Effects of feeding or abomasal infusion of canola oil in Holstein cows. 2. Gene expression and plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin and leptin

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasanth K Chelikani ◽  
David R Glimm ◽  
Duane H Keisler ◽  
John J Kennelly
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Canola Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Abomasal Infusion ◽  
Supplemental Fat

We determined the relative importance of cholecystokinin (CCK), leptin, and fatty acid concentrations in plasma in mediating the satiety effects of supplemental fat in lactating cows. Five ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein cows in late lactation were used in a 3×5 incomplete Latin square design with three treatments: 1) Control: basal diet (CON), 2) Control+supplementation of canola oil at 1 kg/d in the feed (FED) and 3) Control+abomasal infusion of canola oil at 1 kg/d (INF). Relative to CON, feed intake was reduced by INF but not by FED. We provide evidence that both FED and INF treatments stimulated CCK gene expression in the duodenum and elevated plasma CCK concentrations. However, our results did not support a role for CCK in mediating satiety through an endocrine mechanism of action. We speculate that CCK might be acting either through paracrine and/or neurocrine routes to influence feed intake in cattle. Both FED and INF had no effect on the mRNA abundance of leptin, lipoprotein lipase, or acetyl-CoA carboxylase in adipose tissue. Plasma concentrations of leptin, insulin and IGF-I were not altered by FED or INF, indicating that these signals may not be involved in mediating short-term hypophagic effects of dietary fat. Plasma concentrations of 18[ratio ]1n-9 and 18[ratio ]2n-6 were significantly greater for INF than for FED or CON. We conclude that the hypophagic effects of supplemental fat in cattle depend on the amount of unsaturated fatty acids reaching the intestine and that this satiety effect is mediated through CCK, oleic acid and (or) linoleic acid, but leptin is not involved.

Effects of feeding or abomasal infusion of canola oil in Holstein cows 1. Nutrient digestion and milk composition

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasanth K Chelikani ◽  
John A Bell ◽  
John J Kennelly
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Canola Oil ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Nutrient Digestion ◽  
Abomasal Infusion

We determined the effects of feeding canola oil or infusing it into the abomasum on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, duodenal flows of fatty acids, and milk composition in Holstein cows. Five ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein cows in late lactation were used in a 3×5 incomplete Latin square design. Treatments were 1) Control: basal diet (CON), 2) Control+supplementation of canola oil at 1 kg/d in the feed (FED), and 3) Control+abomasal infusion of canola oil at 1 kg/d (INF). Compared with CON, feed intake, ruminal fermentation characteristics, ruminal and total tract digestibilities of nutrients were not significantly affected by FED treatment but duodenal flows and milk concentrations of fatty acids (FA) such as trans-11 18[ratio ]1 and cis-9 trans-11 18[ratio ]2 (conjugated linoleic acid, CLA) were increased. In contrast to the effects of FED, INF reduced feed intake, total VFA production, intestinal flows of nutrients, FA digestibility and yields of milk and milk fat. Both FED and INF significantly reduced the proportions of saturated and medium-chain FA, and increased cis 18[ratio ]1 in milk. Concentrations of 18[ratio ]2n-6 and 18[ratio ]3n-3 in milk were increased nearly 2-fold with INF relative to CON. Dietary or postruminal supplementation of canola oil to late-lactation cows reduced saturated FA and increased unsaturated C18 in milk but nutrient digestion was adversely affected with abomasal infusion of canola oil.

scholarly journals Effect of different levels of supplied cobalt on the fatty acid composition of bovine milk

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (5) ◽  
pp. 834-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inger J. Karlengen ◽  
Ole Taugbøl ◽  
Brit Salbu ◽  
Are H. Aastveit ◽  
Odd M. Harstad
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Cobalt Acetate ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Fa Composition ◽  
Four Levels

