264. The effect of variations in the fat percentage and in the reaction (pH) of milk media on the heat resistance of certain milk bacteria

1940 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes. A. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Heat Resistance ◽  
General Information ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Glass Capillary ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Trial Test ◽  
Special Studies

1. A review of the literature shows that the destruction of living microorganisms by heat is a complex process, and that the problem is particularly difficult when it is applied to the heat resistance of spores.2. The problems involved in the method of heating and in the choice of a container for the inoculated substrate for heat-resistance tests are discussed, with special reference to the difficulties encountered at high temperatures such as are used in studies with spores of aerobic bacteria. Four different types of containers, namely, (a) glass capillary tubes, (b) glass ampoules or bulbs, (c) glass Pasteur pipettes and (d) corked test tubes, have been tested, and the latter were found to fulfil the necessary requirements.3. A trial test of the heat resistance was conducted on nearly forty strains of aerobic sporeformers isolated from canned milk products, in order to obtain general information regarding the difficulties which might be expected in later and more detailed studies. Many of the strains were found to be exceedingly heat resistant. No dormancy was apparent when the spores were heated and subsequently incubated in milk products. “Skips” were only observed to any great extent among strains ofB. licheniformis.4. Special studies of the heat resistance of three strains ofB. subtiliswhich had produced bitterness and thinning in canned cream were made. Details are given of the methods of preparing spore suspensions for these tests and of preparing the substrates for subsequent inoculation in such a way that equal concentrations of spores are present in the final subsamples.5. The effect of the reaction of the substrate on the destruction of two of these strains ofB. subtilisby heat has been examined, but over the narrow range of pH. tested the results, which have been expressed as survival percentages, lack consistency.

scholarly journals Lysyl Oxidase Mechanisms to Mediate Gastrointestinal Cancer Progression

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Ahmadshah Farhat ◽  
Gordon A. Ferns ◽  
Korosh Ashrafi ◽  
Mohammad-Hassan Arjmand
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Lysyl Oxidase ◽  
Ecm Remodeling ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Fibrotic Diseases ◽  
Gi Cancers ◽  
Improvement In Survival

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Malignancy is a complex process resulting from different changes such as extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and stiffness. One of the important enzymes that contribute to ECM remodeling is lysyl oxidase (Lox) that is overexpressed in different types of human cancers. Because of the high prevalence and poor survival of gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies in this review, we discuss the association between Lox activity and the progression of GI cancers. Lox proteins are a group of extracellular enzymes that catalyzed the cross-linking of collagen and elastin, so they have important roles in the control of structure and homeostasis of ECM. Abnormal activation and expression of the Lox family of proteins lead to changes in the ECM toward increased rigidity and fibrosis. Stiffness of ECM can contribute to the pathogenesis of cancers. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> Dysregulation of Lox expression is a factor in both fibrotic diseases and cancer. ECM stiffness by Lox overactivity creates a physical barrier against intratumoral concentration of chemotherapeutic drugs and facilitates cancer inflammation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. <b><i>Key Message:</i></b> Because of the roles of Lox in GI cancers, development targeting Lox protein isotypes may be an appropriate strategy for treatment of GI cancers and improvement in survival of patients.

scholarly journals The genetics of amelogenesis imperfecta: a review of the literature

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Cristina Leme Godoy dos Santos ◽  
Sergio Roberto Peres Line
Keyword(s):  
Autosomal Recessive ◽  
Autosomal Dominant ◽  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Matrix Proteins ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Enamel Formation ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Kallikrein 4

A melogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a group of inherited defects of dental enamel formation that show both clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Enamel findings in AI are highly variable, ranging from deficient enamel formation to defects in the mineral and protein content. Enamel formation requires the expression of multiple genes that transcribes matrix proteins and proteinases needed to control the complex process of crystal growth and mineralization. The AI phenotypes depend on the specific gene involved, the location and type of mutation, and the corresponding putative change at the protein level. Different inheritance patterns such as X-linked, autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive types have been reported. Mutations in the amelogenin, enamelin, and kallikrein-4 genes have been demonstrated to result in different types of AI and a number of other genes critical to enamel formation have been identified and proposed as candidates for AI. The aim of this article was to present an evaluation of the literature regarding role of proteins and proteinases important to enamel formation and mutation associated with AI.

