Pediatric infectious diseases admissions: Sex differences and seasonal variations

Objective: This study set out to assess sex differences and seasonal variations in Pediatric Infectious Diseases (PID) admissions. Methods: One year retrospective study of PID admissions was conducted among children aged one month to 15 years. Relevant information retrieved from patients’ hospital records were dates of admission and discharge, age, sex, final PID diagnoses and outcome. Results: Of 1,035 patients’ records assessed, 603 (58.3%) were males and 432 (41.7%) females (p<0.001). Males in ages 1-12 and 13-59 months contributed largely to the gender difference. Over the 12 months period, PID admissions mean was 86.25±21.92, with rainy and dry seasons means of 92.57±20.7 and 77.4±20.9, respectively (p<0.001). Ages 13-19, 60-119 and ≥120 months had significantly higher admissions mean during the rainy season (p<0.001 in each group), while higher admissions occurred among ages 1-12months in dry season (p<0.001). Top six PID managed were malaria, gastroenteritis, pneumonia, septicemia, meningitis and typhoid, and males had higher incidence in all except for typhoid, with only malaria having significant difference (p<0.001). Malaria, septicemia and typhoid incidence were higher significantly during the rainy season, while gastroenteritis occurred more in the dry season. Overall fatality rate was 4.6%; females and males rates were 6.3% and 3.5%, respectively (p=0.661). Rainy and dry seasons mortality means were 5±1.77 and 2.6±0.8, respectively (p<0.001). Conclusion: Male children were more vulnerable to PID, with significant higher malaria incidence among them than females. PID incidence and mortality were significantly higher during the rainy season than dry. Malaria and gastroenteritis occurred significantly in rainy and dry seasons, respectively.

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The Distribution of Malaria with Seasonal in Kokap Yogyakarta 2012-2017

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202015101018 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 151 ◽

pp. 01018

Author(s):

Raden A.K. Lestari ◽

Novyan Lusiyana ◽

Fitria S. Nurochmah

Keyword(s):

Rainy Season ◽

Malaria Incidence ◽

Health Centre ◽

Dry Season ◽

Primary Health Centre ◽

Vector Borne Diseases ◽

Primary Health ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Endemic Areas ◽

The Impact

Kokap is one of the endemic areas of malaria in Yogyakarta. The transmission of malaria was influenced by multiple factors including season. The impact of the rainfall rate in the rainy season was increasing the breeding place of vector-borne diseases, especially malaria. This study aims to describe the case of malaria, the relationship with season and mapping of endemic areas of malaria in Kokap I Primary Health Centre at Kulon Progo in 2012-2017. This is a descriptive epidemiological study with an ecological study approach. The study population was malaria cases in Kokap I Primary Health Centre. Data were analyzed descriptively and then mapped based on the endemic areas. The result showed 245 cases of malaria consisting of 136 men (55.5%) and 109 women (44.5%), on which 166 of them were in 15-45 years age group (67.7%). There were 59.2% of patients were positive of P. vivax infection and 40% of patients were positive of P. falciparum. Malaria cases in 2012-2017 at rainy season, moist season, dry season were 109, 59 and 77 respectively. Malaria cases were increased from October to April which is the rainy season, but there is no significant difference between rainy season and dry season with the incidence of malaria (p=0.316). Kalirejo village was found as a medium-high endemic village, while Hargomulyo and Hargorejo Villages were lowmedium endemic villages. During 2012-2017, we found that malaria in Kokap was dominated with P. vivax infection and the malaria incidence was increased in the rainy season.

