Growth of morel mushroom mycelium in cheese whey

1981 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naim Kosaric ◽  
Nabuo Miyata
Keyword(s):  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Cheese Whey ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Inoculum Size ◽  
Submerged Cultivation ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
Morel Mushroom

SummaryCheese whey was used as substrate for submerged cultivation of 8 strains of 6 species of edible mushrooms (morel mushroom):Morchella crassipes(3 strains),M. angusticeps, M. rotunda, M. deliciosa, M. esculentaand an unidentifiedMorchellasp. Best growth of morel mushroom mycelium was obtained with one of theM. crassipesstrains. The optimum growth conditions for the selected mycelium were as follows: initial pH, ~ 5·0–5·5; temperature, 25–28°C; inoculum size, 150–250 mg mycelium/100 ml whey; N sources: peptone and yeast extract; trace elements: K and Fe. More than 20 g/l mycelium was harvested in the form of pellets. Some growth kinetics studies were also performed. The initial carbohydrate (lactose) content was reduced from 5 to 0·4% at the end of the cultivation period. The specific growth rate ofM. crassipesATCC 13227 was from 1.0 to 6·4 x 10–2, depending on the growth phase. The harvested biomass contained about 45% protein, 5% fat and 8·5% ash (on a dry-weight basis). Essential amino acid content was comparable to the FAO standard, except for methionine, and unsaturated fatty acids predominated in the fat. The results with whey are compared with previously reported data on morel mushroom mycelium growth on waste sulphite liquors.

scholarly journals THE BIOGENESIS OF MITOCHONDRIA

1968 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Jollow ◽  
G. M. Kellerman ◽  
Anthony W. Linnane
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Phospholipid ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Large Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Growth Media

The growth conditions known to influence the occurrence of mitochondrial profiles and other cell membrane systems in anaerobic cells of S. cerevisiae have been examined, and the effect of the several growth media on the lipid composition of the organism has been determined. The anaerobic cell type containing neither detectable mitochondrial profiles nor the large cell vacuole may be obtained by the culture of the organism on growth-limiting levels of the lipids, ergosterol, and unsaturated fatty acids. Under these conditions, the organism has a high content of short-chain saturated fatty acids (10:0, 12:0), phosphatidyl choline, and squalene, compared with aerobically grown cells, and it is especially low in phosphatidyl ethanolamine and the glycerol phosphatides (phosphatidyl glycerol + cardiolipin). The high levels of unsaturated fatty acids normally found in the phospholipids of the aerobic cells are largely replaced by the short-chain saturated acids, even though the phospholipid fraction contains virtually all of the small amounts of unsaturated fatty acid present in the anaerobic cells. Such anaerobic cells may contain as little as 0.12 mg of ergosterol per g dry weight of cells while the aerobic cells contain about 6 mg of ergosterol per g dry weight. Anaerobic cell types containing mitochondrial profiles can be obtained by the culture of the organism in the presence of excess quantities of ergosterol and unsaturated fatty acids. Such cells have increased levels of total phospholipid, ergosterol, and unsaturated fatty acids, although these compounds do not reach the levels found in aerobic cells. The level of ergosterol in anaerobic cells is markedly influenced by the nature of the carbohydrate in the medium; those cells grown on galactose media supplemented with ergosterol and unsaturated fatty acids have well defined mitochondrial profiles and an ergosterol content (2 mg per g dry weight of cells) three times that of equivalent glucose-grown cells which have poorly defined organelle profiles. Anaerobic cells which are low in ergosterol synthesize increased amounts of squalene.

scholarly journals Chemical compounds of extracts from Sarcodon imbricatus at optimized growth conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Sułkowska-Ziaja ◽  
Agnieszka Szewczyk ◽  
Joanna Gdula-Argasińska ◽  
Halina Ekiert ◽  
Jerzy Jaśkiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Initial Ph

