Effect of fibre level in the diet of the dairy cow on milk yield and composition

1971 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Gordon ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Fibre Intake ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Milk Output ◽  
High Fibre

SummaryThirty-six lactating cows were used in a 3×2 factorial design experiment to study the effects of level of energy and fibre intake on milk yield and composition over an 8-week experimental period. Three levels of fibre intake — 1g of crude fibre per 25, 17·5 and 10 kcal of estimated metabolizable energy (ME) requirements — were given in diets supplying both 80 and 100% of energy requirements. The level of energy intake significantly affected milk yield, milk energy output and the percentage solids-not-fat (SNF) and protein in the milk. The effects of fibre intake on both milk yield and milk energy output were marked but not significant. Fibre intake had a significant curvilinear effect on both the SNF and protein in the milk with the highest fibre intake resulting in a significant decrease in both fractions. A significant linear decrease was obtained in the lactose fraction as the fibre intake increased.The total volatile fatty acid (VFA) level in the rumen was significantly affected by both energy and fibre intake. The level of energy intake only significantly affected the proportion of propionic acid. Fibre intake significantly affected the proportion of both acetic and butyric acids resulting in mean proportions of acetic acid of 66, 70 and 72 at the low, medium and high fibre intakes. The correlations between the rumen acids and lactation efficiencies are also presented.Multiple regression analysis within each fibre level has been used to partition the ME available for production between that used for milk energy output and liveweight change. The results showed efficiencies of utilization of ME for milk output of 66, 65 and 56 on the low, medium and high fibre diets respectively.Nitrogen balance data are presented.

The associative effect of level of energy and protein intake in the dairy cow

1970 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Gordon ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Low Protein

SummaryEight lactating cows were used in a Latin square experiment, to study the associative effects of level of energy and protein intake on milk yield and composition. Four diets were used, supplying 80 and 120% of estimated energy requirements and 80 and 120% of estimated protein requirements. The level of energy intake significantly affected milk yield, milk energy output, percentage butterfat, ash and non-protein nitrogen. The level of protein intake only significantly affected milk energy output and the non-protein nitrogen content of the milk. Although only the interaction of the effects of energy and protein intake on the milk content of solidsnot-fat (SNF) and ash was significant, it was evident that the effect of each of these factors on milk yield or composition was related to the level of the other in the diet.Input-output relationships within each protein level were used to compute the response in milk energy output and bodyweight change to a change in energy intake. These showed a greater partitioning of additional energy toward milk energy output with the high than with the low protein level. Multiple regression analysis within each level of protein intake was used to partition energy intake between that used for maintenance, milk energy output and liveweight change. The results showed efficiencies of utilization of metabolizable energy for milk output of 63 and 50% on the high- and low-protein diets, respectively.Nitrogen balance data are presented.

The utilization of wilted and unwilted silages by lactating cows and the influence of changes in the protein and energy concentration of the supplement offered

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Gordon ◽  
A. C. Peoples
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Period Change ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Total Diet

ABSTRACTTwenty-four lactating British Friesian cows were used in a four-period partially balanced change-over design experiment to evaluate eight treatments consisting of two silage types (wilted and unwilted), each offered in addition to supplements containing both two crude protein (CP) levels (160 and 210 g/kg fresh weight) and two energy levels (10·8 and 12·9 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) per kg fresh weight) obtained by including 100 g spray-dried tallow per kg, in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. All supplements were offered at ttie same rate of 6·8 kg/day and total diet digestibility and food utilization studies were carried out on all animals at the end of the final period of the experiment. A separate two-period change-over design expeximent, using two lactating cows fitted with rumen cannulae, was undertaken to determine the influence of the two silages on volatile fatty acid (VFA) proportions in the rumen and to measure the rates of disappearance of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen in the silages and supplements from the rumen.There were no significant interactions between silage and supplement type in terms of animal performance. Animals offered unwilted silage consumed proportionately 003 less DM but produced 0·03 more milk than those offered wilted silage. Although total diet digestibility was not influenced by silage type because of the higher gross energy concentration of the unwilted silage the ME intake with this diet was higher than with the diet based on wilted silage and the ratios of milk energy output to ME available for production (0·54) were similar with both silages. Silage type had no effect on the rumen VFA proportions but influenced the jates of disappearance of DM and nitrogen from the rumen.Increasing the CP concentratioryof the supplement had no effect on the intake of silage DM but resulted in a significant incrase in milk yield (0·55 kg/day) but due to a reduction in milk fat concentration there was np etfect on yield of either fat-corrected milk or milk energy. The use of the higher energy supplement depressed the intake of silage DM by 0·46 kg/day but resulted in an increase in milk yield of 0·74 kg/day. Neither CP nor energy concentration of the supplement had any effect on DM or energy digestibility of the total diet but there were considerable differences between supplements in the patterns of nitrogen and DM disappearance from the rumen.

