L-lactate dehydrogenase and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activities in bovine milk as indicators of non-specific mastitis

2006 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mizeck GG Chagunda ◽  
Torben Larsen ◽  
Martin Bjerring ◽  
Klaus L Ingvartsen
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Udder Health ◽  
Ldh Activity ◽  
High Level

Systematic factors affecting the activities of L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) and somatic cell count (SCC), the association between the activities of LDH and NAGase and SCC with respect to udder health status, and the ability of LDH and NAGase to classify cows in udder health categories for early detection of mastitis were studied. A dataset of records from 74 Danish Holstein, 76 Danish Red and 47 Jersey cows on one research farm was used. Cows were grouped into healthy and clinically mastitic. A healthy cow was defined as having no veterinary treatment and SCC<100000 cells/ml. A clinically infected cow was one receiving veterinary treatment after showing clinical signs of mastitis and SCC >800000 cells/ml. Breed, month of production, and days in milk significantly influenced (P<0·001) LDH activity, NAGase activity and SCC in both healthy and clinically mastitic cows. In healthy cows, LDH activity, NAGase activity and SCC started at a high level immediately after calving and decreased to low levels approximately 30–40 d post partum. All the three parameters increased due to clinical mastitis. NAGase activity had numerically higher variation in healthy cows than in clinically mastitic cows (CV=56·2% v. CV=53·5%). The relationship between LDH activity and SCC was stronger in milk from clinically mastitic than from healthy cows (r=0·76 v. r=0·48 and r=0·67 v. r=0·44 for correlation of observed values and residuals, respectively). LDH activity had higher sensitivity than NAGase activity (73–95% v. 35–77%) while specificities were in a similar range (92–99%). Further, sensitivities for LDH activity were more robust to changes in the threshold value than those for NAGase activity. Opportunities for automated, in-line real-time mastitis detection are discussed.

Factors affecting the distribution of lipoprotein lipase activity between serum and casein micelles in bovine milk

1982 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Lipoprotein Lipase ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Casein Micelles ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Milk Serum ◽  
Heparin Treatment ◽  
Micellar Casein ◽  
Consistent Increase

SUMMARYThe influence of mastitis and early lactation, and the effect of treating milk with heparin, blood serum and trypsin, on the proportion of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in milk serum was investigated. The relative importance of milk serum LPL and LPL bound to micellar casein in promoting lipolysis was also examined. Colostrum contained LPL activity, 45% of which was found in the serum phase in samples obtained from the first milking post partum, but this value fell to 34% in samples taken 24 h later. The proportion of serum LPL was also increased in milks from quarters infected with Staphylococcus aureus, but not after overnight treatment of normal milk at 4 °C with 5% (w/v) blood serum or 2 µg/ml trypsin. The addition of 5 µg/ml heparin resulted in a consistent increase in serum LPL which varied between 14 and 50% of total milk LPL. Heparin did not release all the enzyme bound to casein micelles even after a second heparin treatment of resuspended micelles. Serum LPL was more effective in promoting lipolysis and was more responsive to blood serum activation than LPL bound to casein micelles. Lipolysis increased after heparin treatment but the increase was not related to serum LPL activity.

The effect of dry cow antibiotic with and without an internal teat sealant on udder health during the first 100 d of lactation: a field study with matched pairs

2012 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Mütze ◽  
Wilfried Wolter ◽  
Klaus Failing ◽  
Bärbel Kloppert ◽  
Heinz Bernhardt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Intramammary Infections ◽  
Udder Health ◽  
California Mastitis Test ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Antibiotic Group ◽  
Long Acting