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Bovine trypanosomosis in Gimbi district of Western Oromia, Ethiopia

Animal Biology ◽

10.1163/157075610x491653 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 60 (2) ◽

pp. 123-131 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ashenafi Hagos ◽

Hailu Yacob ◽

Asoke Basu ◽

Degneh Efrem

Keyword(s):

Sea Level ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Age Groups ◽

Trypanosoma Congolense ◽

Dry Season ◽

Major Health Problem ◽

Major Health ◽

Glossina Morsitans Submorsitans ◽

Bovine Trypanosomosis ◽

Significant Difference

AbstractA study on the epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis was conducted from September 2006 to April 2007 in six villages of the Gimbi district in west Wollega zone of Ethiopia. The prevalence of the disease, the apparent densities and distribution of tsetse and other biting flies in two seasons, the dry and rainy, were determined. The results of a questionnaire survey from 80 farmers revealed that trypanosomosis was a major health problem affecting animals and impeding agricultural activities.A total of 568 blood samples were collected from randomly selected animals (280 animals in rainy and 288 in dry season) and revealed the presence of Trypanosoma congolense Broden, 1904 and T. vivax Zieman, 1905 in the area. Trypanosoma congolense was the dominant species that accounted for 66.2% of the infections. The mean packed cell volume (PCV) concentrations were 22.77% (95% CI =19.99-21.55) in parasitaemic and 25.25% (95% CI=24.88-25.61) in aparasitaemic animals with a significant difference (P<0.005). There was a significant (P<0.012) difference in trypanosome infection between age groups of cattle, being higher in adults. The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was 12.5%, while the disease prevalence was higher during the rainy season (15 %) than the dry season (10.1%). In three villages of lowland areas (below 1600 meter above sea level), a higher prevalence was recorded 20.9% and 7.9% as compared to three villages of midland areas (≥ 1600 meter above sea level) 11.8% and 8.3% in late rainy and dry season, respectively.A fly-survey was conducted by using 80 monoconical pyramidal traps and revealed that two tsetse species, namely Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead and Glossina tachinoides Westwood were found along with other biting flies (Tabanus, Haematopota and Stomoxys species). Higher numerical catches of Glossina were recorded in late rainy season and the apparent density was positively correlated (r=0.5171) with the prevalence of infection.

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Cadmium, Cobalt, Lead and Zinc Levels in Soil and Edible Vegetables in Yala Urban Area of Cross River State, Nigeria

Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management ◽

10.4314/jasem.v24i5.16 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 835-838

Author(s):

M.A. Akpe ◽

P.U. Ubua ◽

I.B. Onyebuenyi

Keyword(s):

Urban Area ◽

Dry Season ◽

World Health ◽

Chemistry Laboratory ◽

Average Level ◽

Cross River ◽

Cross River State ◽

Flame Atomic Absorption ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Dry Seasons

The average level of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in the soil and edible vegetables samples collected randomly in Yala Urban Area of Cross River State was determined using flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. The samples were digested and analyzed for the metals level or concentration in Chemistry Laboratory, University of Calabar. The eight vegetables selected for the study were Amaranthus spp., Corchorusolitorius, Murraya koenigii, Ocimum grattissimum, Solanum melongena, Talinum triangulare, Telferia occidentalis and Vernonia amygdalina. The results indicated that the average level of the metals in the soil in mgkg-1 ranged from (0.005-0.021) and (0.004-0.019) in rainy and dry seasons respectively for Cadmium, (0.162- 0.475) and (0.163- 0.472) in rainy and dry season respectively for Cobalt, and (0.434-1.030) and (0.432-1.027) in rainy and dry season respectively for Zinc. Also, the average level of the metals accumulated by the vegetables in mgkg-1 ranged from (0.002-0.009) and (0.001- 0.007) in rainy and dry season respectively for Cadmium, (0.050-0.198) and (0.048-0.195) in rainy and dry season respectively for Cobalt, and (0.158-0.383) and (0.156-0.380) in rainy and dry season respectively for Zinc. The level of Lead in the soil or vegetables was not detected. The average level of metals accumulated by the vegetables and that present in the soil was in the order: Zinc > Cobalt > Cadmium > Lead. These results revealed that there is no significant difference between the level of metals in the soil or that accumulated by the vegetables in rainy and dry seasons of the year. Also the level of metals accumulated by most of the vegetables was directly proportional to the amount present in the soil where they are planted. The Target Hazard Quotients of these metals was less than 1. These results imply that the concentration of Cadmium, Cobalt, Zinc and Lead in the soil and vegetables were still low and within the permissible limits of World Health Organization. Thus, the consumption of the vegetables in the area may not pose any health risk for now. Keywords: Heavy metals, Concentration, Soil, Edible vegetables.