scholarly journals Enhancement and assessment of students’ systems thinking skills by application of systemic synthesis questions in the organic chemistry course

2016 ◽  
Vol 81 (12) ◽  
pp. 1455-1471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Hrin ◽  
Dusica Milenkovic ◽  
Mirjana Segedinac ◽  
Sasa Horvat
Keyword(s):  
Organic Chemistry ◽  
Systems Thinking ◽  
Higher Order Thinking ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
School Students ◽  
Complex Dimension ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Teaching Learning

Many studies in the field of science education have emphasized the fact that systems thinking is a very important higher-order thinking skill which should be fostered during classes. However, more attention has been dedicated to the different ways of systems thinking skills assessment, and less to their enhancement. Taking this into consideration, the goal of our study was not only to validate secondary school students? systems thinking skills, but also to help students in the complex process of their development. With this goal, new instructional and assessment tools - systemic synthesis questions [SSynQs], were constructed, and an experiment with one experimental (E) and one control (C) group was conducted during organic chemistry classes. Namely, the instructional teaching/learning method for both E and C groups was the same in processing the new contents, but different on classes for the revision of the selected organic chemistry contents. The results showed that students exposed to the new instructional method (E group) achieved higher performance scores on three different types of systems thinking than students from the C group, who were taught by the traditional method. The greatest difference between the groups was found in the most complex dimension of systems thinking construct - in the II level of procedural systems thinking. Along with this dimension, structural systems thinking and I level of procedural systems thinking were also observed.

Milk and Different Types of Milk Products

2013 ◽  
pp. 49-68
Author(s):  
Yantyati Widyastuti ◽  
Andi Febrisiantosa
Keyword(s):  
Milk Products ◽  
Different Types

scholarly journals Solution for the Location of Rock Cutting Elements Relative to the Rotation Center of Geohod

2019 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 03001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valery Nesterov ◽  
Vladimr Aksenov ◽  
Vladimir Sadovets ◽  
Dmitry Pashkov
Keyword(s):  
Cutting Forces ◽  
Complex Shape ◽  
Rock Cutting ◽  
General Information ◽  
Technical Solution ◽  
Helical Surface ◽  
Body Form ◽  
Rotation Center ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Face

The article presents the technical solution for the location of cutting elements relative to the rotation center of Geohod for destructing rocks with a strength up to 1 of Protodyakonov hardness. The relevancy of the research is considered. General information about Geohod is given. The features of working body of Geohod are described, in particular, the formation of a complex shape of the face and the working body, and it is also said that in the case of screw movement of working body of Geohod to the face, the points of working body form a helicoidal (helical) surface. To set the purpose and objectives of the study the geometric parameters of generatrix are justified. The parameter depending on the number of blades and on the radius of location of the blade’s cut is identified. Based on the study, the dependence of the number of blades on their location from the center to the periphery is determined. The design of blade working body of Geohod for rocks with a strength f <1 of Protodyakonov hardness is offered. Also the directions for further research have been identified, which include: the development of methods for calculating cutting forces for a technical solution for the location of cutting elements relative to the center of rotation of Geohod for destructing rocks up to 1 of Protodyakonov hardness; the application of this technique for obtaining variants of the blade working body of Geohod of different types.