The effect of carbon and nitrogen sources and initial pH and temperature of the medium on the mycelial growth of <em>Sarcodon imbricatus</em> (L.) P. Karst. in axenic liquid culture was investigated. The optimal composition of the medium was found to be: 5% fructose, 1% hydrolysate of casein, 1% yeast extract, and 0.3% KH<span><sub>2</sub></span>PO<span><sub>4</sub></span> at pH = 6 and incubation temperature of 20°C. In this condition the maximum biomass growth was observed, yielding 10.2 g L<sup>−1</sup> of dry weight after 3-week of growth. The medium regarded as optimal for growth of <em>S. imbricatus</em> mycelium was used for the production of the biomass and further chemical analysis. The quantitative and qualitative composition of phenolic acids, fatty acids, and sterols were determined using chromatographic methods. The total content of phenolic acids was 1.86 mg × 100 g<sup>−1</sup> DW, with the largest amount of protocatechuic acid (1.27 mg × 100 g<sup>−1</sup> DW). Nineteen fatty acids were estimated, including five unsaturated fatty acids, e.g., oleic and α-linolenic acid. The analysis of sterols composition revealed the presence of ergosterol and ergosterol peroxide (197.7 and 200.47 mg × 100 g<sup>−1</sup> DW, respectively). These compounds were isolated and confirmed by <sup>1</sup>H-NMR. Presented study constitutes the first report on the accumulation of substances (phenolic acids, fatty acids, and sterols) with multidirectional biological activity in the mycelial axenic culture of <em>Sarcodon imbricatus</em>.

scholarly journals Incorporation of alternative amino acids into cyanophycin by different cyanophycin synthetases heterologously expressed in Corynebacterium glutamicum

AMB Express ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramona Wördemann ◽  
Lars Wiefel ◽  
Volker F. Wendisch ◽  
Alexander Steinbüchel
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Amino Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Lysine Content ◽  
Polyaspartic Acid ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Cyanophycin Synthetase ◽  
Potential Precursor

AbstractCyanophycin (multi-l-arginyl-poly-l-aspartic acid; also known as cyanophycin grana peptide [CGP]) is a biopolymer that could be used in various fields, for example, as a potential precursor for the synthesis of polyaspartic acid or for the production of CGP-derived dipeptides. To extend the applications of this polymer, it is therefore of interest to synthesize CGP with different compositions. A recent re-evaluation of the CGP synthesis in C. glutamicum has shown that C. glutamicum is a potentially interesting microorganism for CGP synthesis with a high content of alternative amino acids. This study shows that the amount of alternative amino acids can be increased by using mutants of C. glutamicum with altered amino acid biosynthesis. With the DM1729 mutant, the lysine content in the polymer could be increased up to 33.5 mol%. Furthermore, an ornithine content of up to 12.6 mol% was achieved with ORN2(Pgdh4). How much water-soluble or insoluble CGP is synthesized is strongly related to the used cyanophycin synthetase. CphADh synthesizes soluble CGP exclusively. However, soluble CGP could also be isolated from cells expressing CphA6308Δ1 or CphA6308Δ1_C595S in addition to insoluble CGP in all examined strains. The point mutation in CphA6308Δ1_C595S partially resulted in a higher lysine content. In addition, the CGP content could be increased to 36% of the cell dry weight under optimizing growth conditions in C. glutamicum ATCC13032. All known alternative major amino acids for CGP synthesis (lysine, ornithine, citrulline, and glutamic acid) could be incorporated into CGP in C. glutamicum.

scholarly journals Application of Bio-Friendly Formulations of Chitinase-Producing Streptomyces cellulosae Actino 48 for Controlling Peanut Soil-Borne Diseases Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Gaber Abo-Zaid ◽  
Ahmed Abdelkhalek ◽  
Saleh Matar ◽  
Mai Darwish ◽  
Muhammad Abdel-Gayed
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Culture Broth ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Particle Size Analyzer ◽  
Cell Pellet

Of ten actinobacterial isolates, Streptomyces cellulosae Actino 48 exhibited the strongest suppression of Sclerotium rolfsii mycelium growth and the highest chitinase enzyme production (49.2 U L−1 min−1). The interaction between Actino 48 and S. rolfsii was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM), which revealed many abnormalities, malformations, and injuries of the hypha, with large loss of S. rolfsii mycelia density and mass. Three talc-based formulations with culture broth, cell-free supernatant, and cell pellet suspension of chitinase-producing Actino 48 were characterized using SEM, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and a particle size analyzer. All formulations were evaluated as biocontrol agents for reducing damping-off, root rot, and pods rot diseases of peanut caused by S. rolfsii under greenhouse and open-field conditions. The talc-based culture broth formulation was the most effective soil treatment, which decreased the percentage of peanut diseases under greenhouse and open-field conditions during two successive seasons. The culture broth formulation showed the highest increase in the dry weight of peanut shoots, root systems, and yielded pods. The transcriptional levels of three defense-related genes (PR-1, PR-3, and POD) were elevated in the culture broth formulation treatment compared with other formulations. Subsequently, the bio-friendly talc-based culture broth formulation of chitinase-producing Actino 48 could potentially be used as a biocontrol agent for controlling peanut soil-borne diseases caused by S. rolfsii.