The effect of protein content on the response of lactating cows to level of concentrate feeding

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Output ◽  
Four Levels

SUMMARYSeventy-two lactating dairy cows were used in a 4x 3 factorial experiment to assess the effects of the protein content of concentrates on the response to concentrate feeding level. Concentrates containing 12,18 and 24% crude protein in the dry matter were given at each of four levels of feeding: 0·25, 0·36, 0·47 and 0·58 kg/kg milk for a 7-week experimental period. Milk yield, milk energy output, liveweight change and the percentage solids-not-fat and protein in the milk were significantly affected by both the level of concentrate feeding and the protein content of the concentrate. Response curves for the effect of level of concentrate feeding on milk output and liveweight change were computed for each of the three protein levels, and although there was no significant interaction between these two main factors the benefit from increased protein in the concentrate was shown to depend partly on the level of feeding at which the concentrate was used. At low feeding levels the response to an increase in protein content of the concentrate tended to be smaller than that obtained at high feeding levels. At no stage was there any marked response to protein content in the concentrate above 18%. The response curves have been used to demonstrate the interchangeability of level of concentrate feeding and protein content of the concentrate as means of supporting a given level of milk production.

Increasing Energy Ration of Bali Cattle to Improve Digestible Nutrient, Milk Yield and Milk Quality

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Ni Nyoman Suryani ◽  
I Wayan Suarna ◽  
Ni Putu Sarini ◽  
I Gede Mahardika
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Parent Body ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Increase Energy Intake ◽  
Bali Cattle

To determine the effect of energy levels on digestible nutrient, milk production and milk quality of 7 months pregnant Bali cattle, was the purpose of this study. The study was conducted in Bali, Province of Indonesia on 12 pregnant breeding phase of pre-calving (2 months before the birth) with the parent body weight 329-340 kg/head. The treatment given is four types of Metabolizable Energy (ME) levels: 2000, 2100, 2200 and 2300/kg respectively as treatment A, B, C, and D. All ration contain 10% of crude protein. Variables measured: energy intake, digestible nutrient, milk yield, and milk quality. This research is a randomized block design. The results showed that increase energy ration until 2300 kcal ME/kg would significantly (P<0.05) increase energy intake and highest at cattle consumed ratio D is 22239.55 kcal/day. However, digestible nutrient was not affected. Milk production increased with increasing energy rations and highest (P<0.05) at cattle received treatment D is 2179.83 ml/day compared to treatment A 936.67 ml/day. Milk fat and milk lactose also highest (P<0.05) in treatment D are 8.56% and 4.76% respectively. Based on these results, it can be concluded that increase energy ration will increase energy intake, milk yield and milk fat and milk lactose of Bali cattle. 

A comparison of starchy and fibrous concentrates for milk production, energy utilization and hay intake by Friesian cows

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Sutton ◽  
J. A. Bines ◽  
S. V. Morant ◽  
D. J. Napper ◽  
D. J. Givens
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Concentrate Inclusion ◽  
Friesian Cows

SummaryTwenty-four Friesian cows were allocated to one of four diets for weeks 3–14 of lactation following 2 weeks on a common diet. The diets (kg air-dry feed/day) were 7–2 kg hay and 10·8 kg either starchy or fibrous concentrates (60S and 60F) or 3·5 kg hay and 14·0 kg either starchy or fibrous concentrates (80S and 80F). Rumen samples were taken by stomach tube in weeks 10 and 12 of lactation and the digestibility of the diets was measured with four cows per treatment during weeks 13 and 14. The digestibility of the same feeds was also measured in sheep at maintenance.The principal carbohydrate constituents of the concentrates were barley, wheat and cassava in the starchy concentrates and citrus pulp, sugar-beet pulp and wheat feed in the fibrous concentrates. The concentrates were designed to have similar concentrations of metabolizable energy (ME) and the diets were planned to provide similar intakes of digestible energy and crude protein.Milk yield and composition were very similar for treatments 60S and 60F. With the higher proportion of starchy concentrates (80S), milk yield was about 20% greater than on 60S, fat concentration fell severely but protein and lactose concentrations were unaffected. With the higher proportion of fibrous concentrates (80F), milk yield and the protein and lactose concentration were similar to values on 60F but fat concentration was lower, though not nearly so low as on 80S. Milk energy yield was reduced by the higher proportion of concentrates but was unaffected by type of carbohydrates. Live-weight changes were small.In both the sheep, consuming at maintenance, and the lactating cows consuming at about 3 times maintenance, digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and energy was higher with the higher concentrate diets but was unaffected by type of concentrate. The digestibility of fibre was greater with the fibrous concentrates but the effect of level of concentrate inclusion was inconsistent. Digestibility coefficients were consistently lower for the lactating cows than for the sheep.The proportion of acetic acid in the rumen volatile fatty acids in the cows was higher and the proportion of propionic acid was lower with the fibrous concentrates. The differences were much greater with the higher proportion of concentrates.During weeks 15–22 of lactation the cows were reallocated to concentrate treatments and given hay ad libitum. Hay intake was about 1 kg/day higher with the fibrous concentrates but the difference was not significant. Hay intake fell by about 0·6 kg/kg concentrate intake for both concentrate types. No significant differences in milk yield or composition were established, probably because of incomplete adaptation even after 8 weeks.It is concluded that at concentrate intakes of about 10 kg/day, the source of carbohydrate in the concentrates has little effect on milk production when the concentrates are of similar ME concentration. However, at higher levels of concentrate inclusion, although the diets may have similar ME concentrations, important differences in the yields of fat, protein and lactose occur due to carbohydrate source and these can be related to differences in rumen fermentation.

