. Statistical analysis emphasized significant differences in the number of tillers per plant, in the forage fresh yield and in the irrigation water productivity (IWP) among buffel grass accessions. The highest number of tillers was recorded at Gayandah whereas the USA accession has showed the lowest one. The average forage fresh yields have reached 230.5, 208.9 and 181.4 kg/ha for Gayandah, USA and local respectively. The average irrigation water productivity (IWP) was 39.1 kg/m3. The significant difference (P = 0.048) was in favor of Gayandah accession which registered the highest IWP (43.7 kg/m3). However, there was no significant difference observed in IWP between USA and the local accession, even though this latter has apparently produced the lowest value (36.2 kg/m3).

scholarly journals Factors Influencing Seasonal and Daily Dynamics of the Genus Stomoxys Geoffroy, 1762 (Diptera: Muscidae), in the Adamawa Plateau, Cameroon

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sevidzem S. Lendzele ◽  
Mavoungou J. François ◽  
Zinga-Koumba C. Roland ◽  
Koumba A. Armel ◽  
Gérard Duvallet
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Air Humidity ◽  
Trap Catch ◽  
Weather Variables ◽  
Activity Peak ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mean Wind Speed ◽  
Ideal Tool

The rangelands of the Vina Division on the Adamawa Plateau are densely infested with Stomoxyinae, but little is known about their species composition and ecology. A trap-transect survey was carried out in three villages: Galim, Mbidjoro, and Velambai, using Nzi (n = 3), Vavoua (n = 3), and Biconical (n = 3) traps, all baited with octenol. Three traps of each trap type were set in each of the study villages, and collections were carried out daily. In total, 3,762 Stomoxys spp. were collected from October 2016 to June 2017 and identified using standard keys into five species: Stomoxys niger niger, S. calcitrans, S. niger bilineatus, S. omega, and S. xanthomelas. Galim recorded the highest apparent density of stomoxyines (30 stomoxyines/trap/day) with a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). The Vavoua trap was an ideal tool for Stomoxyinae collection. Stomoxyines abundantly occurred at the end of the dry season (March 2017) and beginning of the rainy season (May 2017). The monthly rainfall positively influenced monthly ADTs of Stomoxyinae. Their diurnal biting activity was bimodal in the rainy season and unimodal in the dry season. The daily activity peak was between 14 h and 16 h with a mean temperature of 31°C, a mean wind speed of 1.5 m/s, and a mean humidity of 50%. The daily trap catch was positively influenced by temperature and wind speed but negatively influenced by rainfall and air humidity. Weather variables influenced Stomoxys spp. monthly and daily ADTs.

The effects of the rainy season and irrigation on soil water and oxygen in a seasonal forest in Panama

1995 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Kursar ◽  
S. Joseph Wright ◽  
Ricardo Radulovich
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Soil Oxygen ◽  
Soil Desiccation

ABSTRACTThe effects of irrigation and the rainy season on soil gases, water and physical properties were studied in a lowland moist forest in Panama. Two control plots experienced a normal four-month dry season and two experimental plots were irrigated during the dry season.The forest soils were well aerated. The average soil oxygen content at 20 cm never dropped below 15%. Irrigation in the dry season resulted in treatment effects on soil oxygen and water that persisted throughout the rainy season. The late rainy season soil oxygen content at 20 cm was 18.2% in the control plots and 16.8% in the irrigated plots. The late rainy season soil water content at 0–10 cm was 0.34 m3 m-3 in the control plots and 0.36–0.37 m3 m-3 in the irrigated plots. In the control plots, in the absence of any experimental manipulation, the soil physical properties changed within a single rainy season. Specifically, soil oxygen dropped and soil water increased during the eight-month rainy season.The observed alterations in soil physical properties probably resulted from changes in soil structure and the abundance of large pores. The rainy season or irrigation may decrease soil porosity by dispersing aggregates of soil particles, whereas soil desiccation during the dry season may enhance the formation of aggregates and large pores. As a result, the irrigated soils held more water and were less permeable to gas and water than soils experiencing a normal dry season. We conclude that the dry season may play an important role in maintaining soil structure.

scholarly journals Using Soil Water Stable Isotopes to Investigate Soil Water Movement in a Water Conservation Forest in Hani Terrace