The objective of this field study was to compare the udder health status as well as the clinical mastitis rate during the first 100 d of lactation in cows that received long-acting dry cow antibiotic alone (group AB) or in combination with an internal teat sealant (group AB + OS). The study was conducted during a 9-month period and included 136 Holstein cows from 12 dairy farms in Hessia, Germany. Between days 1 and 5 after calving a California mastitis test (CMT) was performed. Milk-samples were collected for bacteriological culture before drying off, between days 6 and 14 and days 35 and 56 of lactation. Additionally the cows were monitored for the occurrence of clinical mastitis events until 100 d post partum. Within the 12 herds cow-pairs were formed on the basis of age, milk yield and SCC. A cow-pair consisted of one cow from group AB and one cow from group AB + OS. For statistical analysis within every cow-pair one quarter that has been dried off with internal teat sealant and dry cow antibiotic (group AB + OS) was compared with one quarter that has been dried off with dry cow antibiotic (group AB) alone. As criterion for the matching process of udder quarters the cytobacteriological udder health status before drying off was used. A total of 544 quarters (136 cows) were used in this analysis. In the first 5 d after calving, group AB had significantly more quarters with a positive CMT reaction than group AB + OS (85 vs. 57; P <0·001), and in the first 100 d of lactation, group AB had more quarters with clinical mastitis than group AB + OS (25 vs. 15; P = 0·03). In the time periods 6–14 and 35–56 d of lactation, there were fewer quarters in group AB + OS populated with Corynebacterium spp. (days 6–14, P = 0·05; days 35–56, P = 0·02) and aesculin-positive streptococci (days 35–56, P = 0·02). The internal teat sealant was a promising tool for the prevention of new intramammary infections (IMI) of dry cows with environmental udder pathogens as expressed during early lactation.

Phagocytic activity of bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophil leucocytes

1994 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Zecconi ◽  
Valerio Bronzo ◽  
Renata Piccinini ◽  
Giovanna Spreafico ◽  
Gianfranco Ruffo
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Streptococcus Uberis

SummaryTwo different investigations were conducted on the chemiluminescent activity of bovine milk polymorphonuclear neutrophil leucocytes (PMN) activated by different stimuli: zymosan, derived from the wall ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae(Experiment A), andStreptococcus uberisandEscherichia coli(Experiment B). In Experiment A, a quarter with a phagocytic activity of PMN < 20 mV/1000 PMN following stimulation with zymosan was found to be 23 times more likely to be a clinical mastitis case than a quarter with phagocytic activity above this threshold value. In Experiment B, calculation of the odds ratio showed similar results following stimulation withStr. uberisorEsch. coli. These results provide evidence that immunocompromisation of mammary gland defences could predispose to clinical mastitis. They also support the need to challenge phagocytic cells with appropriate stimuli, and theEsch. colitest seems to be the most sensitive.

scholarly journals Haptoglobin and lactate dehydrogenase measurements in milk for the identification of subclinically diseased udder quarters

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 245-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Hiss ◽  
U. Mueller ◽  
A. Neu-Zahren ◽  
H. Sauerwein
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Line System ◽  
Ldh Activity ◽  
On Line ◽  
Major Pathogens

Diagnosis of subclinical mastitis is of increasing importance and appropriate detection methods are needed. Both haptoglobin (Hp), an acute phase protein in cattle, as well as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), an ubiquitous enzyme, can be successfully used to detect clinical mastitis. The present paper describes quantification of Hp and LDH in milk samples from healthy and subclinically diseased udder quarters. Hp was analysed in the laboratory using an ELISA. The activity of LDH was measured in raw milk directly in the milking parlor. Both parameters were suitable to distinguish between sterile samples and bacteriologically positive samples. The ability to differentiate between minor and major pathogens was better for Hp in skim milk than for LDH in raw milk. Hp and somatic cell count (SCC) as well as LDH and SCC were positively correlated (<i>r</i> = 0.8 and <i>r</i> = 0.76, respectively). Subclinical mastitis was defined as follows: SCC > 100 &times; 10<sup>3</sup> cells/ml and bacteriological positive findings in two out of three weekly samples. Sensitivity and specificity were above 85% for Hp and above 81% for LDH. Using a less rigid classification to define mastitis, i.e. SCC &lt; 200 &times; 10<sup>3</sup> cells/ml and two out of three weekly samples bacteriologically positive, sensitivity for Hp improved (89%) and remained unchanged for LDH. Both parameters are useful parameters for the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis. LDH activity in raw milk was less sensitive and specific than Hp but the method described herein offers the opportunity to measure LDH activity directly in the milking parlor and might therefore be suitable for on-line system developments.

scholarly journals Awareness and acceptance of various contraceptive methods among postpartum women in a tertiary care center

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyoti Jaiswal ◽  
Smrity Naik ◽  
Ratna Rangari ◽  
Ashish Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Contraceptive Methods ◽  
Tertiary Care Centre ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Couple Counseling ◽  
High Level