SUPPLEMENTATION WITH PROTECTED LIPID AS A MEANS OF ALLEVIATING "SPRING PASTURE" INDUCED MILK FAT DEPRESSION

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 707-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Milk Fat Depression ◽  
Average Decrease ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Percentage Unit ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Daily Milk

Thirty-six lactating cows, after their first week on spring pasture, were subdivided into three groups of 12 cows each and assigned to one of three pelleted grain mixtures containing 0, 5 or 10% protected lipid. These grain mixtures were fed in the milking parlor at the rate of 1.0 kg/4.0 kg of milk yield for a period of 14 days and then the cows were switched to the next ration in the sequence. Milk yield and grain intake were recorded daily. Milk samples for fat, protein and lactose determinations were taken during the last week of the drylot feeding period, during the preliminary pasture period and on the last 2 days of each experimental period. The change in feeding system from drylot to pasture resulted in an average decrease of 0.65 and 0.10 percentage units in milk fat and lactose contents, respectively, and an increase of 0.27 of a percentage unit in protein content. Refusals of the grain mixture were greater (P < 0.05) but milk yields per kilogram of grain intake were higher (P < 0.05) for grain mixtures containing 10% protected lipid than for the control ration. Protected lipid was not effective in countering the milk fat depression caused by the onset of the spring grazing season. The feeding of protected lipid at the rate of 5 and 10% resulted in only a 10 and 27% recovery in total fat yield compared to cows fed the control ration.

The influence of mineral granulated complex on milk productivity and quality indicators of cows’ milk

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
S. I. Nikolaev ◽  
D. A. Randelin ◽  
N. M. Kostomakhin ◽  
Yu. M. Batrakova ◽  
K. S. Arstanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Control Group ◽  
New Mineral ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Nonfat Milk ◽  
Group A ◽  
Milk Solids

The purpose of the research was to study the effectiveness of the use of rations for freshly calved cows during the increasing the milk yield period with the use of new mineral granulated complexes produced by Uralchem LLC. The results of research on the replacement of the mineral part of the vitamin and mineral premix in the rations of lactating cows with the mineral granular complex developed according to two recipes have been presented in the article. Research has shown that cows of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups during the experiment period gave more milk than their herdmates from the control group by 70,8 (P ≥ 0,95) and 106,2 kg (P ≥ 0,95). Due to the higher milk yield of animals that consumed the granulated complex, the yield of milk fat was greater than that of the control analogues by 3,21 (P ≥ 0,95) and 5,17 kg (P ≥ 0,95), protein by 2,70 and 4,30 kg (P ≥ 0,95). The milk yield of cows of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups for 305 days of lactation was higher than in the control group, respectively, by 205,3 (P ≥ 0,95) and 296,8 kg (P ≥ 0,95). In the milk of cows that consumed the granulated complex, there was a tendency for a higher content of dry matter (0,09 and 0,16 %), lactose (0,01 and 0,06 %), nonfat milk solids (0,09 and 0,07 %), ash (0,05 and 0,05 %) in comparison with analogues from the control group. A similar trend has been established between groups of cows in terms of milk density, acidity and rennet coagulability. The revenue from the sale of milk produced from cows of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups was more than in the control group for the experimental period (120 days) by 2074,6 and 3344,0 rubles and for the 305 days of lactation by 7055,4 and 9950,6 rubles.