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3520
Author(s):  
Huimei Pu ◽  
Weifeng Song ◽  
Jinkui Wu
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Soil Water Movement

Water conservation forests significantly contribute to the stability of mountain agricultural ecosystems in Hani Terrace. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between the stable isotopic composition of soil water and precipitation to determine the mechanisms of soil water movement in the small watershed of Quanfuzhuang. We observed significant seasonal variations in soil water sources: antecedent precipitation was the dominant supply during the dry season, and current precipitation dominated during the rainy season. The recharge ratio of precipitation to soil water in the grassland was significantly higher than that in the arbor land and shrubland. The influence of water infiltration, old and new soil water mixing, and soil evaporation on the soil water stable isotopes gradually decreased from the surface (0–20 cm) to the deep (60–80 cm) soil. We observed significant seasonal variability in average soil water δ18O in the upper 0–60 cm and lower variability at 60–100 cm. The average soil water δ18O was generally higher in the dry season than in the rainy season. The mixing of old and new water is a continuous and cumulative process that is impacted by soil structure, soil texture, and precipitation events. We therefore identified a significant time delay in soil water supply with increasing soil depth. Moreover, the piston flow of soil water co-occurred with preferential flow, and the latter was the dominant supply during the rainy season.

Croton blanchetianus modulates its morphophysiological responses to tolerate drought in a tropical dry forest

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keila R. Mendes ◽  
João A. A. Granja ◽  
Jean P. Ometto ◽  
Antônio C. D. Antonino ◽  
Rômulo S. C. Menezes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Tropical Dry Forest ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Dry Tropical Forests ◽  
Use Efficiency

An understanding of variations in morphophysiological leaf traits of plant models in dry tropical forests is essential for quantifying C fluxes from forest ecosystems in response to climate changes. The present study evaluated the influences of seasonal rainfall and different light conditions on the gas exchange, nutrients, organic compounds and morphological traits in Croton blanchetianus Baill. trees within a fragment of Caatinga forest. Stomatal conductance (gs) and net photosynthesis (PN) demonstrated variations within the diurnal cycle, with maximum values at approximately midday and minimum values at predawn. The PN and the diurnal integrated CO2 assimilation were lower during the dry season than in the rainy season. Water use efficiency was positively correlated with PN (r = 0.73) during the dry season only. However, the correlation between PN and gs was observed during the rainy season only (r = 0.60). Thus we demonstrated that C. blanchetianus has a remarkable ability to adapt to global climatic changes and could be considered a model in studies exploring water relationships in woody plants; consequently, this species may be important in future reforestation studies.

scholarly journals Chemical composition of faveleira (Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus) seeds collected in different seasons

Revista CERES ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovilma Maria Soares de Medeiros ◽  
Penha Patrícia Cabral Ribeiro ◽  
Erika Paula Silva Freitas ◽  
Jéssica Anarellis Barbosa dos Santos ◽  
Karla Suzanne Florentino da Silva Chaves Damasceno
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Nutritional Content ◽  
Caatinga Vegetation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Seasons

ABSTRACT Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus, popularly known as favela or faveleira, is a species of the caatinga vegetation highly resistant to drought, with high nutritional content, and having several uses. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of different seasons on the chemical composition of faveleira seeds in the region of Seridó/RN. The seeds collected in different seasons were separated into 3 lots (lot 1 - rainy season; lot 2 - initial dry season; lot 3 - prolonged dry season), ground, and analyzed for moisture, ash, lipids, protein, and carbohydrates. The chemical analysis the seeds showed predominance of lipids and proteins. The results showed that moisture was significant different (p < 0.05) between all the lots; the ash content in lot 1 was significantly (p < 0.05) lower (4.67 ± 0.18) than lot 3 (4.96 ± 0.08); and protein content was highest in lot 3 (30.42 ± 1.63) and significantly (p < 0.05) different from the others. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) for lipids between the lots, with lot 2 showing the lowest content (21.57 ± 0.37). Significant difference (p < 0.05) was also found for carbohydrates between the lots, with lot 1 (14.37 ± 1.83) having the lowest content and lot 2 (39.17 ± 0.52) the highest content. The differences observed between the lots are attributed to the harvest of the seeds in different seasonal periods. The results show that the seasonal period influences the nutritional value of faveleira seeds, and that better forms of use need to be identified according to the period of harvesting.

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