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The invertebrate colonization during decomposition of Eichhornia azurea kunth in a lateral lake in the mouth zone of Paranapanema River into Jurumirim Reservoir (São Paulo, Brazil)

Brazilian Journal of Biology ◽

10.1590/s1519-69842002000200014 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 62 (2) ◽

pp. 293-310 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

N. de L. STRIPARI ◽

R. HENRY

Keyword(s):

Decomposition Rate ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Dry Season ◽

Material Loss ◽

Litter Bags ◽

Eichhornia Azurea ◽

Mouth Zone ◽

Dry Seasons ◽

Invertebrate Colonization

The invertebrate colonization during decomposition of Eichhornia azurea was observed in a lateral lake in the mouth zone of Paranapanema River into Jurumirim Reservoir in two periods of the year. The litter bags method was used for measuring the decomposition rate as well as to evaluate the invertebrates colonization. Forty-two litter bags, measuring 15 × 20 cm in size and 2 mm mesh net, were incubated "in situ". Six litter bags (three for colonization and three for decomposition measurements) were removed after the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th, 28th, 56th and 72nd days of incubation. After each day, the material was carefully cleaned for detritus removal and invertebrate sampling. The biological material was fixed with 4% formaline and then sorted and identified. The remaining plant material was dried in an oven (at 60ºC) and weighed. A fast material loss occurred during the first 24 hours and the decomposition rate was higher during the rainy season than in the dry season. A peak on invertebrate density (110 ind.g.DW--1) on the remaining detritus of Eichhornia azurea was recorded in the 56th day of dry season, when the polyphenol concentration of plant detritus was 0.57 UDO.g.DW--1. In the rainy season, higher density was found in the 28th day of incubation, when the polyphenol concentration was 4.36 UDO.g.DW--1. Apparently, the reduction in the polyphenol concentration was followed by an increase in invertebrate densities. The majority of the species observed in the detritus belongs to the collector group that was dominant after the 7th and 14th days in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively.

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Cyathostomin larvae: presence on Brachiaria humidicola grass during the rainy and dry seasons of Brazil

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ◽

10.1590/s1984-29612012000100006 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 28-31

Author(s):

Claudia Navarro dos Santos ◽

Luciene Soares de Souza ◽

Vivian Suane de Freitas Vieira ◽

Jairo Pinheiro ◽

Maria de Lurdes de Azevedo Rodrigues

Keyword(s):

Climatic Conditions ◽

Dry Season ◽

Southeastern Brazil ◽

Tropical Region ◽

Brachiaria Humidicola ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Dry Seasons ◽

The Mean ◽

Janeiro State ◽

Dry And Rainy Seasons

The presence of cyathostomin larvae is directly associated to climatic conditions of each region. This study aimed to evaluate the ecology of infective larvae on Brachiaria humidicola during the dry and rainy seasons from October 2007 to September 2008 in a tropical region, Rio de Janeiro state, southeastern Brazil. Stools were collected from the rectum of horses naturally infected with cyathostomins at the beginning of the rainy season (October to March) and dry season (April to September). They were divided into four samples of 500 g and deposited on a grass patch of B. humidicola. Seven days later and every 15 days thereafter samples of feces and grass were collected and processed by the Baermann technique. The mean number of larvae recovered from the grass varied according to the season, with greater recovery of larvae during the peak of the dry season (14,700 L3.kg-¹ DM). There was a statistically significant difference between L3 recovered from feces and grass, but not between L3 recovered from the grass base and apex. These results show that the region’s climate favors the development and survival of infective cyathostomin larvae throughout the year, with a greater number of larvae during the dry season.