The effect of genetic merit and concentrate proportion in the diet on nutrient utilization by lactating dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. FERRIS ◽  
F. J. GORDON ◽  
D. C. PATTERSON ◽  
M. G. PORTER ◽  
T. YAN
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
Gross Energy

Sixty Holstein/Friesian dairy cows, 28 of high genetic merit and 32 of medium genetic merit, were used in a continuous design, 2 (cow genotypes)×4 (concentrate proportion in diet) factorial experiment. High and medium merit animals had Predicted Transmitting Abilities for milk fat plus protein yield, calculated using 1995 as the base year (PTA95 fat plus protein), of 43·3 kg and 1·0 kg respectively. Concentrate proportions in the diet were 0·37, 0·48, 0·59 and 0·70 of total dry matter (DM), with the remainder of the diet being grass silage. During this milk production trial, 24 of these animals, 12 from each genetic merit, representing three animals from each concentrate treatment, were subject to ration digestibility, and nitrogen and energy utilization studies. In addition, the efficiency of energy utilization during the milk production trial was calculated.There were no genotype×concentrate level interactions for any of the variables measured (P>0·05). Neither genetic merit nor concentrate proportion in the diet influenced the digestibility of either the DM or energy components of the ration (P>0·05). When expressed as a proportion of nitrogen intake, medium merit cows exhibited a higher urinary nitrogen output and a lower milk nitrogen output than the high merit cows. Methane energy output, when expressed as a proportion of gross energy intake, was higher for the medium than high merit cows (P<0·05), while urinary energy output tended to decrease with increasing proportion of concentrate in the diet (P<0·05). In the calorimetric studies, neither heat energy production, milk energy output and energy retained, when expressed as a proportion of metabolizable energy intake, nor the efficiency of lactation (kl), were affected by either cow genotype or concentrate proportion in the diet (P>0·05). However when kl was calculated using the production data from the milk production trial the high merit cows were found to have significantly higher kl values than the medium merit cows (0·64 v. 0·59, P<0·05) while k l tended to fall with increasing proportion of concentrate in the ration (P<0·05). However in view of the many assumptions which were used in these latter calculations, a cautious interpretation is required.

An evaluation of an inoculant of Lactobacillus plantarum as an additive for grass silage for dairy cattle

1990 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Mayne
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Absorbent Polymer ◽  
Polymer Treatments

ABSTRACTHerbage from the first regrowth of perennial ryegrass based swards was direct-ensiled following treatment with either an inoculant of Lactobacillus plantarum (Ecosyl, Imperial Chemical Industries pic) at 3·0 1/t, formic acid (850 g/kg) at 2·9 1/t, or no additive (control). During harvesting, alternate loads of inoculant material were treated with an absorbent polymer (ammonium polyacrylamide) at the rate of 1 kg/t herbage and ensiled in separate 100-t capacity silos. The mean dry matter (DM) and water soluble carbohydrate concentrations of herbage used for the four treatments was 157 and 120 g/kg respectively. Lactic acid levels post ensiling increased more rapidly in inoculant-treated herbage than with the other treatments. Formic acid and inoculant-treated silages were well preserved whereas control and inoculant-plus-polymer silages were only moderately well preserved. Losses of DM during ensilage were greater with the formic acid treatment with DM recovery values of 0·78, 0·72, 0·76 and 0·73 for the control, formic acid, inoculant and inoculant-plus-polymer silages respectively. Treatment of herbage with an absorbent polymer prior to ensiling resulted in a proportional reduction in effluent volume of 0·2 whereas formic acid treatment increased effluent flow by 0·28. The silages were evaluated in a changeover design experiment with two periods each of 4 weeks duration, using 24 British Friesian dairy cows. Animals were housed in individual stalls and in addition to the treatment silages, received 5 kg/day of supplement containing 193 g crude protein per kg DM. Silage intakes were increased by proportionately 0·10, 0·14 and 0·05 respectively with the formic acid, inoculant and inoculant-plus-polymer treatments compared with the control. The increased silage intakes with the inoculant treatment were reflected in an increased milk yield of 1·1 kg milk per day whereas formic acid and inoculant-plus-polymer treatments had no significant effect, although formic acid treatment did result in a significant increase in milk fat concentration. There were no major differences between treatments in energy or nitrogen digestibility, when determined on a complete ration basis. In conclusion, a large milk yield response was obtained as a result of treatment of herbage with inoculant prior to ensiling and this resulted from increased silage and hence energy intake. Treatment with formic acid increased silage and energy intake but had no effect on milk energy output.

The Effect of Level of Available Carbohydrate, Offered as a Supplement to a Forage Based Diet, on Intake, Milk Yield and Milk Composition.

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 183-183
Author(s):  
Rosemary Mansbridge
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Micro Organisms

It has been reported (Castlejon and Leaver 1990, Hill and Leaver 1991) that when offered as the sole forage intakes of urea treated whole crop cereals (UWCC) were high. However energy output in milk and liveweight change was less than expected from calculations of energy intake.The level of crude protein (CP) in UWCC is high, typically in the range 200-300 g CP/kg DM. It has been suggested that a non-synchronous supply of available energy and rapidly available nitrogen to the rumen microorganisms was responsible for the low efficiency of utilization reported.The work described here was carried out to determine whether the utilization of diets containing UWCC could be improved by increasing the supply of readily available carbohydrates to the rumen micro-organisms.

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