scholarly journals Xanthones Production in Gentiana dinarica Beck Hairy Root Cultures Grown in Simple Bioreactors

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1610
Author(s):  
Branka Vinterhalter ◽  
Nevena Banjac ◽  
Dragan Vinterhalter ◽  
Dijana Krstić-Milošević
Keyword(s):  
Hairy Root ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Bubble Column ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Gentiana Dinarica ◽  
Hairy Root Clones

The hairy root clones of Gentiana dinarica cl-B, cl-D, cl-3, and cl-14 were cultivated in parallel in diverse simple bioreactors, including temporary immersion systems RITA® (TIS RITA®), bubble column bioreactors (BCB), and Erlenmeyer flasks (EF), and evaluated for biomass production and xanthone content. The obtained results showed that TIS RITA® and BCB containing ½ MS medium with 4% sucrose provided equally good growth conditions in which the majority of the clones displayed the higher percentage of dry matter (DM%), and xanthones norswertianin-1-O-primeveroside (nor-1-O-prim) and norswertianin production than those cultivated in EF. Thin and well branched hairy root clone cl-B grown in BCB for 7 weeks was superior regarding all growth parameters tested, including growth index (19.97), dry weight (2.88 g), and DM% (25.70%) compared to all other clones. Cl-B cultured in TIS RITA® contained the highest amount of nor-1-O-prim (56.82 mg per vessel). In BCB with constant aeration, cl-B accumulated the highest norswertianin content reaching 18.08 mg/vessel. The optimized conditions for cultivation of selected G. dinarica hairy root clones in highly aerated TIS RITA® and BCB systems contribute to the development of bioreactor technology designed for the large scale commercial production of xanthones nor-1-O-prim and norswertianin.

Factors Influencing Geosmin Production by the Cyanobacterium Oscillatoria Brevis

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Naes ◽  
H. C. Utkilen ◽  
A. F. Post
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Limited Growth ◽  
Pigment Synthesis ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Effect Of Inhibitors

Environmental factors affecting geosmin production by Oscillatoria brevis have been investigated under laboratory conditions using continuous culture techniques. Transition from light to nutrient limited growth conditions caused a two-fold decrease in geosmin production. However, geosmin content increased relative to pigment content (chlorophyll a and carotenoids). It has been suggested that geosmin biosynthesis in O. brevis proceeds via the isoprenoid pathway as was found in actinomycetes. Accordingly, we investigated the effect of inhibitors of the intermediate stages in this synthetic pathway in order to study the regulation of geosmin production in relation to pigment synthesis. It was concluded that geosmin seemed to function as an overflow metabolite in this pathway. Due to the only modest changes in geosmin production per dry weight compared to changes in biomass levels during light- or nutrient limited growth, contamination of eutrophic fresh waters with geosmin appears to depend mainly on the species present and its biomass level and only to a limited extent on nutrient enhanced synthesis.

Increased fecundity of the cladoceran Moinodaphnia macleayi on a diet supplemented with a green alga, and its use in uranium toxicity tests

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 389 ◽  
Author(s):  
RV Hyne ◽  
A Padovan ◽  
DL Parry ◽  
SM Renaud
Keyword(s):  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Cichlid Fish ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Scenedesmus Quadricauda ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Ankistrodesmus Falcatus ◽  
Algal Diets ◽  
Chlamydomonas Sp

The effects of two synthetic diets and four algal diets on the survival and fecundity of Moinodaphnia macleayi for use in life-cycle toxicity tests were determined. The synthetic foods were a suspension of blended cichlid fish pellets with powdered alfalfa, either prepared fresh or fermented in natural water for 3 days. The algae, isolated from the habitat of M. rnacleayi in the Alligator Rivers Region, were Selenastrum sp., Ankistrodesmus (falcatus?), Scenedesmus quadricauda and a Chlamydomonas sp. Each alga was tested alone or as a supplement to the fermented synthetic food. The diet that supported the greatest number of young and the highest survival rate over a 5-day period was a combination of the fermented synthetic food and Chlamydomonas sp. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of the lipid fraction of the four algal species showed that Chlamydomonas sp., Selenastrum sp. and Scenedesmus quadricauda had significant concentrations of the highly unsaturated fatty acids 18 : 2(n-6), 18 : 3(n-6) and 18: 3(n-3). In terms of size and dry weight, Chlamydomonas sp. was the smallest of the algal cells studied. The toxicity of uranium to M. macleayi survival, determined under standard conditions, was a lowest-observed-effect concentration (LOEC) of 200 �g L-1 after 48 h and 25 �g L-1 after 5 days.