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Seasonal morphological variability in an in situ Cyanobacteria monoculture: example from a persistent Cylindrospermopsis bloom in Lake Catemaco, Veracruz, Mexico

Journal of Limnology ◽

10.4081/jlimnol.2016.1190 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 75 (s1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Owen Lind ◽

Laura Dávalos-Lind ◽

Carlos López ◽

Martin López ◽

Juli Dyble Bressie

Keyword(s):

Rainy Season ◽

Morphological Variability ◽

Morphological Diversity ◽

Dry Season ◽

Transient Condition ◽

Dry Seasons ◽

Trichome Morphology ◽

Determining Factor

The phrase cyanobacteria bloom implies a transient condition in which one to few species dominates communities. In this paper we describe a condition in which the bloom is of multi-year duration consisting of different morphologies of a single cyanobacteria species. Lake Catemaco, Veracruz, México maintained a year-round massive (108 trichomes L-1) population of potentially toxin-producing cyanobacteria, Cylindrospermopsis spp. The trichomes are present as straight and coiled morphotypes. The relative trichome morphology abundance varied with rainy (June – October) and dry seasons (November – May), but total trichome abundance did not vary. Coiled trichomes and heterocytes (occurring only on coiled trichomes) were significantly more abundant, both absolutely and relatively, during the dry season. Both coiled trichome and heterocyte mean volumes were significantly smaller during the rainy season than during the dry season. Biovolumes were largest in January when water temperature was 5º C cooler suggesting buoyancy as a morphology-determining factor. However, with a more than three-fold lower TIN concentration during the dry season, we hypothesized that the coiled morphotype became abundant primarily because it formed heterocytes, which the straight morphotype did not. Spatial trichome and heterocyte abundance differences were small among the 15 lake sites (average CV for all dates = 20%). However, there was a pattern of increased heterocyte and coiled trichome abundance from lake inflow, as a nitrogen source, to outflow during the rainy season. The total volume of heterocytes per litre of lake water increased progressively four-fold from a minimum early in the rainy season to a maximum at the end of the dry season. Morphological diversity, as seen in Lake Catemaco, can partially compensate for the lack of species diversity in determination of community structure.

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Seasonal Variations in the Pathogenesis of Acute Coronary Syndromes

Journal of the American Heart Association ◽

10.1161/jaha.119.015579 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (13) ◽

Author(s):

Osamu Kurihara ◽

Masamichi Takano ◽

Erika Yamamoto ◽

Taishi Yonetsu ◽

Tsunekazu Kakuta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Variations ◽

Acute Coronary Syndromes ◽

Plaque Rupture ◽

Coronary Risk Factors ◽

Plaque Erosion ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

Calcified Plaque ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Coronary Syndromes

Background Seasonal variations in acute coronary syndromes ( ACS ) have been reported, with incidence and mortality peaking in the winter. However, the underlying pathophysiology for these variations remain speculative. Methods and Results Patients with ACS who underwent optical coherence tomography were recruited from 6 countries. The prevalence of the 3 most common pathologies (plaque rupture, plaque erosion, and calcified plaque) were compared between the 4 seasons. In 1113 patients with ACS (885 male; mean age, 65.8±11.6 years), the rates of plaque rupture, plaque erosion, and calcified plaque were 50%, 39%, and 11% in spring; 44%, 43%, and 13% in summer; 49%, 39%, and 12% in autumn; and 57%, 30%, and 13% in winter ( P =0.039). After adjusting for age, sex, and other coronary risk factors, winter was significantly associated with increased risk of plaque rupture (odds ratio [OR], 1.652; 95% CI, 1.157–2.359; P =0.006) and decreased risk of plaque erosion (OR, 0.623; 95% CI, 0.429–0.905; P =0.013), compared with summer as a reference. Among patients with rupture, the prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher in winter ( P =0.010), whereas no significant difference was observed in the other 2 groups. Conclusions Seasonal variations in the incidence of ACS reflect differences in the underlying pathobiology. The proportion of plaque rupture is highest in winter, whereas that of plaque erosion is highest in summer. A different approach may be needed for the prevention and treatment of ACS depending on the season of its occurrence. Registration URL : https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT 03479723.