Background: This study was conducted to know awareness and acceptance of contraceptive methods among post-partum women in the tertiary care centre of Chhattisgarh.Methods: A cross-sectional interview-based study was conducted on a sample of 440 post-partum women. The interview included socio demographic profile, awareness and acceptance of contraceptive methods in postpartum period and factors affecting its use.Results: In our study, we observed that 95.9% were aware of some method of contraception. This knowledge increased with increasing education, socioeconomic class. 90.9 % accepted one of the contraceptive methods during their hospital stay. The most common contraceptive method chosen was IUCD (80.8%). Major source of information was health care worker (83.88%). The main reason for non-acceptance of contraception was fear of side effects.Conclusions: High level of persistent motivation is required, so initiation of motivation regarding post-partum contraception should be done in antenatal visits and reinforcement in post-partum period should be done. Proper counseling regarding possibility of milder side effects and way of coping with them should be reinforced, continued motivation and reassurance will give positive attitude for acceptance of contraception. Reinforcement of awareness in society (family and friends/neighbor) this may give positive impact on awareness and acceptance. There is need of couple counseling for better acceptance. Emphasis is required for involvement of men/head of the family for it.

Subjective factors affecting gun shooting accuracy among employees of internal affairs agencies in process of learning

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (4) ◽  
pp. 198-206
Author(s):  
Anton Rozhkov ◽  
Anton Popov ◽  
Vitaliy Balahonskiy
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Sensorimotor Coordination ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Intelligent Behavior ◽  
Experience Of Stress ◽  
Firing Line ◽  
High Level ◽  
In Fire

The article is devoted to the study of subjective factors affecting shooting accuracy of law enforcement officers. The empirical study identified some subjective factors reducing gun shooting accuracy and effectiveness among law enforcers. These characteristics include sensorimotor coordination and subjective experience of stress during the shooting process. Scientific analysis made it possible to determine statistical significance of the influence of these factors on the accuracy of shooting. To increase the effectiveness of shooting among officers with a low index of sensorimotor coordination, the authors suggest using exercises aimed at cultivating sensorimotor coordination in fire training classes. While working with employees being under a high level of subjectively experienced stress, more attention should be paid to training techniques to overcome stress and form intelligent behavior in extreme situations. The authors also draw readers’ attention to factors increasing the effectiveness of shooting: officers’ ability to determine the subjective level of stress, their knowledge of emotional self-regulation techniques, knowledge of the sequence of their actions in the firing line.

A quantitative evaluation of some factors affecting the non-fatty solids of cow's milk

1960 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Alexander ◽  
F. B. Leech
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
High Cell ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Satisfactory Analysis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Image Position

SummaryTen farms in the county of Durham took part in a field study of the effects of feeding and of udder disease on the level of non-fatty solids (s.n.f.) in milk. Statistical analysis of the resulting data showed that age, pregnancy, season of the year, and total cell count affected the percentage of s.n.f. and that these effects were additive and independent of each other. No effect associated with nutritional changes could be demonstrated.The principal effects of the factors, each one freed from effects of other factors, were as follows:Herds in which s.n.f. had been consistently low over a period of years were compared with herds in which s.n.f. had been satisfactory. Analysis of the data showed that about 70% of the difference in s.n.f. between these groups could be accounted for by differences in age of cow, stage of lactation, cell count and breed.There was some evidence of a residual effect following clinical mastitis that could not be accounted for by residual high cell counts.The within-cow regression of s.n.f. on log cell count calculated from the Durham data and from van Rensburg's data was on both occasions negative.The implications of these findings are discussed, particularly in relation to advisory work.

Heritability of the Effect of Corticosteroids on Intraocular Pressure

1970 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 264-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.H. Reuling ◽  
J.T. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Topical Steroids ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Steroid Response ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Allele Pair ◽  
High Level ◽  
Genetically Determined