In previous studies, administration of high amounts of Co decreased the proportion of MUFA in bovine milk. The present study was conducted to examine the amount of Co needed to obtain this effect. High-yielding dairy cows (n4), equipped with ruminal cannulas, were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design study. The basal diet consisted of concentrate mixture (9 kg/d) without added Co and grass silage (ad libitum). The following four levels of Co were administrated as cobalt acetate dissolved in distilled water: no Co (treatment 1, T1); 4·0 mg Co/d (T2); 380 mg Co/d (T3); 5300 mg Co/d (T4). Each period lasted for 18 d, including 11 d of treatment. During the treatment periods, the solutions were continuously infused into the rumen. Milk yield and milk concentration of fat, fatty acids (FA), protein, lactose, Co, Zn, Fe and Cu were determined. Blood plasma was analysed with respect to FA, Co, Zn, Fe and Cu. Feed intake and total tract digestibility of feed components were also determined. There was a linear effect of increasing the level of Co on milk FA composition. The effects of Co on FA composition in blood were insignificant compared with the effects on milk. In milk fat, the concentration ofcis-9-18 : 1 was reduced by as much as 38 % on T4 compared with T1. Feed intake and milk yield were negatively affected by increasing the Co level.

Effect of feeding diet containing fish oil and canola oil from transition period on milk production and components of Holstein cows in early lactation

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 157-157
Author(s):  
T Vafa ◽  
A Naserian ◽  
A Heravi Moussavi ◽  
R Valizadeh ◽  
M Danesh Mesgaran
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Canola Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

There are too many physiological and nutritional factors which can influence lactation performance of early lactation Holstein dairy cows. Supplemental fat sources are utilized in rations for dairy cows as a common method to increase the energy density of the diet, especially in early lactation (Juchem et al., 2007). The fat sources also have a positive effect on milk fatty acid profile. Canola seed which contains 40% fat is an excellent source of dietary fat high in unsaturated fatty acids and protein for dairy animals. Canola oil contains 51% oleic, 25% linoleic, and 14% linolenic acids. Fish oil contains relatively high concentrations fatty acids of the n-3 family. It seems that feeding a blend of different oils will have more positive productive response than individual usage of them. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding diets containing fish oil and canola oil starting from transition period on milk production and composition of early lactating Holstein cows.

The effects of supplementary copper and a mineral mix on the development of lupinosis in sheep

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 279 ◽  
Author(s):  
CL White ◽  
DG Masters ◽  
DI Paynter ◽  
JMC Howell ◽  
SP Roe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Cu Toxicity ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Cu And Zn

Lupinosis in grazing sheep is often associated with a potentially deleterious increase in the concentration of copper in the liver. Siromin�, a mineral mix developed by CSIRO for sheep on dry herbage and containing Cu at 116 mg/kg, was tested for its suitability for use with sheep consuming toxic lupin stubble, taking particular regard for dangers of Cu toxicity. There were three dietary treatments applied at two levels (either present or absent) to 40 Merino wethers for 8 weeks. Treatments consisted of adding Cu (10 mg Cu as CuS04/kg), minerals (25 g/kg as Siromin�) and toxic lupin stubble (50 g/kg) to a basal diet consisting of oaten hay and lupin seed and containing 3 mg/kg of Cu. Toxic lupin stubble decreased feed intake and growth, increased plasma activities of liver enzymes and increased plasma concentrations of protein, globulin, bilirubin, Cu and Zn. It also decreased concentrations of Zn and Fe in liver, but had no effect on Cu. The mineral mix had no adverse effects on any signs of lupinosis, and it did not increase liver Cu concentration at either level of dietary Cu. The mineral mix prevented the inappetence caused by lupinosis in sheep fed the low Cu basal diet. Cu treatment resulted in increased concentrations of Cu and Fe in liver, and exacerbated some signs of lupinosis. The results show that the mineral mix is safe to feed to sheep grazing toxic lupin stubble, and it may provide a practical means of supplying additional Zn. The exacerbation of signs of lupinosis by the addition of only 10 mg Cu/kg as CuS04 suggests that under field conditions the supply of Cu in the absence of suitable amounts of molybdenum and sulfur should be kept to a minimum.