Activation of Acetone and Other Simple Ketones in Anaerobic Bacteria

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 152-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann Heider ◽  
Karola Schühle ◽  
Jasmin Frey ◽  
Bernhard Schink
Keyword(s):  
Energy Supply ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Metabolic Intermediate ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Subsequent Degradation ◽  
Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Acetone and other ketones are activated for subsequent degradation through carboxylation by many nitrate-reducing, phototrophic, and obligately aerobic bacteria. Acetone carboxylation leads to acetoacetate, which is subsequently activated to a thioester and degraded via thiolysis. Two different types of acetone carboxylases have been described, which require either 2 or 4 ATP equivalents as an energy supply for the carboxylation reaction. Both enzymes appear to combine acetone enolphosphate with carbonic phosphate to form acetoacetate. A similar but more complex enzyme is known to carboxylate the aromatic ketone acetophenone, a metabolic intermediate in anaerobic ethylbenzene metabolism in denitrifying bacteria, with simultaneous hydrolysis of 2 ATP to 2 ADP. Obligately anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria activate acetone to a four-carbon compound as well, but via a different process than bicarbonate- or CO<sub>2</sub>-dependent carboxylation. The present evidence indicates that either carbon monoxide or a formyl residue is used as a cosubstrate, and that the overall ATP expenditure of this pathway is substantially lower than in the known acetone carboxylase reactions.

Functional and behavioural modelling for dependability in automated production systems

2002 ◽  
Vol 216 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Dangoumau ◽  
A K A Toguyeni ◽  
E Craye
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Critical Problem ◽  
Behavioural Modelling ◽  
Automated Production ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The One ◽  
Management Functions ◽  
Alarm Processing

Within the exploitation of the automated production systems (APS) framework, supervision and monitoring take the dependability into account. In order to reach these objectives, a method is being developed at the Laboratoire d'Automatique et d'Informatique Industrielle de Lille in a supervision and monitoring framework. The main functions are detection, diagnosis, modes management and faults recovery. This paper focuses on two kinds of modelling: functional modelling and behavioural modelling. On the one hand, these models are used to implement the diagnosis and the modes management functions. On the other hand, the complementarity of these models enables them to be used within the alarm processing system framework. Indeed, the design of intelligent alarm processing systems (IAPS) is a critical problem. One common problem is the number of alarms that operators have to manage. This paper focuses on the problem of the management of avalanches of alarms after the occurrence of failures in a complex process. To deal with this problem, different types of alarm are defined from the functional and behavioural modelling of the process to be surveyed. Filtering rules, based on the concepts of validation and inhibition, are also proposed.

Evaluating Causation for the Opposite Upper Limb

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
J. Mark Melhorn ◽  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Charles N. Brooks ◽  
Christopher R. Brigham
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
General Information ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Key Phrases ◽  
Injury Causation ◽  
Contralateral Shoulder

Abstract Workers’ compensation and personal injury claims often become embroiled in debates about the cause of the clinical presentation. When the primary claim involves an extremity, affected individuals sometimes report subsequent symptoms in the contralateral, previously “normal” limb and often attribute its onset to overuse while favoring the initially involved extremity; such an overuse hypothesis seems plausible, and perhaps intuitively obvious, to some. The concept that favoring one upper limb can result in injury to or illness in the other is not based on scientific evidence and instead is an unsupportable myth. Determining relationships between risk factors or exposures and medical conditions is a complex process that is outlined in the Guides to the Evaluation of Disease and Injury Causation (Causation). A search on PubMed and MEDLARS using the key phrases “opposite uninjured arm” and “uninjured arm” returned only six relevant articles, and the authors report that claims of serious or persisting painful syndromes in the arm or hand opposite the injured one are seldom adequately supported by clinical evidence. Similarly, the literature does not support “favoring” as a reasonable cause for development of symptoms in the contralateral shoulder or elbow. Epidemiological studies can provide general information regarding risk; this information must be filtered by specific steps to assess causal association for a disorder and determine if the injury is work related. Findings then can be applied to the specific individual.

Extraction and Clustering of Adverse Drugs: Using Twitter Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 2193-2196
Author(s):  
V. Loganathan ◽  
S. Godfrey Winster
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
General Information ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The Public ◽  
Twitter Data ◽  
The People ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
The Common

Social media is a place where one can create, update and share both the Public/Private Messages and Updates through various Platforms to several communities. It plays a vital role in our Traditional and Cultural Values. There are different types of Media Platform in which one can communicate and gets interacted with each other. But many of the people prefer social media like LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter, Various Creative and Non Creative blogs and Various YouTube channels. There is a huge transformation in the field of Medicine with marvelous up gradation of speed in social media networking for the common public. People make use of these social media platform to seek general information regarding medicine and diseases and its symptoms.

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