scholarly journals Modeling of fungal mycelium growth by fourth-class continuous stochastic cellular automaton with continuously defined growth conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 98-102
Author(s):  
Anatoliy Sergeevich Shumilov ◽  
Sergey Alexandrovich Blagodatsky
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Cellular Automaton ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Area Unit ◽  
Fungal Colony

The aim of this work was to simulate the growth and spatial structure of the fungal mycelium using a cellular automaton based on the synthesis of various model approaches. The spatial structure of the mycelium is described in the structural submodel of the cellular automaton, which determines the growth rate in the direction of larger resource amount and the number of branches of the mycelium per area unit. The amount of available substrate determines the probability of unidirectional apical growth. Another, biochemical part of the model allows us to describe the rate of transport of resources into the cell, their transport within the mycelium, and also their excretion, and is intended to describe the vertical and horizontal migration in the soil of two nutrients. The proposed model makes it possible to quantitatively describe such a feature of fungal colony growth as more active absorption of resources by external cells, compared to central ones due to separation of transport resources into active and passive resources. The active transport was described using the Michaelis-Menten kinetics. We were able to simulate the stockpiling of surplus resources and their redistribution over the mycelium after the exhaustion of reserves in the external environment, and also to simulate typical growth patterns of mycelial colonies that were observed in experiments published in the literature.

scholarly journals Extraction and Characterization of Coffee Oil From Instant-Coffee Waste

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hanif ◽  
Fahmi Alif Utama Harahap ◽  
Heru Heru ◽  
Yuli Darni ◽  
Simparmin Br. Ginting
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Instant Coffee ◽  
Coffee Waste ◽  
Coffee Oil ◽  
Economic Stabilization ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The higher demands of fossil energy usage are currently imbalance to its reserves. This issue will give a potency of fossil fuel scarcity that contributes on rising of its cost and disturbing economic stabilization in the future. It is desirable to find another resource which is sustainable and renewable to reduce the dependency on this resource. This study aimed to utilize the oil from instant coffee waste as biodiesel feedstocks. The coffee oil was extracted from instant-coffee waste by Soxhlet extractor and characterized its physical and chemical properties. The solvent extraction through the solid bed of coffee ground performed by five cycles interval using n-hexane as a solvent. Separation processing oil from its hydrocarbon solvent was in a rotary vacuum evaporator and the oil extract collected for further purposes. There was about 17.6% (on a dry weight basis) of coffee oil gained on 20 cycles of extraction. Analysis regarding its physicochemical properties reported that the crude oil has 0.89 g/mL of density, 43.82 mm2/s of kinematic viscosity, 44.47 mg KOH/g of acid value, and 176.40 mg KOH/g of saponification value. The fatty acids composition of the oil provided by GC-MS analyzer showed that unsaturated fatty acids contained, observed as trans-fatty acids rather than cis-fatty acids.

scholarly journals Effect of salicylic acid on pre-transplant acclimatization of native tomato populations

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 480-485
Author(s):  
Wilberth A Poot-Poot ◽  
Rafael Delgado-Martínez ◽  
Sergio Castro-Nava ◽  
Ma Teresa Segura-Martínez ◽  
Alejandro Carreón-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Hypocotyl Length ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
Recorded Data

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid (SA) application on pre-transplant acclimatization of native populations of tomato. SA is a growth regulator that modifies plant growth and development by inducing changes in cell processes, physiology and morphology. Five populations of native tomato were sown in polystyrene trays. Peat moss was used as substrate and plants were maintained at field capacity continuously. After emergence, seedlings were applied during three weeks with different concentration of SA (0.0, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 μM). A completely random experimental design was used with five replications per treatment. The growth parameters evaluated were height, stem diameter, number of leaves, hypocotyl length, shoot fresh and dry weight (leaves and stem), and root length and fresh and dry weight. An analysis of variance was carried out, and means were compared with the Tukey test (5%) using SAS statistical software. The recorded data show that pre-transplant seedlings of each of the evaluated populations responded significantly (P=0.01) to the SA treatments. Also, the comparison of means of each of the factors under study showed positive changes. With the concentrations of 0.5 and 0.1 μM SA, higher values of the studied variables were obtained than with the concentrations 0.01 and 1.0 μM SA. The native tomato populations sprayed with SA at concentrations of 0.5 and 0.1 μM responded positively in terms of seedling growth and development. Based on these findings, SA treatments can help acclimatize and present better growth conditions to the seedlings before being transplanted.

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