Supplementing a blend of magnesium oxide to feedlot cattle: effects on ruminal, physiological, and productive responses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo A Colombo ◽  
Reinaldo F Cooke ◽  
Ana Clara R Araújo ◽  
Kelsey M Harvey ◽  
Ky G Pohler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Oxide ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Systems Model ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Quadratic Effects

Abstract This experiment evaluated ruminal, physiological, and productive responses of feedlot cattle consuming a corn-based finishing diet that included different levels of a magnesium oxide (MG) blend. Yearling cattle (58 heifers and 62 steers) were ranked by sex and initial body weight (BW; 407 ± 3.1 kg), and allocated to 4 groups of 30 animals each. Groups were housed in 1 of 4 drylot pens (30 × 12 m) equipped with GrowSafe automated feeding systems (Model 6000E, 4 bunks/pen) during the experiment (d -14 to 117). On d 0, groups were randomly assigned to receive a total-mixed ration without (CON; n = 30) or with the inclusion (as-fed basis) of MG at 0.25% (MG25; n = 30), 0.50% (MG50; n = 30), or 0.75% (MG75; n = 30) until slaughter on d 118. Individual feed intake was recorded daily, and BW were recorded every 14 d and prior to slaughter (d 117). Blood samples were collected on d 0, 28, 56, 84 and 112, and hair samples were collected on d 0, 56 and 112 from the tail-switch. On d 42, 8 rumen-cannulated steers (BW = 492 ± 8.0 kg) were housed with yearling cattle (1 pair/pen). Pairs rotated among groups every 14 d, resulting in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design (n = 8/treatment; d 42 to 98). Rumen pH was measured on d 7 and 14 of each period (0800, 1200, 1600 and 2000 h). Orthogonal contrasts were used to determine if inclusion of MG (0, 0.25, 0.50, or 0.75% of the diet) yielded linear or quadratic effects, and to explore overall effect of MG supplementation (CON vs. MG25 + MG50 + MG75). No treatment differences were noted (P ≥ 0.31) for BW gain, feed intake, or feed efficiency. Cattle supplemented with MG tended have less carcass marbling (P = 0.07) compared with CON. Inclusion of MG linearly increased (P < 0.01) mean plasma concentrations of magnesium, and tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.09) mean plasma concentrations of haptoglobin. Cattle supplemented with MG had greater (P < 0.01) mean plasma concentrations of cortisol compared with CON. Hair cortisol concentration did not differ between treatments on d 56 (P ≥ 0.25), and linearly decreased (P < 0.01) with MG inclusion on d 112 (treatment × day; P = 0.02). Inclusion of MG linearly increased (P = 0.03) mean rumen pH, but these outcomes were mostly noted during the last two sampling of the day (treatment × hour; P = 0.02). Collectively, supplemental MG was effective in controlling rumen pH in cattle receiving a corn-based finishing diet, but without improvements in feedlot performance and carcass merit.

Determination of the methionine requirement of finishing double-muscled Belgian blue bulls with a three-step method

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102
Author(s):  
E. Froidmont ◽  
Y. Beckers ◽  
A. Théwis
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Step Method ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
Total Amino Acids

A three-step technique was used to determine total amino acids (AA) and the first limiting AA requirements in finishing double-muscled Belgian Blue (dmBB) bulls. In a first experiment, three dmBB bulls (505 ± 21 kg) received a low metabolizable protein diet containing 25% meadow hay and 75% concentrate. Net energy supply was adequate for maximizing daily gains because of continuous infusion of dextrose into the duodenum. The intestinal apparent disappearance of essential AA (EAA) averaged 70.8% and was the lowest for histidine (61.3%) and the highest for arginine (79.9%). In a second experiment, four dmBB bulls (517 ± 16 kg) received the same diet supplemented with duodenal infusion of dextrose and four doses of Na-caseinate (17, 33, 50 and 66% of metabolizable dietary AA) in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Nitrogen retention for the basal diet alone and the four increasing supplements of Na-caseinate averaged 61, 64, 74, 75 and 78 g d–1, respectively. A supply of 720 g d–1 of metabolizable AA was defined as optimising the N utilization for animal growth. Based on patterns of plasma concentrations, methionine and phenylalanine were probably the limiting AA. In a third experiment, five dmBB bulls (513 ± 60 kg) fed the basal diet received duodenal infusion of dextrose and AA, equivalent to the second dose in exp. 2 except for the supply of metabolizable methionine (12.8, 15.1, 17.6, 20.1, 22.6 and 25.1 g d–1) that varied in a 6 × 6 Latin square design with one missing animal. On the basis of N retention, the metabolizable methionine requirement was estimated to 22.8 g d–1 and corresponded to 360 mg of metabolizable methionine per gram of N retained. Key words: Ruminant, amino acid, duodenal infusion, requirement, plasma, nitrogen pollution