In the late 1950's and early 1960's, it became evident that some glaucoma patients developed elevations of intraocular pressure, which were difficult to control, following prolonged use of systemic or ocular medications containing corticosteroids (Chandler, 1955, Alfano, 1963; Armaly, 1963). In addition, some patients without glaucoma, when treated with steroids for long periods of time, developed clinical signs of chronic simple glaucoma (McLean, 1950; François, 1954; Covell, 1958; Linner, 1959; Goldman, 1962). Fortunately, the elevation of intraocular pressure was reversible if the drug was discontinued.Over the past decade, extensive investigation of the “steroid response” has been undertaken. For this presentation, the steroid response may be considered as a gradual elevation of intraocular pressure, occurring over several weeks, in an eye being medicated with corticosteroid drops several times a day. The elevation in pressure is usually accompanied by a reduction in the facility of aqueous outflow. When relatively large numbers of subjects were tested with topical steroids, so that a wide range of responsiveness could be observed, a variation in individual sensitivity was demonstrated. Frequency distributions of intraocular pressure or change in pressure following steroids showed a skew toward the high side. On the basis of trimodal characteristics which they observed in such frequency distributions, Becker and Hahn (1964), Becker (1965) and Armaly (1965, 1966) considered the possible existence of several genetically determined subpopulations. These investigators distinguished three subpopulations on the basis of low, intermediate, and high levels of pressure response. It was hypothesized that these levels of response characterized three phenotypes, corresponding to the three possible genotypes of an allele pair, wherein one member of the pair determined a low level of response, and the other member determined a high level of response (Armaly, 1967).

scholarly journals Strategies for a Circular Economy in the Construction and Demolition Sector: Identifying the Factors Affecting the Recommendation of Recycled Concrete

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4113
Author(s):  
Valeria Superti ◽  
Cynthia Houmani ◽  
Ralph Hansmann ◽  
Ivo Baur ◽  
Claudia R. Binder
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Recycled Concrete ◽  
Recycled Aggregates ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Structural Applications ◽  
Adoption Of Innovation ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Behavioural Factors ◽  
High Level

With increasing urbanisation, new approaches such as the Circular Economy (CE) are needed to reduce resource consumption. In Switzerland, Construction & Demolition (C&D) waste accounts for the largest portion of waste (84%). Beyond limiting the depletion of primary resources, implementing recycling strategies for C&D waste (such as using recycled aggregates to produce recycled concrete (RC)), can also decrease the amount of landfilled C&D waste. The use of RC still faces adoption barriers. In this research, we examined the factors driving the adoption of recycled products for a CE in the C&D sector by focusing on RC for structural applications. We developed a behavioural framework to understand the determinants of architects’ decisions to recommend RC. We collected and analysed survey data from 727 respondents. The analyses focused on architects’ a priori beliefs about RC, behavioural factors affecting their recommendations of RC, and project-specific contextual factors that might play a role in the recommendation of RC. Our results show that the factors that mainly facilitate the recommendation of RC by architects are: a senior position, a high level of RC knowledge and of the Minergie label, beliefs about the reduced environmental impact of RC, as well as favourable prescriptive social norms expressed by clients and other architects. We emphasise the importance of a holistic theoretical framework in approaching decision-making processes related to the adoption of innovation, and the importance of the agency of each involved actor for a transition towards a circular construction sector.

scholarly journals Protection against the New Equine Influenza Virus Florida Clade I Outbreak Strain Provided by a Whole Inactivated Virus Vaccine

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 784
Author(s):  
Sylvia Reemers ◽  
Sander van Bommel ◽  
Qi Cao ◽  
David Sutton ◽  
Saskia van de Zande
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Vaccine ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Field Strain ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Outbreak Strain ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Vaccine Type ◽  
High Level

Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a major cause of respiratory disease in horses. Vaccination is an effective tool for infection control. Although various EIV vaccines are widely available, major outbreaks occurred in Europe in 2018 involving a new EIV H3N8 FC1 strain. In France, it was reported that both unvaccinated and vaccinated horses were affected despite >80% vaccination coverage and most horses being vaccinated with a vaccine expressing FC1 antigen. This study assessed whether vaccine type, next to antigenic difference between vaccine and field strain, plays a role. Horses were vaccinated with an ISCOMatrix-adjuvanted, whole inactivated virus vaccine (Equilis Prequenza) and experimentally infected with the new FC1 outbreak strain. Serology (HI), clinical signs, and virus shedding were evaluated in vaccinated compared to unvaccinated horses. Results showed a significant reduction in clinical signs and a lack of virus shedding in vaccinated horses compared to unvaccinated controls. From these results, it can be concluded that Equilis Prequenza provides a high level of protection to challenge with the new FC1 outbreak strain. This suggests that, apart from antigenic differences between vaccine and field strain, other aspects of the vaccine may also play an important role in determining field efficacy.

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