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Daily patterns in aerial activity by spinner dolphins in Fernando de Noronha

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315417000327 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 98 (5) ◽

pp. 1151-1157 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R.C. De Carli ◽

F.J.L. Silva ◽

J.M. Silva

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Variations ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Relative Frequency ◽

National Park ◽

Dry Season ◽

Body Parts ◽

Fernando De Noronha ◽

Spinner Dolphins ◽

Daily Patterns

Activities displayed by animals are usually cyclic, and fluctuations in behavioural repertoires can be observed on a daily or seasonal timescale. The present study describes daily and seasonal variations in the aerial events – such as leaps, spins and slaps with body parts – by spinner dolphins in Baía dos Golfinhos, Fernando de Noronha Marine National Park, in Brazil. To measure aerial events by dolphins, we compiled and analysed data collected from January 2006 to December 2010. A total of 113,027 aerial events were recorded during 1431 days of land-based daytime observations. Our results show that the frequency of aerial events was positively correlated with the number of dolphins in the bay. The relative frequency of aerial events was higher in the rainy season, when compared with the dry season. Aerial activities also varied throughout the day, with dolphins being more active in the morning, specifically from 8:00 a.m. to 8:59 a.m., regardless of the season.

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Total mercury in the fish Trichiurus lepturus from a tropical estuary in relation to length, weight, and season

Neotropical Ichthyology ◽

10.1590/s1679-62252011000100018 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 183-190 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Scheyla C. T Barbosa ◽

Monica F Costa ◽

Mário Barletta ◽

David Valença Dantas ◽

Helena A Kehrig ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rainy Season ◽

Total Mercury ◽

River Estuary ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Significant Relation ◽

Tropical Regions ◽

Trichiurus Lepturus ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Dry Seasons ◽

Rich Fauna

The Goiana River Estuary (7º30'S 34º47'W) is a typical estuary of the semi-arid tropical regions. This estuary shelters a rich fauna of fish, crustaceans and mollusks which play an important role in the life of traditional populations. It is also the main recipient of the effluents from the sugarcane agro-industry and sewage from settlements and villages. Trichiurus lepturus (n = 104), from the Goiana Estuary were examined for total mercury contents during ten months (2005 to 2007) spaning two dry seasons and part of a rainy season. The studied individuals showed weight (W) (204.1±97.9 g) and total length (TL) (63.1±10.1 cm, range 29.5-89.0 cm) with a significant (p<0.05) correlation. Correlation between TL and Hg-T (r = 0.37286) and between W and Hg-T (r = 0.38212) were positive and significant (p<0.05). Two-way ANOVA (n = 81) showed that TL and W had significant difference (p<0.05) among seasons. The Hg-T showed differences in relation to the factor season (p<0.05). The correlation between Hg-T and rainfall showed a negative and significant relation (r = -0.56; p<0.05). Rainfall strongly influenced the bioacumulation of mercury in this species. Dryer months showed relatively higher mercury concentrations than the end of the rainy season. Less rainfall, and consequently less particulate matter and less primary production in the estuary, make mercury more bioavailable. Fish from this estuary are fit for human consumption at all times of the year.

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Seasonal morphological variation of the vas deferens of scorpion mud turtle (Kinosternon scorpioides)

Biota Neotropica ◽

10.1590/1676-06032014006413 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Diego Carvalho Viana ◽

Leandro Almeida Rui ◽

Amilton Cesar dos Santos ◽

Maria Angélica Miglino ◽

Antônio Chaves de Assis Neto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Vas Deferens ◽

Microscopic Analysis ◽

Lipid Vesicles ◽

Dry Season ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Cellular Debris ◽

Mud Turtle ◽

Dry Seasons

This study aimed to characterize the morphology of the vas deferens ofKinosteron scorpioides by macroscopic and microscopic analysis. Were used 20 adult male jurarás collected at regular intervals during the year and divided into four experimental groups in the rainy and dry seasons, being processed for light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Morphometry for tubular and luminal diameters and epithelial height were also performed. On rainy season, vas deferens presented pseudostratified epithelium with cylindrical cells, spermatozoids and milky fluid in the lumen, with cytoplasmic organelles and lipid vesicles. On dry season, epithelium was pseudostratified with cuboid cells, with cellular debris and no spermatozoids. There was significant variation (p<0,05) for morphometry of vas deferens, with lower values of tubular and luminal diameters on rainy season, and higher epithelial height on dry season.

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