scholarly journals Effects of dietary supplementation of l-methionine vs. dl-methionine on performance, plasma concentrations of free amino acids and other metabolites, and myogenesis gene expression in young growing pigs

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 329-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongyue Yang ◽  
Md Shamimul Hasan ◽  
John K Htoo ◽  
Derris D Burnett ◽  
Jean M Feugang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Myogenic Differentiation ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Nutrient Metabolism ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Myogenic Factors

Abstract Methionine (Met), the second or third limiting amino acid (AA) in typical swine diets, plays important roles in promoting swine health and growth, especially, muscle growth. Whereas dl-Met products have been used in swine industry for many years, l-Met products have been developed recently. This research was conducted to study the effects of supplemental l-Met or dl-Met on nutrient metabolism, muscle gene expression, and growth performance of pigs. Twenty crossbred young barrows (initial body weight [BW] 21.2 ± 2.7 kg) were randomly assigned to 20 individual pens and two dietary treatments according to a completely randomized design with pigs serving as the experiment unit (n = 10). Two corn and soybean meal-based diets (diets 1 and 2) were formulated to meet or exceed the recommended requirements for energy, AA, and other nutrients (NRC. 2012. Nutrient requirements of swine, 11th ed. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; AMINODat 5.0). Crystalline l-Met and dl-Met were supplemented to diets 1 and 2 (both at 0.13%, as-fed basis), respectively. After 4 wk of an ad libitum feeding trial, BW and feed intake were measured to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F). Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein for analyses of plasma AA and metabolite concentrations. The longissimus dorsi muscle samples were collected for analysis of myogenesis gene expression. Data were analyzed using Student’s t-test. There were no differences (P = 0.56 to 0.94) in ADG, ADFI, or G:F between pigs fed the two experimental diets and no differences between diets were observed in plasma free AA concentrations. No differences were observed between pigs fed the two diets in expression of mRNA for eight myogenesis-related genes, which were myogenic differentiation 1, myogenin, myogenic factors 5, muscle regulatory factor 4 (a.k.a. myogenic factors 6), and myocyte enhancer factors 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D. In conclusion, results of this experiment indicate that the bioefficacy of l-Met is not different from that of dl-Met, which is likely because of an efficient conversion of d-Met to l-Met by pigs.

EFFECT OF SODIUM BICARBONATE ON NITROGEN UTILIZATION AND FEED INTAKE BY LAMBS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 613-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. PHILLIP
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Protein Status ◽  
Sparing Effect ◽  
Induced Changes

Eight wether lambs, four equipped with rumen cannulae and four intact, were assigned to four high-concentrate diets according to a 4 × 4 double latin square with 27-day periods. The basal diet consisted of barley and corn silage, the latter representing 30% of the dry matter (DM), and was either unsupplemented (9% dietary protein) or supplemented (15% protein) with brewers' dried grains. To each of the low protein (LP) and high protein (HP) diets, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) was either not added or added at the level of 4% of the diet DM. There was a marked, though not statistically significant, improvement in nitrogen retention due to NaHCO3 inclusion, particularly when protein intake was low. Voluntary feed intake increased by 11% as a result of NaHCO3 addition but the effect was nonsignificant. Bicarbonate-induced changes in feed intake were unrelated to changes in rumen pH. A maximum ruminal osmolality of 303 mOsm/kg elicited by NaHCO3 addition did not appear to restrict feed intake. Rumen ammonia concentration tended to decrease as a result of NaHCO3 addition. Digestibility of organic matter and of DM was unaffected by the inclusion of NaHCO3 but digestibility of nitrogen tended to increase. It is suggested that NaHCO3 could have a protein-sparing effect when added to protein-deficient concentrate diets, and that bicarbonate-induced changes in feed intake may be related to its influence on protein status of ruminants. Key words: Bicarbonate, buffers, lambs, nitrogen utilization, feed intake

Effects of supplementing low-quality hay with groundnut foliage and cassava tops on feed intake, apparent digestibility and rumen fermentation in crossbred cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pok Samkol ◽  
Keo Sath ◽  
Mikaela Patel ◽  
Mom Seng ◽  
Kjell Holtenius
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Crossbred Cattle ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Arachis Hypogea

Four adult crossbred cattle, fitted with rumen fistula in the dorsal sac, were randomly allocated to four treatments in a 4 × 4 Latin-square design to study the effects of supplementing sun-dried groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) foliage (DGF) and sun-dried cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) tops (DCT) on feed intake, apparent digestibility and rumen fermentation. All animals were fed a basal diet of rice straw ad libitum and para grass (Brachiaria mutica) at 1% of liveweight (LW). The four experimental diets were as follows: (1) control, basal diet without supplement; (2) DGF, basal diet + DGF; (3) DCT, basal diet + DCT; and (4) DGF+DCT, basal diet + DGF + DCT. The supplementary feeds were fed to the level of 2 g crude protein (CP)/kg LW in Diets 2 and 3 and 1 g CP/kg LW of each feed in Diet 4. The results indicated that total intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter and CP increased with DGF and DGF+DCT diets, while neutral detergent fibre (NDF) intake was highest in the DGF diet. Digestibilities of DM, organic matter, CP and NDF were improved in DGF and DGF+DCT treatments. However, the diet with DCT supplement had lowest CP and NDF digestibility. Ruminal NH3-N and total volatile fatty acids increased in all diets with supplements, but ruminal pH, volatile fatty acid profile and in sacco losses of DM, CP and NDF of sun-dried para grass in the rumen did not differ among the treatments.

scholarly journals Effects of xylanase supplementation on feed intake, digestibility and ruminal fermentation in Rambouillet sheep

2016 ◽  
Vol 154 (6) ◽  
pp. 1110-1117 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. VALLEJO ◽  
A. Z. M. SALEM ◽  
L. M. CAMACHO ◽  
A. M. KHOLIF ◽  
M. D. MARIEZCURRENA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Maize Stover ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
Feed Digestibility ◽  
Xylanase Enzyme

SUMMARYThe present study aimed to investigate the effects of adding xylanase enzyme (XY) to a basal diet containing 300 g maize stover and 700 g concentrate/kg dry matter (DM) on feed intake, ruminal fermentation, total tract and ruminal digestibility, as well as some blood parameters. Four male Rambouillet sheep (39 ± 1·8 kg body weight), with permanent rumen and duodenum cannulae were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Sheep were fed a basal diet without xylanase addition (control, XY0), or with the addition of xylanase at 1 (XY1), 3 (XY3) or 6 (XY6) μl/g of diet DM for 84 days, with four 21-day experimental periods. Feed intake, digestibility and rumen fermentation parameters were determined on days 16–21 in each experimental period, and the apparent ruminal neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility was determined on days 16 and 17. Treatments XY1 and XY3 increased feed intake, whereas digestibility was increased with XY6. Ruminal NDF digestibility increased when sheep were fed diets treated with xylanase. Ruminal pH, ammonia-N and acetic acid increased with xylanase treated diets. Propionic acid concentration increased with diet XY1 at 3 h post-feeding, but after 9 h post-feeding its concentration decreased in the rumen of sheep fed xylanase treated diets. Xylanase had no effect on blood urea, phosphorus and triglycerides. Addition of xylanase at 6 µl/g DM in a diet containing 300 g maize stover and 700 g concentrate/kg DM and fed to Rambouillet sheep improved feed digestibility and ruminal fermentation without affecting blood parameters.

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